2003 vr\;y a`rm|x vR@y~ mv| bQmt s`my pQLQb[v alEw~ bl`@p`@r`w~wO k` wOLw~ a#wQkrlmQnQ. qXk @qkkt aw&`sn~n k`lyk~ mRlEl~@l~ kOrQr# @bqEm|v`qW yRq~{@yn~ vQ[Q pWd`@vn~ @hm|bw~v sQtQ skl XWY lAk` v`sW jnw`v aq s#nsRm| sRsRm| @hln~@n~ vw~m@nhQ uwOr# n#@gnhQrQn~ @vdQ hV @qsvn~ @n`v#@kn nQs`@vnQ. ap kvRr#w~ qn~n` prQqQ p#vwQ yRq~{y iw` bQhQsRNR vQy. am`nR;Qk vQy. ap r@tQ sms~w a`r\}Qk @k`[E n`rtQy bQ[ q#mWy. uwOr# n#@gnhQr yRq~{yt vQyqm| k@L~ mRU rtm sAvr\{ny kQrWmt wQbR mRql~y. mhjnw`v mw vQvQ{ bqE p#nvQN. a`rk~;k bq~{ s[h`q q`yk vR@y~ mh jnw`vmy. vr\;ykt @k`~tQ 8000 k~ b#gQn~ yRq~{yt vQyqm| kQrWmt sQqEvQy. rt wOL upyn a`q`ymt vd` v#dQ mRqlk~ vQ@q~XWy Ny s[h` vR @p`lW @gvWmt v#y vQy. nQ;~p`qn {`rQw`v phw gQ@y~y. vQrFkQy`v hQs esvQy. 2001 jRlQ ms 24 vn qQn ktRn`yk ap gOvn~ @w`tRplt el~l vR el~. tW. tW. I. wYs~wv`qW pYh`ry vQsQn~ rt an~w ag`{ykt a#q v#tQN. vQ@X~;@yn~m a`@y`~jn h` sAc`rk v&`p`ryt in~ sQqEvR@y~ blvw~ p`dRvkQ. avsn a#wQ vR pYwQPl kOmk~q? a@p~ r@tQ pY}m vw`vt a`r\}Qk vr\{ny s^N 1.4 qk~v` phw v#tQN.

uwO@rw~ qkO@Nw~ @v@nsk~ @n`m#wQv sQylEm jnw`v a@p~k~;` xAgw~v@yn~ qvs gw k@L~y. nQqh@s~ gmnk~ bQmnk~ y$mt, nQqh@s~ rFkW rk~;`vl @yqWmt, pQYy sm|x`;N p#v#w~vWmt, a`gm a#qhWmt, nQqh@s~ pvRl~ sAs~}`@v| ktyRwO kr@gn y$mt, a@nkk~ wb` nQqh@s~ sQwWmt vw~ yRq~{y vQsQn~ idk~ @n`qEn~@n~y. a[Er# ag`{ykt a#q v#tRNR s`m`n& jnw`v yRq~{y vQsQn~ wm`q @k`yQ @m`@h`@w~ bQlQ gn~@n~ q#yQ avQnQX~cQwv kl~gw k@L~y. uwOr# n#@gnhQrt m`yQm|v pQhQtQ sQAhl h` mRs~lQm| gm|m`n vl v#sQyn~ amR amR@v| G`wnyt lk~vQy. r@tQ v#qgw~ mr\ms~}`n h` @b_q~{ pRjnWy s~}`nvlt pYh`r el~l vQy. uwOr# n#@gnhQrt pmNk~ @n`v r@tQ as~sk~ mRl~lk~ n$r yRq~{@y~ uNRsRm pQLQk`vk~ @mn~ p#wQrQN. yRq~{@yn~ a#wQ vR ahQwkr awOr#Pl vkY`k`rv qkO@N~ v#sQyn~tq vQvQ{ a`k`r@yn~ bRk~wQ vQ[Qn~nt sQqEvQy.

a@nk~ awQn~ uwOr# n#@gnhQr qYvQd jnw`v @k`wrm| pWd`vkt pw~vQq? ovRn~@g~ pvRl~ sAs~}`v kd` ihQrQnQ. x`r\y`vt s~v`mQ pRr#;y` n#wQvQy. @qm`pQyn~t qr#vn~ ahQmQ vQy. iw` k`r\yk~;mv p#v#w@gn a` a{&`pny bQ[ v#tQN. ytQwl phsRkm| avm mtQtmkt v#tQN. @g~ @q`r hrk` b`n a#s~pn` pQtm ahQmQ vQy. @b`@h`myk~ jny` an`} k[vRr#vlt g`l~ vR@y~ @k`wrm| qEk~ gQn~qrk~ hqv@whQ @wrp` @gnq? jnw`v wOL jWvQwy pQLQb[ al~p m`wYykqE bl`@p`@r`w~wO n#wQvQy. uwOr# n#@gnhQr qYvQd jnw`v gQryt hsRvR pRvk~ @gdQyk~ @mn~ rj@y~ a`rk~;k aAXvl s#kytw~ qYvQd wYs~wv`qWn~@g~ kp~pm| g#nWm, qr#vn~ wYs~wv`qW sAvQ{`nvlt b@ln~ b[v` g#nWm a`qW a@n~kvQ{ kOrQr# a`{Qpw&v`qykt @g`qEr# vQy. hrQhm|b kL sQyl~l @mn~m k`n~w`vn~@g~ knkr a`xrN pv` kp~pm| @gvWmt pYm`Nvw~ @n`vWy. vQ@X~;@yn~m el~. tW. tW. I. wYs~wv`qWn~@g~ bl @l`~hy arby` ovRn~ awrm#qQyn~ @ls a@n~kvQ{ qEk~K @q`~mns~syn~t hsRvQy. wYs~wv`qy vQsQn~ qYvQd jnw`vt kL pYblwm h`nQy vR@y~ iw` vQXQ;~tv pvw~v`@gn gQy qYvQd sAs~k^wQy udR ytQkOr# kQrWmy. el~. tW. tW. I. y vQsQn~ @pr qvs wl~ v#@tn~ pv` avt prQsry @qs @n`b#lR qYvQd k`n~w`vn~@g~ q$wt gQnQ avQy hRr# k@L~y. inRw~ @n`n#vwW b`lyn~ pv` yRq~{yt wl~lE k@L~y. wr#N wr#NQyn~ mQnQs~ @b`~m|b bvt pw~k@L`~y. @mvn~ vQpwk~ wm jnw`vt aw~kr qWmt kQYy` kL qYvQd wYs~wv`q@y~ armRN vR@y~ kOmk~q? Il`m| nm#wQ @vnm r`j&yk~ nQr\m`Ny kr ehQ n`ykw~vy lb` g#nWmyQ. 2002 vr\;@y~ ag x`gy vn@wk~ qYvQd jnw`v yRq~{@yn~ b#tk$ ayRr# a`vr\jny krn vQt ey aqh` g#nWmt @n`h#kQ pRqEm eLvn sRUy. yRq~{@yn~ a#wQ vR sklvQ{ pWdnyn~t em jnw`v o@r`w~wO qEn~ ekw~ pRqEmy. mRlQn~ wmRn~@g~ g#lvRm|k`ryn~ y#yQ sQw` wYs~wv`qWn~t avnwv kQYy`kL jnw`vt ovRn~@g~ enm| wYs~wv`q@y~ s#b$ mRhRnRvr psRv pYw&k~; @ls av@b`~{ krgw h#kQvQy. in~ psR ovRn~ kYmkYm@yn~ yRq~{y pQtR q#kWmt ptn~ gw~h. It X`p kLh. el~. tW. tW. I. @y~ nQ@y`~g pYwQk~@;~p k@L`~y. sw& eyyQ. aq uwO@r\ jWvw~vn jnw`v@gn~ 99% k~ pmN @qn` yRq~{yt X`p kryQ. pvw~n` s`m kQYy` m`r\gy pQLQb[v bl`@p`@r`w~wO ql~v`@gn sQtQn awr, wYs~wv`q@y~ bl @l`~xy h` bl argly @h`[Qn~ vth`@gn pYsQq~{Q@y~m ey pYwQk~@;~p krn ww~w~vykt pw~v sQtQyQ.

