asm`nkm| v#dQ k@L`w~ av`sn`vn~w rtvl~ @qkk~,
asm`nkm| n#wQ k@L`w~ @s_x`g&vw~ ek rtk~!

@s`~mvAX amrsQAh

XYW lAk`@v| j`wQk pYX~nyt a#wQ kl~ pvwQn ekm vQs[Em vn~@n~ j`wQk sm`nw~vy pYj`wn~wYv`qy h` m`nv ayQwWn~ s~}`pQw kQrWm bv jnw` vQmRk~wQ @prmR@N~ acl vQX~v`syyQ. mk~ nQs`q yw~, j`wQk pYX~n@y~ ul~pw vn~@n~ j`wQk sm`nw~vy h` pYj`wn~wYv`qy a@h`~sQ kQrWm b#vQnQ. @m| @m`@h`@w~ XYW lAk`@v| j`wQk pYX~ny vQs[Wm s[h` iqQrQpw~ krnR l#b, s`kc|C`vt x`jn @vmQn~ a#wQ, bly @bqWm|, kl~ pvw~n` vQs[Em| avs`n vQs[Em|, e@s~ n#w~nm| "sq`k`lWk vQs[Em|" s~}Qrs`r vQs[Em|, an~wr\ p`lnyn~, @y`mRvW a#w~@w~ j`wQk sm`nw~vy, pYj`wn~wYv`qy h` m`nv ayQwWn~ @m| sm`jy wOL whvRr# kQrW@m| qWX`vtq? apQ vQx`g krmR. @mm lQpQ @pL @y`mR vn~@n~ j`wQk asmnw`vn~ pQLQb[v h` e~v` a@h`~sQ kQrWm s[h` kQYy`w~mk kL h#kQ vQs[Em| kv@r\q#yQ @s`y` b#lWmtyQ.

1494 qW s~p`kq~kq@y~ @w`r\qQsQl`s~ hQqW hyv#nQ a#@lk~s#n~dr\ p`p~vhn~@s~ XYW lAk`v a#wOU @l`~k@y~ @b`@h`~ rtvl~vl @@qvy @vns~ krn gQvQsRmk~ mgQn~ p^wOg`lytw~, s~p`kq~kqytw~ ekW rtvl~ @qkt @bqEv`. prAgQ 1505 qW a@p~ rt a`kYmNy krl ytw~ kr gw~@w~ e~ anRvyQ. ytw~vQjQwv`qWn~ XYW lAk`vt @h`~ @ssR rtvl~vlt kd` p#n~@n~ @k`l~l k$mtyQ. e~ s[h` mQnWm#rWm, s~wYW qR;Ny, e~ rtvl~vl p#vwW ihL XQ;~T`c`ryn~ awO g` q#mWm sQqE kL`. e~ rtvl~vl jnw`vn~ hWnyn~ qWnyn~, nQvtRn~ bvt pw~ kr wl` @pl` @hL` q#kWm sQqE kL`. psRgQyq` @vnQsQyRl`@v| jnw`v a@mrQk`v @s`y` gw~w`y#yQ kQypR @k`@l`m|bs~@g~ pYwQm`vk~ bQm q#m|m`. @k`@l`m|bs~@g~ @ewQh`sQk @m@hvr ynR@vn~ v#rqQyt h#[Qn~vRNR m`nv vr\gy`t e@rhQv sQqE kL qE;~T apr`{y aq qQn@y~ jnw`vn~ vQsQn~ nQv#rqQ @ls h[En`gnR l#@bmQn~ pvwQn bv mRU @l`~kytm pYk`X @k@rn a`k`ryyQ e~. @l`@rn~@s`~ q al~@m|ql`@g~ @g~ pYwQm` @m| lk~ @p`@L`v mw q#nRw~ wQbR@N~ nm|, e~v`, ytw~ vQjQwkrN vQ@r`~{W vsr @ls nm| krnR l#b a#wQ 2005 qW @m| r@tQ jnw`vtw~ bQm q#mQy h#kQv wQbRNQ. e@s~ ytw~ vQjQwv`qy smrn~nt h#kQy`v wQbRNQ.

