20 kYQ. 900 - kYQ. v. 1500 k`l prQc|@C~qy wOL @srn~dQb|
qQvyQnt a`gQy
mRs~lQm| @v@Ln~@q`~ sh vn~qn`kr#@v`~
k&RfQk~ ak;rvlQn~ lQy#vW a#wQ, 10 vn sQyvst ayw~ ar`bQy`nR XQl` lQpQykQn~
op~pR vnR@y~, ar`bQ @l`~ky smM p#vwQ sb[w`v hR@qk~ v`NQjmy ekk~ pmNk~ @n`v
a`gmQk h` sAs~k^wQk ekk~q vR bvyQ. @k`LB vQsR ar`bQ pYj`v wmn~t is~l`m| {r\m@y~
eh` vQX~v`syn~ h` v&vh`ryn~ pYgON krvWmt smw~ a`gmQk gOr#vrykO evn @ls b#g~d$d@y~
k`lQf~vry`@gn~ il~l` sQtQyh. @mm il~lWmt pYwQc`r vX@yn~, @k`LB sQtQn mRs~lQm|vr#n~t
ig#n~vWmt, ovRn~ is~l`mWy pYj`vk~ vX@yn~ sAvQ{`n @k`t mRs~lQm| a`gmQk v#[Em|
pQqEm| aKN~dv kr@gn y`m shwQk krnR s[h` mRs~lQm| pl~lQyk~ iqQkQrWm pQNQs k`lQf~
ibn~ abR bk`y nm|vR ugw~ sh xk~wQmw~ mRs~lQm| pRjkvrykO evn lqW. @mkQ sQylE
armRNR s`k;`w~ krg#nW@mn~ psR kYQ. v. 948 qW abR bk`y` @k`LBqW mQy gQ@y~y. ohR@g~
m^w @q~hy ohR vQsQn~ iqQkrnR l#bRv` vR pl~lQy asLm mQhQqn~ krn lqW. ohR@g~ mrNQn~
psR, b#g~d$d@y~ k`lQf~vry` abRbk`y`@g~ @s`@h`n~ g@lhQ XQl` @l~Knyk~ @ktWm pQNQs
ugw~ pRq~glyn~ kWp @q@nkO @k`LBt evWy. em XQl` lQpQy ohR@g~ mQnWvL mw avRr#qE
800 k~ p#vwQ awr ln~@q~sWn~ p#mQNQ psR ovRn~@g~ qQs`@v| vr\gyk~ @hvw~ bqE ekwO
krn~@nk~ mRs~lQm| sRs`n xSmQ@yn~ em @s`@h`n~ gl anQkOw~ @s`@h`n~ gl~q smM ivw~
kr @gn @g`s~ ohR@g~ nQvst a#wOU vn pdQy @ls x`vQw` kQrWm pQNQs wbnR l#bWy. a#@lk~s#n~dr\
@j`n~s~tn~@g~ k`ly vnwOr#w~ ey ehQm wQbR nmRw~, psRv ey @k`LB j`wQk @k_wOk`g`ryt
rF@gn yn lqW. abR bk`y`@g~ a`w~my sn~sRn~v s#wpvWm s[h` al~l` @qvQyn~ y#qW@m|
p`Tyk~ ar`bQ bsQn~ em XQl` lQpQ@yhQ sthn~ kr a#w.
XYW lAk`@v| r`j& sx`v vQvQ{ a`gmQk a#qhQlQ s[h` id kd s#lsWm sm|bn~{@yn~ vQ@X~;@yn~
pYktv p#vwQ bv ar`bQ gw~kwOvr#n~ v`r\w` @k`t a#w. 12 vn sQyv@s~qW @mm kr#NR
sm|bn~{v lQy` a#wQ iqYQsQ s[hn~ krn~@n~, r`j sx`v wOL 16 @q@nkO@gn~ s#qEm|lw~
mN~dlyt @b_q~{yn~ sQv| @qnkO, mRs~lQm| a`gm aqhn~nn~ sQv| @qnkO kYQs~wQy`nR sQv|
@qnkO sh yR@qv|vn~ sQv| @q@nkO ayw~ vR bvyQ. @myQn~ @pnW yn~@n~ sQylE lb|{Wn~t
ayw~ pRq~glyn~ pQLQg#nWmt h` @g_rvyt p`wYv sQtQ bvyQ. @mhQ s[hn~ mN~dly k#[vnR
l#bR@y~ @v@L[ ktyRwO sm|bn~{@yn~ rjRt up@qs~ qWmt vQy h#kQy. r`j& p`lkyn~@g~
a`XQr\v`qy shQwv mRs~lQm|vr#n~ mRhRqEbd ngrvl pqQAcQ vW a#wQ nmRqE, rt ax&n~wryt
pQvQsWmt ovRnt wrmk~ k`lyk~ gwvQy. ovRn~@g~ vQ@X~; a`kr\;Nyt lk~vR s~}`n vR@y~
m#NQk~ vlt pYsQq~{Qyk~ isQlR sbrgmRvyQ. m#NQk~ s[h` @l`~k v&`p~w @v@L[ @p`Lk~ p#vwONQ.