wYs~wv`qWn~@g~ Il`m| argl@y~qW hwO pQ@pn~n`k~ @mn~ sn~nq~{ qYvQd stn~k`mW sAvQ{`n bQhQvR@y~ @mm bl argly~ pYwQPlyk~ @lstyQ. @m| vn vQtw~ qYvQd jnw`v@g~ vQmRk~wQy pQNQs y#yQ mRs` bs~ @q`dmQn~ qYvQd s`m`n& jnw`v iw~wn~ bvt pw~ krmQn~ bQhQ vR phw s[hn~ qYvQd a`yR{ sn~nq~{ sAvQ{`nvlQn~ qEk, k[EL, @v|qn`v jnw`vt hQmQ krqWm pmNk~ @n`@v|q?

qYvQd a`yR{ sn~nq~{ sAvQ{`n bQhQvR vr\;y

1. tW.en~. tW. 1972

2. I@r`s~ 1974

3. el~. tW. tW. I. 1976

4. @t@l`~ 1976

5. p~@l`tQ 1980

6. I.pW.a`r\.el~.ef~.1981

7. I. en~. dW. el~. ef~. 1987

8. I. pW. dW. pW. 1989

@mm qYvQd sn~nq~{ sAvQ{`nvlQn~ @b`@h`myk~ aq vn vQt v[vW @g`sQnQ. eyt @h~wOv unRn~ mr` g#nWmyQ. a@nk` pry` n#gW sQtW@m| un~m`q@yn~ @pUN em sAvQ{`n a@nkOw~ sAvQ{`nvl n`ykyQn~, kQYy`k`rWn~ amR amR@v| G`wny kLh. mQn~ el~. tW. tW. I. sAvQ{`ny jygw~ awr, ovRn~ aqtq pYj`wn~wYv`qW pYv`hyt ek~vW sQtQn I.pW.dW.pW. , @t@l`~ v#nQ sAvQ{`n awOg` q#mWm pQNQs ekW sAvQ{`nvl s`m`jQkyQn~ G`wny kQrW@m| a{m kQYy`vlQ@y~q @yqW sQtW. iqQn~ @mm ww~w~vy vQmRk~wQ arglyk~ @ls h#[Qn~vQy h#kQq? qYvQd jnw`v@g~ vQmRk~wQy pQNQs ihwkW sAvQ{`nvlt ekt e~kr`XW vW ekm sAvQ{`nyk~ @lst kQYy` kQrWmt @n`h#kQ vR@y~ mn~q? @h~wOv qYvQd jnw`vt amRwO@vn~ vQmRk~wQyk~ a#wQkrlWmt wrm| s@h~wOk kr#NR @n`wQbWmw~ wQbRN ym| ym| g#tlE e~ vn vQtw~ p`r\lQ@m|n~wO pYj`wn~wYv`qW r`mRv wOL qYvQd ek~sw~ vQmRk~wQ @prmRN pYmRK qYvQd @q~Xp`ln pk~; mgQn~ p#vwQ rjyn~ smM aqhs~ hRvm`r#@vn~ nQr`krNy krg#nWmt kQYy` krmQn~ wQbRN nQs`w~y. ekW mQnQWmr# sAvQ{`nvl mRlQk prm`r\}y vR@y~ @vnm r`j&yk~ a#wQ kr ehQ p`ln`{Qk`ry wm awt g#nWm pmNy. qYvQd jnw`v nQ@y`~jny krn ekm @q~Xp`ln sAvQ{`ny wm sAvQ{`ny bvw~ ey b@ln~m jnw`v@g~ mwy bvt pw~kQrWmt wOvk~kOv up@y`~gW krgn~n` el~.tW.tW.I. y wm InQy` vQmRk~wQ kQYy`m`r\gy aqtq, qQyw~ krn~@n~ s`m`n& jny`@gn~ kp~pm| sRr` gnQmQn~ h` @l`~k mw~qYv& j`v`rm|k`ryQn~ h` ekwOv mw~qYv& pYv`hny h` vQkQNWm mgQn~ mRql~ ek~ rFs~ kQrW@mnQ.

el~. tW. tW. I. sAvQ{`ny wm n`ykw~v@y~ p#v#w~m g#n h` e~ h` s#b#[Q sAvQ{`n Xk~wQyk~ yRqmy kQYy`k`rkm| g#nw~ av{`ny @y`mRkL` mQs @m| vn @wk~ s`m`n& qYvQd jnw`v@g~ jn jWvQwy y}` ww~w~vyt pw~kQrWmt @h`~ yn~wm|vw~ pNg#t gs` g#nWm pQNQs jnw`v@g~ a`r\}Qky v#dQ qQyRNR kQrWmt @h`~ ktyRwO @n`kL awr, sQqE k@L~ ehQ a@nk~ p#w~w bv qYvQd jnw`v psk~ kr@gn a#w. yRq~{@y~ awOr#Pl vlQn~ pWd` vQ[Q qYvQd jnw`vt avs`n@y~ el~. tW. tW. I. y vhkqEr# @mn~ wQw~wvQy. ehQ pYwQPlyk~ @ls avs`n@y~ s`m`n& jnw`v a`rk~;k hmRq` @k@rhQ v#dQ vQX~v`syk~ h` @ln~gwOkmk~ q#k~vWmt nQr`y`s@yn~m @pLBRNh. wm pY@q~X@y~ s~}`ngw a`rk~;k hmRq` h` @p`lQsQy hrh` wm jn jWvQw@y~ g#tU nQr`krNy kr g#nW@m| pYvnw`vt qYvQd s`m`n& jnw`v wl~lE vQy. @myt a@nkOw~ @h~wOv vR@y~ r`j& hmRq`vw~ wm r`jk`rQy wYs~wv`qy m#dlWmt amwrv qYvQd jnw`v@g~ a`rk~;`vtw~ pY@q~X@y~ ytQwl phsRkm| v#dQqQyRNR krlWmtw~ v#dQpRr @yqvWmty. @m| s[h` a`rk~;k hmRq`vn~ iw` @v@hs mhn~sQvW kQYy` k@L~y. rj@y~ p`lny p#vwQ pY@q~Xvl sQylEm qYvQd jnw`v yRq hmRq`v @k@rhQ asWmQw vQX~v`syk~ @g`d ng`@gn wQbQN. ek~ awkQn~ el~. tW. tW. I. wYs~wv`qWn~ smM nQrn~wr@yn~ krn yRq~{yt amrwv @@qnQkv s`m`n& jny`@g~ o|n$ ep`km| vQmsmQn~ sQvQl~ r`j& a`ywn nQl{`rWn~ h` sm|bn~{w`v@yn~ yRk~wv ey itR kQrWmt a`rk~;k hmRq` kL k#pkQrWm agy kL yRwOy. @m| s[h` uq`hrN o|n$ wrm| iqQrQpw~ kL h#kQyQ. yRq~{@yn~ vQn`X vR @k`~vQl~, p`sl~ nQv`s, mAm`vw~ n#vw pYwQsAs~krNy kQrWm, {Wvr kr\m`n~wy, wl~ a`XWYw kr\m`n~w n#vw ng`sQtRvWm h` e~ a`XWYw @v@L[@p`Lk~ a#wQ kQrWm, @p`qE @v@L[ @p`Lvl~ a#rBWm, wr#N wr#NQyn~ s[h` s~vyA rFkQy` s[h` vQvQ{ vR k~@;~wYvl pRhRNR m{&s~}`n a#rBWm, Lqr# p`sl~ a#rBWm mQn~ smhrkQ. smhr Lqr# p`sl~vl ugn~vn gOr#vrQyn~@g~ v#tRp pv` @gvn lq~@q~ hmRq nQl{`rWn~@g~ @p_q~glQk mRql~ vlQnQ.