j`wQk asm`n`w~vy v#dQ kQrWm h` alEw~ asm`nw~vyn~ a#wQ kQrWm

XYW lAk`@v| @v@sn @k`~tQ @qkkt a`sn~n sQAhl, @qmL, mRs~lQm| h` @ssR jnw`v aqw~, krgs` @gn vQ[vn~@n~ ekW ytw~vQjQwv`qy ovRn~@g~ ur mw p#tvR pc| kn~qr`vyQ. pr`AgQn~@gn~ psR ln~@q~sWnRw~, ovRn~@gn~ psR bQYw`n& ytw~vQjQwv`qWnRw~ XYW lAk`v ytw~ kL`. ln~@q~sWn~tw~, iAgYQsWn~tw~ sQy a`{Qpw&y whvRr# krg#nW@m|qW @qmL rjR h` sQAhl a#m#wQvr# awr p#vwQ vQrsk x`vyn~ v`sQshgw vRN`. @m| vQrsk x`vyn~t p`qk vR@N~ @qmL rjR h` sQAhl a#m#wQvr# awr j`wQkw~v pqnm mw r`j& bly aw~pw~ kr g#nWm s[h` p#v#wQ g#tRmyQ. @m| g#tRm wm v`sQyt @y`q`@gn ekm xt@yk~vw~ ahQmQkr @n`@gn ekm uN~dyk~vw~ pw~wO @n`kr kn~q udrt qQn` mRU XYW lAk`vm ytw~ kL bQYw`n& ytw~ vQjQwv`qWhR @bq` p`lny kQrW@m| pYwQpw~wQy iw` s`r\}k @ls kYQy`w~mk krmQn~ avRr#qE 152 k~ pRr`m jnw`v @bqEv`. e~ s[h` a#wQ @b|q v#dQ kL`. kvq`vw~ @n`wQbR @b|q a#wQ kL`. v#dQ kL` v#pQr#v`. emgQn~ vQvQ{ jn @k`ts~ awr asm`nw`vn~ a#w kQrWmw~ v#dQ kQrWmw~ q#nRvw~v sQqE kL`. XYW lAk`@v| pLmRvrt @q~Xp`ln avX&w`vk~ h#tQyt vQvQ{ jn @k`ts~ awr @vns~ km| v#dQ k@L~w~, n#wQ @vns~km| a#wQ kr ugY k@Lw~ bQYw`n& a{Qr`j&v`qWn~ bv kvRr#w~ nQv#rqQ @ls @w~r#m| @gn wQ@bnv`. e@s~ sQqE vR@y~ mRU lAk`vm ek {jyk~ yt@w~ pvwQq~qWyQ. XYW lAk`v ehQ p#vwQ v`q @b|q, @vns~km| a`qQy shQwvm, j`wQkw~vyn~ awr s~vWkrNy sQqE @n`vW j`wQk r`j&k~ bvt pw~vRN`. iAgYWsWn~ rt h#r yn vQtw~ j`wQkw~vyn~ awr vQrsk x`vyn~q, @vns~km|q, a`rk;`vW wQbRN`. e~ nQs` XYW lAk`@v| nQqhs~ argl@y~ ihLm armRN vQy yRwOv wQbR@N~ @m| vQrsk x`vyn~, @vns~km| h` asm`nw`vn~ a@h`~sQ krmQn~ j`wQk smgQy @g`dn#gWmyQ.

XYW lAk`vt nQqhs qQn`g#nWm s[h` sAvQ{`ny vRNRR @b_q~{, hQn~qE, k@w`~lQk, kYQs~wQy`nQ, mRs~lQm|, sQAhl, @qmL, m#@l~ h` br\gr\ n`ykyn~q mRlqW e~ bv @w~r#m| @gn sQtQ bv @p~nv`. ewOmn~l` sQylE @qn`m mRlqW ekm sAvQ{`nykt @g`nR @vn~n uw~s`h kL`. 1917 m#yQ 17 v#nQq` lAk` pYwQsAs~krN sAgmy pQhQtRvWmt ewOmn~l`t h#kQvRN`. ILMt 1919 @qs#m|br\ 11 v#nQq` j`wQk sAgmy bQhQkQrWm anRv j`wQk smgQy a#wQ kr g#nW@m| uw~s`hyk~ wQbRNR bvq p#h#qQlQy. e@hw~ @m| r@tQ av`sn`vt e~ uw~s`hy sPlvR@N~ n#h#. 1921 qW @qmL n`ykyn~ lAk` j`wQk sAgm@yn~ ivw~ vRN`. ovRhR 1921 a@g`~s~wO 15 v#nQq` sms~w lAk` @qmL mhjn sx`v pQhQtRv` gw~w`. @m| @k`ts~ @qk n#vw smgQvWm s[h` 1925 jRnQ 28 v#nQq` y`pn@y~qW vt @m|s s`kc|C` p#v#w~vRvw~ ey pRr\N vX@yn~ s`r\}k vR@N~ n#h#. kNg`tRq`yk @ls 1921 qW m#@l~ sAgmyw~, 1935 qW sQAhl mh sx`vw~ 1939 qW lAk` in~qQy`nR sAgmyw~, 1944 qW sms~w lAk` @qmL sAgmyw~ vX@yn~ j`wQkw~v pqnmQn~ sAvQ{`n bQhQvRN`.

