@b`~{QGry (@n`@h`w~ @b`~@gy) :
bRqEn~ vhn~@s~@g~ X`rWrQk {`wO vn~qn`v s[h` iqQ krn lq s~}Rpyt @mn~ m p`rQ@x`~gQk vs~wOvk~ vX@yn~ s#l@kn @b`~{Qv^k;yt q aq @mn~m eq` q @b_q~{@y`~ vn~qn`m`n kLh. @b`~{Qv^k;y vt` @sl~mRv` ml~ a`sn sq` e~ vt` gr`qQ v#tvl~ @h`~ e~ mwO@vhQ g^hyk~ w#nvWm p#rNQ k`lvlm sQt en sQrQwkQ.

bRq~{gy`@v| @b`~{Qv^k;y v@tQt gl~ gr`qQ v#tk~ wQbRNQ. anRr`{pRr@y~ mh` @b`~{Qy @r`~pNy vR@y~ us~ s~}`nyky. It pY@v|X vWm s[h` pQyg#t@p~LQ sks~ vQy. mh`vAs`gw pRvw~vlt anRv kQYs~wO vr\;`rm|x@y~ qW pmN @mm jy XWY mh`@b`~{Qy vt` @v|qQk`vk~ @n`@h`w~ gl~gr`qQ v#tk~ wQbRNQ. e@s~m mRqEnQn~ awO pwr vQhQqW y$mt sls~v` v^k;mRl& a`vrNy kL @b`~{QGryk~ p#vwQ bv mh`vAsy kQyyQ. amr`vwW sh x`r\hRw~ v#nQ s~}`nvl qQs~vn k#tym| awr @mb[E @b`~{QGr nQqXr\n @pn~v` qW a#w. e~v` wn` wQbR@N~ mN~dp a`k`r@ynQ.

@b`~{QGry g#n sq~{r\mrw~n`vlQ@yhQ @k@rn vQs~wryt anRv apt slk` gw h#k~@k~ 13 @vnQ Xwvr\;y qk~v`m @b`~{QGry lk~qQv sRlx v q$kQy h#kQ vR qr\Xnyk~ bvyQ. e@s~ vRvq vw~mn~ k`l@yhQ @m| v`s~wOvQq&` lk;Ny ax`vQwv pvwW. p#rNQ n;~t`v@X~; awrQn~ @b`~{QGr vX@yn~ nQs#kv h[En` @gn a#w~@w~ kOr#N$gl qQs~wQYk~k@y~ nQl~lk~gm nm| s~}`n@y~ sh mdklpR qQs~wQYk~k@y~ p`nm pw~wO@v| mMOl~mh`vQh`r xSmQ@y~ a#wQ qr\Xn pmNQ. @m| @qkQn~ vd` @h`[Qn~ a`rk;` vW a#w~@w~ nQl~lk~gm @b`~{QGryyQ.

pQLQm@gy (pYwQm`g^hmy) :

bRqEpQLQQm wb` v#[Em| pQqEm| kQrWm s[h` kl~y`@m| qW pQLQm@gvl~ w#nvWm avX& vQy. bRqEpQLQm@y~ upw pQLQb[ mw@x~q pvwQn nmRw~ in~qQy`@v| ey phL vR @n`@b`~ klkQn~m ey lk~qQvt q sm|pY`p~w vQy. bRqEpQLQmy mRlQn~m w#m|pw~ vR@y~ @b`~{Q v^k;y p`mRl @b`~{QGry a#wOLwy. kl~ y`@m| qW s~wOpyt h` @b`~{Q v^k;yt @mn~m bRqEpQLQmytq w#nk~ l#bRNRR bv @p@n~. bRq~{`nRs~m^wQ x`vn`v v#dWm s[h` bRqEpQLQmy upk`rW vn @hyQn~ s#q$h#wQyn~ @mm uq~@q~sQk {`wO vn~qny s[h` @pLBW gQy bv @n` anRm`ny. e@s~ @hyQn~ bRqEpQLQmy w#m|pw~ krWmt @h`bn` s~}`nyk~ avX& vQy. v#dsQQtQ, v#dhRn~, v#q@h`w~ a`qW vX@yn~ bRqEpQLQmy a#BW@m| kYm sQw~wr#n~t kl~pn` vR @hyQn~ e~ s[h` @vnm g^hyk~ w#nvW@m| avX&w`v XQl~pWn~t @mn~m s#q$h#wQyn~t q av@b`~{ vQy.