n#@gnhQr rtvl sAc`ry @k`t a`psR p#mQNQ n`vQkyQn~ ar`bQ nQ@s`l~l`sy s[h` kwn~qr
kW pRq~glyQn~t @srn~dQb| qQvyQ@n~ a#wQ angQ m`NQk&yn~ pQLQb[ vQs~wr spy` qW a#w.
r@tQ m#NQk~ sm|pw sm|bn~{@yn~ aqhs~ q#k~vR m`r\@k`~ @p`~@l`~ @m@s~ pYk`X kr a#w.
"@m| qQvyQ@n~ h#r @l`~k@y~ @vnw~ kQsQm w#nk @m|s` awQ anr\G vRw~, s~v`x`vQk
e~v` bvt vQX~v`s kL h#kQ vRw~, pq~mr`g m#NQk~ nQpqvn~@n~ n#w. @m| h#r#NR vQt,
in~qYnWl m`NQk&y (nQl~ k#t) pR;~pr`g, am@@ws~w, (~p#eyhQeQ) rbh sh wvw~ iw` agn`
m#NQk~ gl~ vr\g r`XQyk~q @mm qQvyQ@nn~ nQpq@vn awr, @m| @l`~ky wOL q#nt wQ@bn~n`
vR m` h#MQm pq~mr`g m#NQk sw& vX@yn~m @m@wk~ qk~nt @n`l#bRNR sh kQsQq`k q#kQy h#kQ
@v|y#yQ sQwQy @n`h#kQ pq~m r`g m`NQk&y - @m| r@tQ rjR swOv a#wQ bv mm obt s~}Qr
@ls pYk`X krmQ." @m| sQylE vs~wSn~@g~ pYxvy vR sbrgRmvt LM`vWmt ar`bQvr# s~vx`v@yn~m
uw~sRk vRh. bRqEn~@g~ pRjnWy p` sLkON @ls @b_q~{yn~ vQX~v`s krn~n` vRq, XQv @qvQyn~@g~
p` sthn~ @ls hQn~qEn~ vQX~v`s krn~n` vRq, XYW p`qy pQhQt` a#wQ k[EmRqEnq
sbrgmRvt ayw~vWm a`p`wQk sQq~{QykQ.