@m| sAvQ{`n bQhQkL sQAhl, @qmL, mRs~lQm| h` @ssR n`ykyQn~ awrQn~ smhr# bQYw`n&ytw~ vd` bQYw`n&yn~ @ls sQwS p#wS ay vRN`. smhr @qmL n`ykyn~ XYW lAk`vt nQqhs pYq`ny @n`kL yRwO yyQ ytw~ vQjQw p`lkyn~t @pw~sm| iqQrQpw~ kL`. jW. jW. @p`n~nm|blm| mhw` @s`~l~brQ @k`mQsm iqQrQ@y~ 50 t 50 il~lWm iqQrQpw~ kL`. j`wQ@b|q a#vQs~sWm armRNR kr gw~ bQYw`n& ytw~ vQjQw p`lny 1833 qW XYW lAk`@v| v&vs~}`q`ykyt nQl @n`lw~ s`m`jQkyn~ hy @qn` pw~ k@L~ jn vr\g pqnm mwyQ. e~ hy @qn` awrQn~ wOn~ @q@nk~ yR@r`~pWyyn~ nQ@y`~jnytw~, ek~@k@nk~ br\gr\vr#n~ nQ@y`~jnytw~, iwQrQ @q@qn`@gn~ ek~ a@yk~ sQAhl jny` s[h`w~, a@nk~ s`m`jQky` @qmL jny` s[h`w~ pw~ krnR l#bRv`. 1887 qW @m| hy @qn` awrt udrt sQAhlyn~ s[h` nQ@y`~jQw@yk~q, mRs~lQm| jny` s[h` nQ@y`~jQw@yk~q vX@yn~ ekwO krmQn~ sQAhlyn~q udrt phw rt @bq`, jnvr\g pqnmq rFkgw~w`. jnvr\g pqnm ivw qm` pY@q~X pqnm mw mhjn Cn~q@yn~ nQ@y`~jQwyn~ @w`~rn @ls sr\ @-m|s~ pWrQs~ mhw` 1908 @qs#m|br\ 12 v#nQq` kL il~lWm ytw~ vQjQw p`lkyn~ vQsQn~ pYwQk~@;~p krnR l#bRv`. ytw~ vQjQw p`lkyn~ vQsQn~ n#vw 1910 qWw~ 1920 qWw~, 1923 qWw~, 1924 qWw~ krn lq v&vs~}` sA@X`~{nvlqWq nQ@y`~jQwyn~ gNn v#dQ kLw~ jn vr\g pqnm nm| @n`vns~v pvw~v` gnR l#bRv`.

50 t 50 il~lWm.

50 t 50 il~lWmt @p`n~nm|blm| v#nQ @qmL n`ykyn~ @p`LBvn lq~@q~ nQs#k @lsm @m| @w`~r` g#nW@m| jnvr\g pqnmyQ. ytw~ vQjQw p`lk@y`~ @m| 50-50 il~lWm itR @n`kr sQtWmq pRqEmykQ. e@s~ itR kL` nm| smhr vQt ovRn~tw~ vd` bQYw`n&yn~v sQtQ smhr n`ykyn~ pv` ovRn~t e@rhQv yn~ntw~, nQqhs~ argly @vnw~ qWX`vkt, ovRn~t av`sQq`yk qWX`vkt h#@rn~ntw~ id wQbR@N~q yn s#ky ovRn~t pv` wQ@bn~n a#wQ kQyl` hQwn~n pRUvn~.