@mm a`k`ryt r`j& hmRq`vn~ jnw`v smM smWp sm|bn~{w`vyk~ pvw~v`@gn y$m el~. tW. tW. I. y @n`rQs~sR@v|y. rj@y~ hmRq`vn~ qYvQd jnw`v@g~ @h`[ hQw qQn`g#nWmw~ smM el~. tW. tW. I. yt b#@[n qYvQd wr#N sAK&`v avm vQy. e@s~m ekW sAvQ{`n@y~ pnvn a#w#m| nQ@y`~g s`m`n& jnw`v pQLQ@n`gn~n` w#nt kr#NR @yqW wQbRNQ. kQYy`n~vQwyn~ nQwr sQqE @k@rn pY@q~Xvl jnw`vt a#w#m| avs~}`vl el~. tW. tW. I. y em pY@q~Xvl pqQAcQ@yn~ ivw~v yn @lst kL nQymyn~ psR k`lWnv jnw`v wOtQtRvkt @h`~ m`yQm| @n`k@L~y. avs`n@y~ sQvQl~ jnw`vt a#wQ vR bQy vR@y~ rj@y~ hmRq`vn~ wm pY@q~XvlQn~ ivw~v gQy @h`w~ el~. tW. tW. I. p`lnyt nwOvWmt sQqEvW@m| bQyyQ. in~ gm& vn pY{`n kr#Nk~ vn~@n~ r`j& hmRq`vn~ wm k`r\y x`ry m#nvQn~ itRkr wQbWmyQ.

yRq~{@y~ pWdn@yn~ @m| kv@rkOtvw~ vd` qr#NR a`k`ryt b#t k$@v| @s`l~q`qEvn~ h` ovRn~@g~ pvRl~vl s`m`jQkyQn~y. @s`l~q`qEvn~ aq qk~v` uwOr# n#@gnhQr yRq~{y @vnR@vn~ @m@wk~ kr a#wQ k#pkQrWm awQmhw~y. yRq~{@y~ a`{Wnw~vyn~ a#s~pn` pQt q#k q#kw~ wm jWvQwy pQLQb[ avQnQX~cQw x`vy psk~ @k`t gnQmQnRw~ @s`l~q`qEv` kYQy`n~vQw r`jk`rQyt @n`bQyv mRhRN qEn~h. aw@L`s~sk~ hmRq` r`jk`rQ@yn~ p#n gQy q a@nk~ sQylEm @s`l~q`qEvn~ wm jWvQwy prqEvt wb` mv|bQm @vnR@vn~ sQy yRwOkm @n`pQrQ@hl` itR kLh. @m| vn vQtq itRkrmQn~ sQtW. wm qEv pRw` rt @vnR@vn~ yRq~{yt pQtw~ kr h#rQ smhr @qm`pQyn~t avs`n@y~ l#bR@N~ wm qr#vn~@g~ mRqY` w#bR m^w @q~hyyQ. e@hw~ ovRn~ ey "m@g~ qr#v` rt @vnR@vn~ wm yRwOkm itRkr vWrvr@yk~ @ls q#@yn~ smRgw~w`" y#yQ a`dm|br h#MW@mn~ em mRqY` w#bR @q~hy a`qr@yn~ x`rgw~h. e@s~m wr#N bQrQn~q$vr#n~ yRq~{@yn~ mQygQy wm s~v`mQ pRr#;y`@g~ @q~hy v#L[ gw~@w~ hy hwrk~ @n`@w~@rn qr#vn~ @qwOn~ @qnkO h` sm`j@y~ awrmA vW@mnQ. qhs~ gNn~ @s`l~q`qEvn~ sq`k`lQk a`b`{Qw ww~w~vyt pw~vQy. qhs~ gNn~ @s`l~q`qEvn~ aqtq awOr#qn~v a#w. @m|s` vQX`l v&snyk~ rtt aw~vR@y~ k`@g~ vrqQn~q? k`@g~ s`pykQn~q? e~ kv@rk~ nQs`@vn~ @n`v el~. tW. tW. I. @y~ mRg~{ mQnWmr# @bqEm|v`qW bl@l`~x@y~ pYwQPlyyQ.