9 vn Xw vr\;y wOLqW @h`~ It a`sn~n k`l@y~qW XYW p`qy p`r`qWs@y~ sQt a`qm|@g~
v#tWm h` sm|bn~{ @k`tgnR l#bR awr, evk~ ptn~ mRs~lQm|vr#n~ vQsQn~ It v#[Em|
pQqEm| krnR l#bR@y~ ey a`qm|@g~ p`qy pQhQtQ kn~q vX@yn~ sLk`@gny. mRs~lQm|vr#
a`qm| wmn~@g~ a`qQwmy` @ls s#LkS awr a`qm|@g~ kn~q mRU mhw~ mRs~lQm| @l`~ky wOLm
pYsQq~{Qyt pw~vR@y~ a`qm| p`r`qWs@yn~ @nrp` hrQnR l#bR avs~}`@v|qW ohR @p`L@vhQ
p` w#bR pY}m s~}`ny vX@ynQ. @mm qQvyQ@n~ v#@vn~n` vR kOU bdR vr\g p`r`qWs@yn~
a`qm|t rF@gn e~mt id qEn~n` vR @k`L vlQn~ mwO vR e~v` y#yQ @m`vRhR aqhwQ. (is~l`m|
vQX~v @k`~;y) 1344 qW XYW lAk`vt p#mQNQ ibn~ bwOw` shwQk vX@yn~ pYk`X krnR@y~
mRs~lQm|vr#n~ rt ax&n~wryt phsR@vn~ pYvQX~T vWm g#n sQAhl jny` a`rm|x@y~qW vQ@r`~{y
p$ bvyQ. e@hw~ XYW p`qy a`qm|@g~ p`qy bvt pw~vR vQt, m#NQk~ @s`y` en~n`vR
mRs~lQm|vr# a`qm|@g~ p`qy vn~qn` kQrWmt p#mQ@Nn~n`vR b#wQmwOn~ vX@yn~ @pnW sQtQ
b#vQn~, kvqw~ a`{&`w~mQk ktyRwOvlqW ivsQlQmw~ bv @prq#rQ kr@gn kYQy` kQrWmt pRr#qEv
sQtQ sQAhlyn~ psRv lQhQl~ pQLQ@vwk~ anRgmny kL bv kQy#@v|. @mm ww~w~vy wOL
mRs~lQm| @v@Ln~qn~t vn~qn` ndvlt ek~vW kn~q n#g sQq~{s~}`ny v#[ pRq`@gn ovRn~
a`psR en gm@n~qW m#NQk~ gl~q ek~ rFs~ kr@gn, a`gmQk @mn~m @x_wQk yn q~vQw~v
armRNRm itRkr g#nWmt @mmgQn~ id s#LsRnQ. k[E mRqE@nhQ vR p` sthn~ bRqEn~@g~ p`qy
yn sQAhlEn~@g~ an`qQmw~ vQX~v`syt pth#nQ mwyk~ psRv p#mQNQ amRw~wn~@gn~ mwO vRvq
ey @qpQrQs awr mw g#tRmkt wOdR @n`qWm @mhQqW k#pW @pnRNR @qyk~ vQy.
XYW p`q kn~q mRs~lQm|vr#n~@g~ vn~qn`m`nyt x`jn vR pYQy mn`p s~}`nyk~ vR bv,
e~ pQLQb[ ar`bQ sAc`rkyn~ wb` a#wQ sthn~ gNn`vkQn~ sn`} @vyQ. kYQ. v. 850 qW
sQqEvR s~vkWy XYW lAk` sAc`ry g#n mwk sthnk~ wbn ar`bQ j`wQk @v@Ln~qkO h` g@v|;kykO
vR sR@lyQm`n~ nm#w~w` XYW p`q kn~qt gQy vn~qn` gmnk~ g#n s[hn~ kryQ. amRwO rtk
k[Ekr@y~ vn`n~wry wOLt gQy @mkW gmn vQ@X~;@yn~m ert @q~XWy jny`@g~ sh@y`~gy
rhQwv sQqE @krW nm| awQXy xy`nk ww~w~vyk~ vQy yRwOv wQbQN. mRhRqE bd pY@q~Xvl
sQAhl v#sQynt ar`bQ j`wQk @v@L[En~ q#kWm hRr# pRr#qE @qyk~ vRvq, rt ax&n~wr@y~
@v@sn sQAhlynt adR wrmQn~ a`rm|x@y~qW vw~ ey nRhRr# qsRnk~ vRv` vQy h#kQy. eb#vQn~
ovRn~ kd`v#qWm @k@rhQ a`rm|x@y~qW sQAhl jny` vQ@r`~{y p$h.
"xk~wQyk~ @n`m#wQ pRq~gl@y`~ (@b_q~{@y`~) mRlqW @mm p`qs~}`nyt mRs~lQm|vr#n~
p#mQNWm vLk~v`lR awr, ovRn~ smM ekt hQ[ a`h`r g#nW@mn~ v#LkW sQtQmQn~ @h`~ ovRn~
smM kQsQm ktyRw~wkt sm|bn~{ @n`@vmQn~ ovRnt hQrQh#rq sQqE kLh. "sQAhl g#mQyn~@g~
s#kyt x`jn vW@mn~ v#LkW m#NQk~vlQn~ ghn rt wOLt rQAg` g#nW@m| phsRkm sLs` gnR l#bR@y~,
pYyw~n r`XQyk~ mRqEn~ pmRNRv` gnQmQnQ. a#w#m| mRs~lQm| s`n~wOvryQn~@g~ xk~wQy h`
k#pvWm sh ovRn~ pYqr\Xny kL a`X~cr\ymw~ h`s~km| @b`@h`~ @syQn~ sQAhlyn~@g~
sQw~gw~ a`k`ryk~ @pnW @g`s~ wQbQN.