1919 qW j`wQk sAgmyk~ h#qE sQAhl, @qmL, mRs~lQm| n`ykyn~t ek~sw~vRw~, j`wQkvRw~, pk;yk~ hq` nQqhs~ arglyt n`ykw~vy @qn~n b#rQ vRN`. vrk~ sQAhl, @qmL mRs~lQm|, n`ykyn~@gn~ s#qENRR kmQtRvk~ XYW lAk`v s[h` j`wQk @k`dQyk~ s#lsRm| krn~n pv` smw~vRN`. e~ @k`dQy j`wQk smgQ@y~ sA@k~wy @ls, sms~w j`wQ@y~ @k`dQy @ls, XYW lAk`@v| @k`dQy @ls kvRr#w~ pQLQgw~w`. nmRw~ e@s~ ym| ym| avs~}`vlqW j`wQk smgQy ilk~k krgw~ pY@v|Xyk ym|w`k~qErkt sQtQ sQAhl, @qmL, br\gr\, m#@l~ n`ykyn~t, @b_q~{, hQn~qE, kYQs~wQy`nQ, is~l`m| a`gmQk n`ykyn~t ayw~ ek~sw~ j`wQk pk;yk~ hqn~n b#rQvRN`.

bly lb`gw~@w~ s#b$ @lsm j`wQkvRw~, ek~sw~vRw~, pk;yk~ vR@y~ nm| ey rtw~ jnw`vw~ j`wQyk~ @ls smgQ kL yRwOv wQbRN`.

e~ pk;y s#b$ @lsm ek~sw~ ekk~ vRN` nm|, j`wQk ekk~ vRN` nm|, bQYw`n& rjR@gn~ ey awt pw~ vR bly rtw~ jnw`vw~ j`wQyk~ @ls smgQ kL yRwOv wQbRN`. e~ s[h` bQYw`n& ytw~ vQjQw p`lkyn~ vQsQn~ vpRr` wQbR sm`j, a`r\}Qk, sAs~k^wQk asm`nkm| h[En`@gn e~v` a@h`~sW kQrWmt a#rBQy yRwOv wQbRN`. nmRw~ p#vwQ asm`nw` a@h`~sQ kQrW@m| pYwQpw~wQy kYQy`w~mk kQrWm @vnRvt sQqE vR@y~ e~ asm`nw` wvqErtw~ pvwQn~nt id hrQn @h`~ e~v` wvqErtw~ wWvY vW jnw`v asmgQ @k@rn aqRrqr\XW pYwQpw~wQ kYQy`w~mk kQrWmyQ.

uq`hrN @ls nQqhs l#bRNR q` sQt a@p~ p`lk pn~wQy kYQy`w~mk kL x`;` pYwQpw~wQy q#k~vQy h#kQyQ. apt l#bRNR nQqhs vcn@y~ prQsm`p~w ar\}@yn~m nQqhs vR@y~ nm| ey l#bRNR q` sQt sQAhl, @qmL, iAgYWsQ yn x`;` wOnm j`wQk x`;` @ls r@tQ nWwQyt a#wOLw~ vQy yRwOv wQbRN`. e@s~ vR@y~ nm| sQAh@ln~ sQw`, sQAh@ln~ kQyn, sQAh@ln~ lQyn, pRrv#sQy`w~, @qm@Ln~ sQw`, @qm@Ln~ kQyn, @qm@Ln~ lQyn, pRrv#sQy`w~, iAgYWsQ@yn~ hQw`, iAgYWsQ@yn~ kQyn, iAgYWsQ@yn~ lQyn pRrv#sQy`w~ eq` sQt aq qk~v`m nWwQy iqQrQ@y~ sm`nyn~ @vnv`. x`;`vl sm`nw`vy rF@k~ nm| x`;`v mw pQhQt` @b@qn~n. @vn~vn~n, @vnm r`j& pQhQtRvn~n @k@rn il~lWmkt pqnmk~ wQ@yyQq? n#w. @mv#nQ ww~w~vyk~ mw sQqE vQy h#k~@k~ ekm ek @qykQ. enm| sQylEm @vns~ j`wQkw~vyn~ s@h`~qrw~v@yn~, smgQ@yn~ ekm rtk~ wOL e~ r@tQ o|n$m w#nk jWvw~ vQy h#kQ bv a#s~ pn` pQt op~pRvWmyQ.