el~. tW. tW. I. @y~ @qbQdQ pQLQ@vw

1983 kU jRlQy smM iw` qr#NR @ls a#rBW uwOr# n#@gnhQr yRq~{yt vQs[Em| @svWm s[h` @m@wk~ p#vwQ sQylEm rjyn~ avAkvm imhw~ @v@hsk~ q#r$ awr, vQv^w @ls el~. tW. tW. I. y smM s`kc|C` kLh. e~ s$m v`ryk~ p`s`m h` q~vQp`r\X~vQk stn~ vQr`m a#wQ vR s$m avs~}`vkqWm kQsQqE q#nRm| qWmkQn~ @w`rv kOmk~ @h`~ as`{`rN @h~wOvk~ @gn h#r p`mQn~ e~kp`r\X~vQkv el~. tW. tW. I. y vQsQn~ em s`kc|C`, stn~ vQr`m bQ[ qm` a#w. 1987 a@g`~s~wO 18 vn q` pYx`krn~ sRqEm@lyQ hQqW rFs~vWmk~ pvw~v`, ILm awh#r pL`w~ sx` kYmykt y$mt k#mwQ bv pYk`X k@L~y. e@hw~ v#dQ qQnk~ @n`@g`s~ em pYk`Xy kdkr n#vw yRq~{y a`rm|x k@L~y. n#vww~ 1989 jRlQ 06 vn qQn ILm aw hrQn bvt evkt jn`{QpwQwOm`t @p`@r`n~qE vW s`m s`kc|C` p#v#w~vWy. e@hw~ evrq ey e~kp`r\X~vQkv ohR kd k@L~y. 1993 m`r\wO 02 vn qQn @pdrl~ p`ln kYmyt (sn~{Wy a`N~dR kYmykt) k#mwQ bv pYk`X k@L~y. e@hw~ eyq v#dQkl~ @n`@g`s~ kd k@L~y. 1994 q @m| a`k`ryt p#vwQ rjy smM s`kc|C` pvw~v` avs`n@y~ evrq e~kp`r\X~vQkv s`kc|C` kdkr yRq~{yt avwWr\N vQy. @m@s~ bln kL pYx`krn~ kQsQqE avs~}`vk s`my pQLQb[ s~}Qr s~}`vryk @n`sQtQ bv psk~ vn awr, aq pvw~n` sh@y`~gQw` gQvQsRm, stn~ vQr`my h` s`kc|C` pQLQb[vq ovRn~@g~ s~}`vry pQLQb[v s#k upqWm s`{`rNy. e~nQs` vr\wm`n@y~ @k@rn s`kc|C` @m@hyvQy yRw~@w~ iw` kl~pn`k`rWv bv k`ht vRvq p#h#qQlQ vnR a#w#yQ sQwmQ.

vr\wm`n s`m s`kc|C` pQLQb[v av{`rNy krn vQ@X~; kr#Nk~ vnR@y~ @mvr s`m s`kc|C` @vn kvrq`vktw~ vd` ym| nQX~vQw r`mRvk~ wOL sQqE @k@rn bvyQ. s`kc|C`vlt pY}m @qp`r\X~vy vQsQn~ aw~sn~ @kr#N sh@y`~gQw` gQvQsRm mgQn~ wnnR l#bR r`mRv iw` v#qgw~ k`r\yx`ryk~ itR kryQ. @pr vw`vn~ vlt vd` @mvr s`kc|C`vlqW el~. tW. tW. I. y vd`w~ nm&XWlWvWm sRx kr#NkQ. el~. tW. tW. I. @y~ nm&XWlW bvt @h~wO vR amwr k`rN` @m@s~ q#k~vWy h#kQy.

a. a#mrQk` ek~sw~ jnpqyt el~lvR wYs~wv`qW pYh`ryw~ smM @l`~k blvwOn~ vQsQn~ @l`vQn~ wYs~wv`qy wOrn~ kQrWmt @gnyn v#dpQLQ@vl anRv wYs~wv`qW kQYy`k`rkm|vlt j`w&n~wrv vQvQ{ b`{` p#mQNvWm h` el~. tW. tW. I. y em rtvl whnm| kQrWm.

a`. yRq hmRq`v mgQn~ sQqE kL el~. a`r\. a`r\. pW. (qQgO qEr vQhQqEm| vQmr\;N kN~d`ym| kQYy`n~vQw) vlQn~ el~. tW. tW. I. sAvQ{`n@y~ pYbl n`ykyQn~ G`wnyt lk~vWm h` emgQn~ ekW sAvQ{`n@y~ kQYy`k`rkm| nQqh@s~ kr@gn y$mt qr#NR @ls b`{` a#wQvWm h` yRq hmRq` kQYy`n~vQwyn~ vlqW @prt vd` qr#NR pYh`r vlt lk~vWm.

a#. rQvQrFs kQYy`n~vQw@yn~ a#rBQ ag~nQkWl qk~v` vR kQYy`n~vQwvlQn~ 6000 t a{Qk el~. tW. tW. I. s`m`jQkyQn~ mQy y$m h` 2000 t v#dQ pQrQsk~ sq`k`lQk a`b`{Qwyn~ vWm.

a$. el~. tW. tW. I. yt alEwQn~ b#@[n pQrQs~ adRvWm.

i. qYvQd mhjn mwy el~. tW. tW. I. yt sRxq`yk @n`vWm h` el~. tW. tW. I. @y~ kQYy`k`rkm| pQtRq#kWm.

I. el~. tW. tW. I. ax&n~wr mwv`qW argl a#wQ vWm h` emgQn~ s`m kQYy`q`myt y$m @k@rhQ v#dQ pYvnw`vyk~ a#wQvWm.

el~. tW. tW. I. y s`m m`vwkt pQvQsWm pQLQb[ apt a#wQ avQX~v`s shgw kr#NR kQhQpyk~ q#ntmw~ ovRn~ nQr\m`Ny kr a#w. rtt vQn krn yRq~{y nQm` kQrWmtw~ pYj`wn~wYv`qW @q~Xp`ln pYv`hyt p#mQNWm pQNQs sn~{Wy @h`~ shsn~{Wy a`N~dR kYmykt ekM bv pYk`X krn ovRn~ ovRn~@g~ psRgQy InQy` mh`vWr qQn@y~qW ovRn~@g~ n`yk pYx`krn~ pYk`X k@L~ wm ekm pQp`sy wmQl~ ILmk~ bvw~ em s~}`vry kOmn~ @h~wOvk~ nQs`vw~ @vns~ @n`krn bvw~y. @mhQ wvw~ vQ@X~;w~vyk~ vn~@n~ ohR @mm pYk`X k@L~ sh@y`~gQw` gQvQsRm aw~sn~ kr anwOr#v s`m s`kc|C` pvw~v`@gn yn avs~}`vkqW vWmy. mWLM k`rNy vnR@y~ yRq~{y sqhtm nQm kQrWmt ekM vn bv pYk`X krn gmn~ ovRn~ wm sAvQ{`nyt alEwQn~ s`m`jQkyQn~ b[v` g#nWmy. vQ@X~;@yn~ @m| vn vQt LmyQn~ b[v`g#nWm h` wr#NyQn~ p#h#r@gn y$m v#dQ@vmQn~ pvwW. @m| vn vQt mdklpRv pY@q~X@yn~ pmNk~ wr#NQyn~ 20 @q@nk~ q wQYkON`ml pY@q~X@yn~

wr#Nyn~ 25 @q@nk~q p#h#r@gn @g`s~ wQ@b|. e@s~m wYQkON`mly pY@q~X@y~ alEwQn~ pRhRNR k[vRrk~q pvw~v`@gn yn bvt @w`rwOr# l#bW a#w. @my stn~ vQr`m nQrWk;N kN~d`ymq pQLQgn~n` kr#NkQ.