pYwQm`g^h, ptQm`Gr, ptQm`g`r yn`qW vX@yn~ h#[Qn~@vn pQLQm@gy mRlQn~m iqQ k@L~ gn~{kOtQ (g[kQLQ) s#l#s~mt anRvy. gn~{kOtQ ynR bRqEn~vhn~@s~ s#v#w~nRvr @j~wvn@y~ vQsR k`l@y~ x`vQw` kL a`v`syyQ. "g[l~" ynR@vn~ axygQrQ vQh`r @sl~lQpQyk h#[Qn~@vn~@n~ em vQh`r@y~ wQbRNR pYwQm`g^hykQ. gn~{kOtQ s#l#s~m nm| pQLQmy w#m|pw~ kQrWm s[h` k`mryk~ sh It pQvQ@sn mN~dpyk~ shQw vR g^hyyQ. @m| gNyt ayw~ pQLQm@gvl~ gNn`vk~ lk~qQv ntbRn~ awr @n`@yk~ w#nQn~ mwO vW a#w. e~ s[h` @h`[m nQqr\Xny vX@yn~ @pn~vQy h#k~@k~ anRr`{pRr@y~ kQrQbw~@v@hr pQLQm @gyyQ. bRqEpQLQmy a`XQYw v#[Em| pQqEm| kYm a{Qkvw~m pQLQm@gyQ a`k^wQy @vns~ vn~nt vQy. e~ nQs` gr\xg^hytw~ mN~dpytw~ awQ@r\kv rFs~vWm| X`l`vk~ @n`@h`w~ an~wr`lyk~ @yqWmt sQqE vQy.

hQn~[E @k`~vQl~vl s#lsRm|vlt anRkSlv e@s~ sks~ vR pQLQm@gy, gr\xg^hy (pQLQQmy w#m|pw~ @k@rn k`mry) an~wr`ly sh mN~dpy ynR@vn~ wOn~ @k`tskQn~ yRk~w vQy.

@m| h#@rn~nt @vnw~ a`k`r@y~ pQLQm @gvl~ q @s`y` @gn a#w. mRqEn~ @k`ts @b`kO vhLyk~ shQw v nQmvR pQLQm @gvlt "@gdQ@g~" ynR@vn~ v&vh`r @krQNQ. e~ s[h` nQqr\Xnyk~ vX@yn~ anRr`{pRr@y~ @j~wvn q`g#b asl a#wQ pQLQm@gy q$k~vQy h#kQy. @p`@l`n~nr#@v| }Rp`r`my @m| vr\gvlt ayw~ pQLQm@gvlQn~ iw` @h`[Qn~ a`rk;`vW a#wQ @g`dn#gQl~lkQ. m{&m pL`@w~ n`ln~q nm| s~}`n@y~ iqQ vR @gdQ@g~ vRklQ @b`kO vhlQn~ yRwOv wnn lq @sl~mRv` @g`dn#gQl~lkQ. mhv#lQ sAvr\{n v&`p`ryt yt vR mRlQn~ pQhQtQ xSmQy us~@k`t ylQ @my @pr wQbRNR w#nm q$n~ iqQ kr a#w. w`n~wQYk @b_q~{yn~ v#[Em| pQqEm| kL s~}`nyk~ vX@yn~ s#LkQy yRwO @mhQ bRqEpQLQm sh @b`{Qsw~v pQLQm w#m|pw~vW wQbRNQ. @p`@l`n~nr#@v| }Rp`r`my, anRr`{pRr@y~ @j~wvn q`g#b asl pQLQm@gy sh anRr`{pRr@y~ a#wOU ngr@y~ rj m`lQg`v asl a#wQ @b`kO vhlQkQn~ yRwO @g`dn#gQl~l (yn @mm pQLQm@gvl~ wOnm) wnnR l#bR@v| g@d`l~ vlQnQ. psR kW @g`dn#gQl~@lhQ a#wQ g@d`l~ bQw~wQ awQXyQn~ Gny.