nQqh@sn~ psRq a@p~ r`j& x`;`v vR@N~ iAgYWsQyyQ. e~ nQs` s~vx`;`v rj krvQy yRwO vRN`. @m`kk~q @m| s~vx`;`v kQyn~@n~? sQAhl pRrv#sQy`t ey sQAhlyQ. @qmL pRrv#sQy`t ey @qmLyQ. sQAhl @h`~ @qmL bs~vl "a" yn~n @h`~ @n`qw~ e@hw~ jn~m@yn~ sQAhl @h`~ @qmL pRrv#sQy`t ey iAgYWsQ vQy. nmRw~ sQqEvR@y~ s~vx`;`v sQAhl pmNk~ bvt h$l~lEvWmyQ. 56 sQqE vR@y~ iAgYWsQ x`;`vt pL[v` wQbRNR rn~ otRn~n e@s~ wQbQyqWm sQAhl x`;`vt kdq`sQ otRn~nk~ p#L[vWmkQ. e~ awr @qmL x`;`vt kdq`sQ otRn~nk~ @h`~ p#L[vWm pQLQb[v slk` bln lq~@q~vw~ n#h#. e~ nQs` sQqE vR@y~ @qmL jnw`v awrQn~ awQ vQX`l bhRwry vQsQn~ pYwQk~@;~p krnR l#b wQbRNR @qmL j`wQv`qyt nv pNk~ lb`qWmkQ. 1949 qW pQhQtRvn lq j`wQv`qW @qmL r`j& pk~;y (@mhQ s#r b`l kQrWm s[h` e@s~w~ n#w~nm|, ehQ armRN @vnm @qmL r`j&yk~ pQhQtRvWm @n`@v| y#yQ mwO pQtQn~ @pn~vWm s[h` psRv ey @fdrl~ pk~;y @ls h#[Qn~vRNQ.) uwOr# pL`w wOL iqQrQyt p#mQNQy`. @qmL x`;`vt sm`nw~vy ahQmQ kQrWm em pk~;y p`vQc|cQ k@L~ @qmL jnw`v sm`nw`vy qQn` g#nWm s[h` vR arglykt @n`@vyQ. sQylEm pRrv#sQyn~ sm`nyQn~ @ls ekm rtk jWvw~vQy h#kQ ww~w~vyk~ kr` yn arglyk~ @vnRvt @qmL r`j& pk;@y~ s$b$ j`wQv`qW armRN kr` @qmL jnw`v @y`mR kQrWmt em pk;y pQyvr gw~w`. @vn~vW@m| qQX`vt @y`mR vRN @fdrl~ kYmyk~ qQn`g#nWm s[h` vR arglykt ovRhR vQ@X~;@yn~m uwO@r\w~, @p`qE@v| XYW lAk`@v| @qmL jnw`vw~ @pL@Bv|v`.

nmRw~ r@tQ qQyw~ vQy yRwOOv wQbR@NN~ pLmR @k`tm iAgYWsQ bst vrpYs`q, rn~ otRn~n glv` q#mW@m| arglyyQ. @mhQqW apQ aqhs~ krn~@n~ iAgYWsQ ep`_ yn~n @n`@vyQ. iAgYWsQyt vrpYs`q ep`_ r`j& x;` otRn~n ep`_ kQsQm bskt vrpYs`q ep`_ yn~nyQ. e~ awrm sQAhl, @qmL, iAgYWsQ yn x`;` wOnm j`wQk x`;` @ls slknR yn~nyQ.

iwQn~ eq` sQqEvQy yRwOv wQbR@N~ sQAhl bst kdq`sQ otRn~nk~ p#L[vWm @h`~ @qmL bst hQmQ w#n qQn` g#nWm s[h` @vn~vW@m| qWX`vt h#rWm @n`@v|. r@tQ qQyw~ vQy yRwOv wQbR@N~ sQAhl bstw~, @qmL bstw~ iAgYWsQ bstw~ j`wQk x`;` ww~w~vy qQn` g#nWm ilk~k kr gw~ sQAhl, @qmL, mRs~lQm| h` @ssR jnw`vn~ e~kr`XW krn stnk~, ytw~vQjQwv`q@y~ sQylE @q~X@qY`~hW, jnw` @qY`~hW pYwQpw~wQ, v#dpQLQ@vL pr`jy kQrW@m| h` @m| rt wOL sQylE pRrv#sQy` sm`nyn~ @ls s`m@yn~, sm`q`n@yn~, s@h`~qrw~v@yn~ ekt jWvw~vW@m| h#kQy`v lb`@qn ww~w~vy kr` @y`mR vR stnk~y.