wvq, @k`tQ sAvQ{`ny @m| vn vQt wm sAvQ{`nyt mRql~ ekwO kQrWm sWGYkr a#w. gOvn~ @w`tRpLQn~ rtt pQvQ@sn s$m qYvQd j`wQkykOtm @k`tQ sAvQ{`nyt mRql~ h` @vnw~ a`{`r lb`qWmt blp$m| krnR l#@b|. e~ s[h` s^jR qErk}n aAkyk~ shQw k`r\y`lyk~ mdklpR@v| pQhQtRv` a#w. mWt amwrv @k`tQ sAvQ{`ny ahQAsk v#sQyn~@gn~ wvmw~ bqE ay krnR l#@b|. @my kp~pm| g#nWmk~ vX@yn~ h#[Qn~vWm vd`w~ nQv#rqQy. @h~wOv bqE ay krnR lbn~@n~ nWw&nRkSl rjyk~ mgQn~ pmNk~ nQs`y. uwOrt yn v#sQyn~@gn~ @mn~m em v#sQyn~ qkO@N~ sQt rF@gn yn x`N~d s[h`q vQX`l @ls kp~pm| ay kryQ. e@s~m uwO@r\ sQt qkONt x`N~d h` @s~v` shQwv p#mQ@Nn v#sQyn~@gn~q kp~pm| ay kryQ. nWwQ vQ@r`~{Wv @k@rn @mm mRl&my sRr`k$m pQLQb[v qYvQd jny` mhw~ klkQrWmkt pw~v a#w. y`pn@y~ pYsQq~{ v&`p`rQkyn~@gn~ r#pQyl~ mQlQyn gNn~ kp~pm| gn~n` awr, smhr qYvQd v&`p`rQkyn~ @m| vn vQt y`pny awh#r @k`LBt p#mQN sQtW.

e@mn~m s`m s`kc|C` p#v#w~@vn awr wOrq @k`tQ sAvQ{`ny a@nkOw~ qYvQd sAvQ{`n qdym| kQrWm @m@wk~ awh#r n#w. ovRn~ wm sAvQ{`ny pmNk~ jnw`v iqQrQyt @gn e~@m| prm`r\}@yn~ h` a@nkOw~ sAvQ{`n jnpYQy @v| y#yQ yn bQ@yn~ vQ@X~;@yn~m pYj`wn~wYv`qWv ktyRwO krnR lbn IpWdWpW h` @t@l`~ v#nQ sAvQ{`n awOg` q#mWm pQNQs k^^r an~qmQn~ mQnW m#rWmt ptn~ @gn wQ@b|. @m|v` ovRn~ aq vnwOr# nvw~v` n#w. kOmn @q~Xp`ln pk;ykt b#[Wmt h` kYQy`kQrWmt a#wQ ayQwQy ovRn~ jnw`v@gn~ p#h#r@gn wQ@b|. mWLM k`rNy sQylEm m`{&yn~vlQn~ @m@wk~ r@tQ a`rk;`v @vnR@vn~ kL mh` p`v`qWm ynR@vn~ h[En~vnR l#bRv`vRw~ IL`m| yRq~{@y~qW @k`tQn~ adpn kQrWmt @h~wO vR XWY lAk` yRq hmRq`@v| el~. a`r\. a`r\. pW. kN~d`ym (qQg qEr vQhQqEm| vQmr\Xn kYQy`n~vQw kN~d`ym) nQhWn @ls swOr`t p`v`qEn~ "mQ@l~nQm| sQtQ" sQq~{Q@yn~ psR @k`tQ wYs~wv`qWn~ h` ovRn~@g~ rhs~ upkYm h` @w`rwOr# pQLQb[ iw` v#qgw~ ow~wO s#pyR pYj`wn~wYv`qyt gr# krn qYvQd ow~wOkr#vn~ el~tWtWI y vQsQn~ h[En` g#nWm h` in~ psR ovRn~ hB`@g`s~ G`wny kQrWmyQ. @m| vn vQt em ow~wOkr#vn~@gn~ kQhQp @q@nk~ h#r sQyl~ln~m G`wny vW hm`ry. e@s~m em kN~d`y@m| hmRq` nQl{`rWn~ q G`wny kQrWm s[h` @m| vn vQt p`w`lyt @k`n~wY`w~ x`rqW a#wQ bvtq @w`rwOr# l#bW a#w. s`m s`kc|C` yn awrwOr el~tWtWIyt @m@s~ kYQy`kQrWmt kQsQqE ayQwQyk~ n#w.

wvq @k`tQ sAvQ{`ny mgQn~ wvmw~ @k`tQ us`vQ, b#AkO, vr`y h` @r\gO a`qQy pvw~v`@gn y$m g#tlE shgwy. @k`tQ sAvQ{`ny pYj`wn~wYv`qyt pQvQsWm nQyw nm| @m| a`ywn pvw~v`@gn y$@m| avX&w`vyk~ n#w. @m| vn vQt @k`tQ sAvQ{`ny vQsQn~ wm b#AkOvl gQNRm| a`rm|x krn @ls qYvQd v&`p`rQkyn~t qn~v` wQ@bn awr, qYvQd v&`p`rQkyn~ e~ pQLQb[v imhw~ kns~sl~lt pw~v a#w.

ihw s[hn~ vQ@X~;Qw vR k`rN` pQLQb[v sm`@l`~cnyk @yqW@m|qW a#wQ vn pY{`n pYX~nyk~ vn~@n~ el~tWtWI sAvQ{`n@y~ ihw qk~vn lq kYQy`k`rkm| ovRn~ vQsQn~ kr@gn ynR lbn~@n~ s`m s`kc|C` kd`kp~pl~ kr n#vw yRq~{ykt y$m pQNQs sRq`nm| vWm s[h`q yn~ny. e@s~ vRv@h`w~ in~ vd`w~ aphsRw`vkt pw~vn~@n~ e~ s[h` s^jRvm mRhRN qQy yRwO wYQvQ{ hmRq`vn~ty. mWt @pr s[hn~ kL`k~ @mn~ pYx`krn~ mWt @pr kQhQp vw`vk~ "apQ n#vw yRq~{ykt yn~@n~ n#h#" ynR@vn~ pYk`X kr a#ww~, ey kYQy`@vn~ @m@wk~ op~pR kr n#w. nmRw~ @mm vw`@v|qW pYx`krn~ ihw s[hn~ kQymn sn`} kQrW@m| kQYy`q`mykt anQv`r\y@yn~m m`r#vQy yRwOy. e@s~ @n`m#wQ vRv @h`w~ s`my s[h` vn avs`n avs~}`v mgh#rW rtt imhw~ v&snyk~ sQqEvnR @n`anRm`ny.

a{Q a`rk;k kl`p pYX~ny (

@mm vsr a`rm|xyw~ smgm s`m kYQy`q`m@y~ krlQyt a` pY{`n m`w^k`v vR@y~ y`pny ar\{q~vWp@y~ a{Q a`rk;Qw kl`pvlQn~ yRq hmRq`v ivw~ kL yRwOy yn~ny. @y`~jn`v iqQrQpw~ krn lq~@q~ el~tWtWIy vQsQnQ. a{Q a`rk;Qw kl`pvlt ayw~ nQ@vs~vl qYvQd v#sQyn~ n#vw pqQAcQ krvWm @mhQ prm`r\}y bvq, ovRn~ s[hn~ kr a#w. @mm il~lWmq mWt @pr p#v#wQ s`m s`kc|C`vlqW em s`kc|C`vl m#q avqQ@y~qW ovRn~ vQsQn~ iqQrQpw~ kL as`{`rN @mn~m itR kL @n`h#kQ il~lWmk~ b[Ey. e@s~m a{Q a`rk;Qw kl`pvlQn~ hmRq`v ivw~ kQrW@mn~ psR ovRn~ sRk;m @ls wm sAvQ{`n@y~ kYQy`k`rW s`m`jQkyn~ e~ wOL pqQAcQkrvWmt rhs~ v#dpQLQ@vLk~ @gn yn bvt a`rk;k aAX ow~wO @s~v`vn~t v`r\w` vW a#w. @mm il~lWm| hrh` ovRn~ s`m kYQy`q`my kd kQrWmt a#wQ idkd @b`@h`~ v#dQ bv vQc`rk mwyyQ.