ihw kW pQLQm@gvl~ w#m|pw~ vR@y~ hQtQpQLQm @h`~ v#dhRn~ ({&`n) pQLQm pmNQ. e~v` v#q@h`w~ (s#w@pn) pQLQm s[h` sRqEsR @n`vWy.

v#q@h`w~ pQLQm s[h` mRlQn~ x`vQw` vR@y~ gl~gOh` a#sRrQn~ wnnR l#bR pQLQQm@gvl~y. 6 @vnQ Xwvr\;yt pmN ayw~ kLh#kQ (sWgQrQy asl) pQqErn~gl k[E mRqE@nhQ pQhQtQ pQLQQm@gy @m| s[h` nQqsRnkQ. s`m`n& vX@yn~ @mb[E pQLQm@gvlt a#wOU vWmt iqQrQps bQw~wQ@yn~ @q`rk~q pQLQm@y~ hQs sh p`q pQhQtQ p#wQvlQn~ ek~ @q`rk~ q b#gQn~q vQy. @mb[E wvw~ pQLQm@gyk~ a#Lh#r nm| s~}`n@y~ qk~nt l#@b|. @p`@l`n~nr# yRgyt ayw~ kLyRwO vQXQ;~twm @ln~ vQh`ry, uw~wr`r`my @n`@h`w~ gl~ vQh`ryyQ. vtQt g`mQNW axy (kQY. pR.88-76) rjR vQsQn~ krvn lq (vrQn~vr pYwQsAs~krNvlt x`jny vR) qBRl~l @ln~ vQh`r@yhQ hQtQ, hRn~ sh v#q@h`w~ pQLQm gNn`vk~ qk~nt l#@b|.

a`yw cwOrsY`k`r pQLQm@gvl~ vr\gyk~q a#w. ehQ pY@v|X vW@m| @k`ts pQhQtQ@y~ qQg p#w~@w~y. pY@v|X vW@m| mN~dpy h#@rn~nt ehQ a#w~@w~ ek~ k`mrykQ. pQLQmy w#m|pw~ vR@y~ pQtRps w`p~pyt kQtQtR kr hrQ m#qQnQ. @m| vr\g@y~ pQLQm@gvl~ l#@bn~@n~ cwOrsY`k`r xSmQx`gyk @g`dn#gQlQ phk~ (5 k~) shQwv b#vQn~ e~v` pAc`ywn vr\g@y~ pQLQm@gvl~ ynR@vn~q h[Evn~vnR l#@b|. vQX`lm pQLQm@gy em xSmQx`g@y~ hrQ m#qQn~q a@nk~ swr cwOrsY@y~ swr @k`@N~q iqQ vQy. @m| pQLQm @gvlQn~ vQX`lm h` kOd`m @g`dn#gQlQ @qk @qmhl~ vn @s~ w#nQNQ. anRr`{pRr@y~ axygQrQy asl vt rvRm| p`rt nRqEr#v pQhQtQ mh@sn~ m`lQgy @n`@h`w~ bQ@s`~ m`lQgy @m| s[h` iw` @h`q nQqr\Xnyk~ vX@yn~ h[En~v` qQyh#kQy.

pYwQm`g^h g#n s[hn~ krn kl~hW, @p`@l`n~nr#@v| lAk`wQlky amwk kL @n`h#kQy. lAk`@v| a#wQ pRr`N @g`dn#gQlQ awrQn~ @my iw`m us nQr\m`NyyQ. ehQ sm|pRr\N qQg adQ 124 kQ. pLl adQ 66 yQ. @b`kO vhlyk~ vR b#vQn~ @gdQ@g~ vr\gyt ayw~ kLyRwO ehQ us adQ 40 k~ pmN vQy. vhly @mkl qk~nt @n`l#@b|. gr`qQ v#tk~ shQwv a`lQn~qyk~ @n`@h`w~ g#lrQyk~ udR mh@l~ vQy. It n#gWm s[h` pdQ @pLk~ s`q` wQbRNQ. bQw~wQvl a[v` wQbRNR cQwY bl` g#nWm phsR kQrWm @mm g#lrQ @yqW@m| aqhs vQy. lAk`wQlky iqQ krvn lq~@q~ 1 @vnQ pr`kYmx`hR (kQY. v. 1153-1186) rjR vQsQnQ.