IL`m| yRq~{y a#rBWmt @pr q y`pny ar\{q~vWp@y~ pY{`n hmRq` k[vRr# hwrk~ vQy. pl`lQ, alQmAkd, k@ryQngr\ h` kn~ksn~wO@r\ e~ k[vRr# hwryQ. ekl kQsQqE ax&n~wr yRq~{yk~ @n`wQbQNQ. k[vRr# a`rk;`vtq wr\jnyk~ @n`vWy. e~ nQs`m k[vRr# avt a{Q a`rk;Qw kl`p pQhQtRv` @n`wQbQNQ. IL`m| yRq~{y a`rm|x vW qQ@nn~ qQn yRq~{y qr#NR awt h#@rnv`w~ smgm yRq~{y s[h` @qp`r\X~v@yn~m x`vQw` kL w`k;N kYm @v|qyn~ h` upkYmyn~q v#dQqQyRNR vQy. e~ anRv 1990 vr\;@y~qW @k`tQ wYs~wv`qWn~ vQsQn~ "p`sQl`n~ 2000" nm#wQ v#dQ qErk~ el~l kL h#kQ @m`~t`r\ @b`~m|b pYh`ryn~ y`pny @k`tRv h` pl`lQ k[vRr# @vw el~l krn lqW. e~ smgm k[vRr# avt pY@q~X@y~ a#wQ vR bQhQsRNR yRq v`w`vrNy nQs` k[vRr# avt nQv#sQyn~ wm pqQAcQy awh#r yn lqW. mQn~ psRv @k`tQ sAvQ{`n@yn~ @mv#nQ pYh`ryn~vlQn~ vn h`nQy avm kr g#nWm pQNQs a`rk;k hmRq`vn~t k[vRr# xSmQy pRUl~ kQrWmt anQv`r\y@yn~m sQqEvQy. m$w k`l@y~qW k`lwOvk~kO pYh`ryn~t hsR@n`vn a`k`ryt wvqErtw~ hmRq` k[vRr# avt a{Q a`rk;k kl`p a#wQ kQrWm sQqE krn lqW. @my hR@qk~m sQqE krn lq~@q~ @s`l~q`qEvn~@g~ jWvQw h` rj@y~ @q~plvlt a`rk;`v whvRr# kQrWm vQn` s`m`n& jnw`v avw#n~ kQrW@m| axQl`;@yn~ @n`vn bv @w~r#m| gw yRwOy. @m| vn vQtw~ a#w#m| k[vRr# avt s`m`n& jnw`v pqQAcQv sQtQn awr, kQsQqE v#sQ@yk~ hmRq`v vQsQn~ wm @gvl~vlQn~ b@ln~ phkr n#w. v#sQyn~ ivw~v gQy @g~@q`r h` rj@y~ idm|vl hmRq`v s~}`ngwv sQtQn bv sw&yk~ vn awr, m$w k`l@y~ wm @gvl~ @q`rvl~ b#lWmt y`pnyt p#mQNQ jnw`v wm nQv`svl pqQAcQv sQtQn xt pQrQs~ em nQv`s iw` @h`[Qn~ ndw~wO kr a#wQ bv q#kW@mn~ imhw~ swOtt pw~ vR bv pYkt kr#NkQ. a{Q a`rk;Qw kl`p wOL pqQAcQvWmt sRq`nm|v sQtQn q#nt avw#n~v sQtQn qYvQd pvRl~ gNn iw` al~py. a{Q a`rk;Qw kl`pvl nQv`s ayQwQv sQtQy vRvn~@gn~ 80% k~ pmNk~ @qn` q#nt pqQAcQv sQtQn~@n~ pQt rtvl bv kvRr#w~ qn~n` sw&ykQ. e@s~m avw#n~ vRvn~ n#vw pqQAcQ krvW@m| v&`p^wQ@y~qW pY}m@yn~m a{Q a`rk;Qw kl`p wOL ovRn~ pqQAcQ krvWmt @y`~jn` kQrWm pRqEm shgwy. e@s~m s#kyt wOdR@qn kr#NkQ. a{Q a`rk;Qw kl`pvlQn~ pQtw pY@q~Xvl pvRl~ 60,000 k~ pqQAcQ krvWmt a#wQ awr, ey pY}m@yn~ itR kQrWm pQLQb[ el~tWtWI y kl~pn` @n`kQrWm a#qhQy @n`h#kQ kr#NkQ. mRlQn~ kL yRw~@w~ a{Q a`rk;k kl`pvlQn~ epQt pY@q~Xvl n#vw pqQAcQ krvWm a`rm|x kQrWmy. el~tWtWI@y~ p#vwOn` vR h` p#vwWmt ida#wQ yRq upkYml wrm g#n kl~pn` kr bln vQt uwO@r\ @mn~m n#@gnhQr yRq gOvn~ h` n`vQk hmRq` k[vRr# avt a{Q a`rk;Qw kl`p anQv`r\y@yn~m wQbQy yRwOy. a{Q a`rk;Qw kl`p s#b#[Qv y`pny ar\{q~vWp@y~ a`rk;k @s~n` a`Z`pwQ @m|jr\ @jnr`l~ srw~ @f`n~@s~k`@g~ mwy pYZ`@g`~cry. ey m$w k`l@y~qW hmRq` pY{`nQ@ykO kl~yl~ bl` gw~w` vR qErqk~n` iw` @h`[ wWrNykQ. y`pn@y~ a`Z`pwQwOm` a{Q a`rk;k kl`p pQLQb[v wm v`r\w`@vn~ qk~v` a#wQ kr#NR awrQn~ pY{`n kr#NR 2 k~ phw q#k~@v|.

a. a{Q a`rk;Qw kl`pvl pQhQtQ nQv`s nQym hQmQkr#vn~t x`rqWmt pY}m el~tWtWIy wm a`yR{ bQm w#bQy yRwOy.

a`. a{Q a`rk;Qw kl`pvl pQhQtQ sQvQl~ nQv`s x`rqQy h#k~@k~ e~v`@y~ nQym mRl~ ayQwQkr#vn~t pmNQ.

y`pny a`Z`pwQvry`@g~ @mm s~}`vry @m| s#b#[Qv kr#NR @s`y`bl` v`r\w` kQrWmt p#mQNQ in~qWy yRq vQ@X~;ZykO vn @jnr`l~ swQ;~ nm|bQy`s~ vQsQn~ q anRmw @k`t a#w. a{Q a`rk;Qw kl`p lQhQl~ krn~@n~ nm| qhs~ gNn~ vn (40,000 k~ pmN) @sbUn~@g~ a`rk;`v pQLQb[v h` k[vRr# swOv a#wQ nvWn yRq upkrN h` @vnw~ rj@y~ sm|pw~vl a`rk;`v pQLQb[v pYX~n a#wQvnR @n`anRm`ny. a@nk~ awt a{Q a`rk;Qw kl`p ivw~ kQrW@mn~ @k`tQn~@g~ k`l wOvk~kOvl pYh`rk qEr k[vRr# smWpyt @gn e~mt h#kQvWm q brpwl @ls hQw` b#lQy yRwOy. wvq a{Q a`rk;Qw kl`p ivw~ kQrW@mn~ hmRq` k[vRr# @k`tQn~@g~ @m`~t`r\ pYh`rvlt i[Er`m ilk~k vWmtq h#kQy`v a#wQvWm pQLQb[v @qvrk~ sQw` b#lQy yRwOy.

avw#n~ vR jny` n#vw pqQAcQ kQrW@m| h` a{Q a`rk;Qw kl`pvlQn~ hmRq` ivw~vW@m| pYX~n@y~qW anRgmny kL yRwO kYQy` ptQp`tQy @k@s~ vQyyRwO q#yQ q#ntmw~ a`rk;k @s~n` a`Z`pwQvry` vQsQn~ av{`rNy kr a#wQ awr, a@nk~ awt a{Q a`rk;Qw kl`p wOL pQhQtQ idm| h` @g`dn#gQlQvl ayQwQkr#vn~t e~ s[h` vn~qQ mRql~ @gvW@mn~ e~v` rjyt pvr`gw h#kQ bvq @pn~v` qQy h#k. e~ @vnR@vn~ vQkl~p idm| y`pny ar\{q~vWp@yn~ lb`qW@m| h#kQy`vq a#w. @mm kYmy r@tQ a@nkOw~ pY@q~Xvl sQqEvn s`m`n& @qykQ. aqtq a@nkOw~ pY@q~Xvl rj@y~ prQhrNy s[h` @y`q`gw yRwO idmk~·@g`dn#gQl~lk~ @v| nm| ey vn~qQ mRql~ @gv` rjyt pvr` g#nWm sQqEvn awr, ey nWw&nRkSl kYmyk~q @v|. eyt kQsQ@vkOtw~ axQ@y`~g kL @n`h#k.

@mm lQpQ@y~ qk~v` a#wQ kr#NR anRv hmRq`v p#w~@wn~ @gn b#lR kl @m@wk~ @krW a#wQ s`m kYQy`q`my s#b#[Q el~tWtWI @y~ @qbQdQ pQLQ@vw g#n @qvrk~ sQw` b#lQy yRwOvWm s`{`rNy. n#vw yRq~{yk~ a#wQ vRv@h`w~ e~ s[h` sQylE br q#rWmt sQqE vn~@n~ wYQvQ{ hmRq`vty. em nQs` "kYQy`w~mk vn~n` vR s`m kYQy`q`my s`r\}k @v|v` y" ynR a@p~ e~k`yn p#wOmyQ. @my s`r\}k kr g#nWm pQNQs el~tWtWI y mWt vd` nm&XWlW vWm anQv`r\y@yn~m sQqEvQy yRwO bv k` ht vRvq v#t@hnv` a#w#yQ sQwmQ. wvq ovRn~ vQsQn~ anRgmny krnR lbn s#k mwO krn~n` vR kYQy`k`rkm| q aw~hQtRvQy yRwOv a#w.

s`m@y~ @g_rvy hQmQvQy yRw~@w~ @sbL`ty (

s`m s`kc|C` s[h` el~tWtWI y n#BRr# krvW@m| @g_rvy @b`@h`~ @syQn~ hQmQvQy yRw~@w~ wQYvQ{ hmRq`vty. vQ@X~;@yn~ yRq hmRq`vty. wYQvQ{ hmRq`@v| k#p kQrWm @n`vn~nt el~tWtWI y s`m m`vwt @gn e~m wvqErtw~ pYm`qvWmt id wQbRNQ. a#w#m| m`{&vlQn~ h` m`{& mgQn~ hsRr#vnR lbn sjWvW s`kc|C` ann~wy. e@hw~ e~ kQsQm m`{&yk~ @h`~ m`{&y mgQn~ pvw~vn sm|mRK s`kc|C`vn~ s[h` shx`gQ vn kQsQ@vkOw~ el~tWtWI ytq IL`m| r`j&yk~ pQhQtRvWmt @n`h#kQ vR bv s[hn~ @n`krn~@n~y. el~tWtWI y @k`wrm| vlQ k$vw~ ovRn~t ILmk~ pQhQtRvWmt @m| qk~v` wQYvQ{ hmRq`v h` @p`lQsQy id @n`qEn~@n~y. e~ @g_rvy aw~vQy yRw~@w~ @sbL`ty. @mhQqW wv kr#Nk~ s[hn~ @n`krm b#rQy. a@p~ r@tQ @b`@h`~ m`{&y mgQn~ el~tWtWI n`ykyn~t hmRq` nQL wnwOr# lb`qW wQ@b|. wYs~wv`qWn~@g~ nmt iqQrQ@yn~ kpQw`n~, @m|jr\, kr\nl~ ynR@vn~ vQvQ{ hmRq`my h` @p`lQs~ nQLn`m @y`qmQn~ h[En~vyQ. @my iw`mw~ v#rqQ @mn~m hmRq` nQLyn~t aph`s krn~n` vR kYQy`vkQ. wYQvQ{ hmRq` nQl{`rWn~t em nQL pYq`ny krnR lbn~@n~ r@tQ n`yky` vQsQnQ. a@p~ r@tQ nm| jn`{QpwQ·jn`{QpwQwOmQy vQsQnQ. jn`{QpwQ vQsQn~ g#stQ nQ@v|qnykQn~ wYQvQ{ hmRq` nQl{`rWn~ a{Qk`rQyt pw~ kQrWmw~ h` e~ e~ nQLvlt uss~ kQrWmw~ rj@y~ g#stQ nQ@v|qnykQn~ pYsQq~{ krnR lbyQ. in~ psRv e~ nQL nWw&nRkSlv vlAgO @v|. m`{& mgQn~ @m@s~ wYs~wv`qWn~ nQL nm|vlQn~ h#[Qn~vWm sms~} yRq hmRq`vtm krn nQgYhyk~ @mn~m wYs~wv`qWn~t pRq krn l#j~j` n#wQ sm|m`nyk~q v#n~n.

s`m s`kc|C` s[h` hmRq` p`r\X~v@y~ nQ@y`~jny (

@mvr s`m kYQy`vlQy pQLQb[v sQylEm v#sQyn~ @mn~m wQYvQ{ hmRq`v sh @p`lQs~ s`m`jQkyn~ vQX`l bl`@p`@r`w~wOvk~ wb` a#w. eyt @h~wOv @mvr s`m s`kc|C` ek~wr` nQX~cQw h` vQX~v`snWy r`mRvk~ wOL sQqE krn nQs`y. s`m s`kc|C` s[h` hmRq` p`r\X~v@yn~q up@q~XkvrykO pw~v kYQy`kQrWm iw` v#qgw~y. e~ s[h` yRq hmRq`pwQvry`@g~w~ rj@y~w~ @w`~r` g#nWm iw` nQv#rqQ bv ap@g~ vQX~v`syyQ. @m|jr\ @jnr`l~ X`n~w @k`~tQ@tQ@g`d @m| s[h` shx`gQvn yRq hmRq` @j&;~T nQl{`rQy` @v|. ewOm` s`m s`kc|C`vlqW hmRq` p`r\X~v@yn~ iqQrQpw~ vQy yRwO aqhs~ h` @y`~jn` q a`rk;k aAXvlt ahQwkr @ls blp`n kr#NR @v@w`w~ e~v`q vgkW@mn~ yRk~wv hsRr#vnR a#w#yQ yn vQX`l bl`@p`@r`w~wOvk~ ap wOL a#wQ awr, @s`l~q`qEvn~@g~ @g_rvyt h`nQkr kQsQqE @y`~jn`vkt ewOm` id@n`@qn bvtq vQX~v`syk~ a#w. @mhQqW @m|jr\ @jnr`l~ @k`~tQ@tQ@g`d@g~ vgkW@m| wr@m| b#rHr#m|km apt vth` gw h#k. ey iw` asWr# k`r\yykQ. uq`hrNyk~ @ls qk~v@w`w~ ewOm`@g~ k`r\yx`ry "q#lQpQhQ@yn~ qW kQrQ k$mk~ v#nQ y#yQ" kQv@h`w~ awQ@X`~k~wQyk~ @n`@v|. ewrm| sQyRm| @ls @w`~r` @b|r`@gn kL yRwO gNR@qnRvkt ewOm` m#qQv sQtQyQ.

@m|jr\ @jnr`l~ @k`~tQ@tQ@g`d yRq aw~q#kWm| sm|x`ryk~ a#wQ k^whs~w up`yXWlQ yRq @s@nvQ@ykQ. wvq ewOm` @sbUn~@g~ vQX~v`sy qQn` sQtQn @j&;~T nQl{`rQ@ykQ. stn~ bQ@m| sQylE aw~q#kWm| a#wQ @sbL sQwQvQlQ pQLQb[ mn` v#thWmk~ a#wQ ewOm` wm hmRq` jWvQw@y~qW kN~d x`r nQl{`rQ sQt bLa#NQ aN@qn nQl{`rQ qk~v`w~ in~ ob|bt bL@s~n`{QpwQ, @s~n`Ak`{QpwQ, a`rk;k @s~n` a`Z`pwQ a`qW vQvQ{ wnwOr# qr` aw~q#kWm| sm|x`ryk~ lw~ @sn~pwQ@ykQ. yRq @m@hyRm| s#lsRm| krN@y~qW h` up`yn~ kYQy`w~mk kQrW@m|qW qk;ykO vn @m|jr\ @jnr`l~ @k`tQ@tQ@g`d e~ nQs`m el~tWtWI yt hQsrqyk~v sQtQ @sn~pwQ@yk~q @v|. vrk~ ewOm` w`n~dQkOlm| hW wm`t el~l vR el~tWtWI pYh`rykQn~ wm jWvQwy @b|r` gw~@w~ nR@lnQ. ewOm`t el~tWtWI bRq~{Q aAXy pQLQb[ @h`q q#nRmk~ h` ivk~ a#wQ awr, el~tWtWI @y~ iqQrQ yRq up`yn~ pQLQb[vq upkl~pny kQrWmt h#kQy`vk~ a#wQ @j&;~T nQl{`rQ@ykQ. klk~ ewOm` yRq hmRq` bRq~{Q aAX@y~ r`jk`rQ kL awr, ehQqW sRvQ@X~; k`r\y x`ryk~q itR krn lqW. evn~ p#sRNR bRq~{QykQn~ @hbQ nQl{`rQykO s`m s`kc|C` s[h` hmRq` p`r\X~v@yn~ shx`gQvWm apt bl`@p`@r`w~wO w#bQy h#kQ sRx lkONkQ. wv kr#Nk~ vn~@n~ @m|jr\ @jnr`l~ @k`~tQ@tQ@g`d iw` nQhV pRq~glykO vWmyQ. wnwOr# nQL n`m @k`@wk~ l#bRNq nQhwm`nWv wm r`jk`rQy nQX~Xb|qv itRkrn crQw lk;Nyk~ ewOm` swOy. pYsQq~{Qy h` pRr`@j~r#v psRps hm` @n`yn @m|jr\ @jnr`l~ @k`~tQ@tQ@g`d wm`@gn~ @mm s`kc|C` s[h` itRvQy yRwO apk;p`wQ k`r\y x`ry @n`pQrQ@hl` itRkrnR lbn bv @n`anRm`ny.

sQyl~l@g~ p#wOm (

@m| vn vQt apQ @m| kOr#rQ yRq~{@yn~ @hm|bw~v sQtQn~@nmR. yRq~{@yn~ rt n#vww~ e~ a[Er# ag`{yt a#q v#@tnv` b#lWmt apt avX& n#w. el~tWtWI @y~q p#wOm vQy yRw~@w~ @mymy. el~tWtWI s`m`jQkyn~q ap s@h`~qr XWY l`AkQkyn~m @v|. ap @q@g`l~ln~tm q#n~ ekt ekwOv rt sAvr\{ny kQrWmt k`ly eLB a#w. a@p~ an`gw prpRrt apQ @m| rt @s_x`g&@yn~ spQr#NR rtk~ @ls x`rqQy yRwO vn~@nmR. ap @q`@g`l~ln~t ekwO vWmt h#kQ hQwkr prQsryk~ jnQw vW a#w. el~tWtWI vQsQn~ s`m s`kc|C`v wOL sQtQmQn~ yRq~{ykt lkl#h#s~wQ vW@m| pYvNw`vkt y$m pQLQb[ mhjnw`v wOL a#wQ vW a#wQ avQX~v`sy qEr# kQrWmt ktyRwO kQrWm anQv`r\yy @v|. e~ s[h` el~tWtWI sAvQ{`ny @qvrk~ sQw` @n`bl` ktyRwO kQrWm v#qgw~y. @qp`r\X~vy ekQ@nk` sm|bn~{@yn~ qrn~n` vR avQX~v`syn~ qEr#kr pvw~n` vR pYX~n pQLQb[v k`@l`~cQwv s`kc|C` kr kdQnm| vQs[Emkt p#mQNW@m| k`lWn avX&w`vy sQyl~ltm vd` v#qgw~y. rj@y~ p`r\X~vy vQsQn~ s`m s`kc|C` pQLQb[v qrn~n` vR avAk k#pvWm el~tWtWI y vQsQn~ @w~r#m|@gn kYQy`kr s`my uq` krlW@m| prm axQl`Xyt ekMv kYQy`kL yRwOy. el~tWtWI yt ap h` aw~v#l~ b#[g#nWmt q#n~ k`ly eLB a#w. a@p~ e~k`yn p#wOm s`myyQ.