ibn~ bwOw` qk~vn prQqQ, @mm kn~qt LM`vn pY@v|X m`r\gy vQvr kr a#w~w` vR, pY}m
mRs~lQm| vn~qn`kr# vR@y~, ;`yQk~ abR abRqEl~l` k`lQf~y. ohR XYW lAk`vt p#mQN
a#w~@w~ kYQ. v. 929 qWy. @mm qQnyt @pr sQtm @mm kn~qt ar`bQ vn~qn` kr#vn~ LM`vW
wQbRNR bv pYkt b#vQn~, ibn~ bwOw` @b`@h`~ qErtm aqhs~ krn~nt a#w~@w~ sQAhlyn~@g~
sQw~ wOL vR s#k sAk` qEr# @k`t emgQn~ an`gw ar`bQ vn~qn` kr#vn~ s[h` em m`r\gy
eLQ@p@hlQ krv`qWm sm|bn~{@yn~ mRl~vW kYQy` k@L~ ;`yQk~ abR ab|qEl~l` vQy h#kQ
bvyQ. pr\;Qy`@v| iw` ihLQn~ gr# s#LkQlQ qk~vnR l#bR uss~ pRq~glykO vR ;`yQk~ wvw~
mRs~lQm| w`psyQn~ 30 @qnkOq smM XYW lAk`vt p#mQNQ@y~y. evkt XYW lk`@v| gm|bqv
vQsR sQAhl@y`~ @mm amRw~wn~ smM sb[w` p#v#w~vWmt m#LQvRh. XYW p`qs~}`nyt v#tW a#wQ
k[Ekr@y~ adQ p`rvl~ os~@s~ gmn~ gnQq~qW @mm vn~qn`kr#vn~t a`h`r avX& vQy. avt
sQtQ alQ p#tvRn~ vQX`l sAK&`v qEtR mRs~lQm| w`psyQn~t wm kOsgQn~n nQv` g#nWm s[h`
@mm alQ p#tvRn~ al~l` g#nW@m| a`X`vk~ a#wQ bv pvsn lqW. s`n~wOvry` @myt vQr#q~{
vR nmRw~, mRs~lQm| w`psvr# ohR@g~ kWm @n`wk`, ek~ alQ p#tvkO mr` k$qrkmQn~ u@g~
ms~ gQl q#mRh. ;`yQk~ @mm @x`~jnyt shx`gQ @n`vWy.
rH @q@g`d y`m@y~qW alQ rAcRv p#mQN nQq`sQtQ mRs~lQm| wvRsn~ sQylE @qn`m G`wny
@k`t un~@g~ plQy gw~h. in~psR ovRhR ;`yQk~ @vw ivkr bl` ohR ahQAsk bv q#n@gn,
rAcR@v| ek~ alQ@yk~ u@g~ @h`Vv#lQn~ ohR osv` pQt ud wb`@gn mQnQsRn~ pqQAcQ pY@q~Xy
kr` @gn gQ@y~y. @myQn~ mvQwyt pw~vR gm|mRn~ pQrQsk~ e~ asLt @r`k~v sQtQyqW, em
alQy` ;`yQk~ u@g~ @h`@Vn~ osv` ovRn~ s$m @qn`tm ohR @p@nn @s~ bQmQn~ w#bWy.
rFs~v sQtQ mQnQsRn~ ;`yQk~ k#tRv rjwOm` @vw @g`s~ sQqEvR pRqEm eLvn sQq~{Qy
rjwOm`t s#Lkr sQtQyh. @my @b`@h`~ @syQn~m pQLQgw h#kQ k}`n~wrykQ. mk~nQs`q yw~,
XYW lAk`@v| alQy`, kL gON s#LkW@m| @mn~m pLQg#nW@m| kYQy`vn~tw~ @b@hvQn~ pYsQq~{
b#vQnQ. ;`yQk~ wvqErtw~ sQAhlyn~ smM tQk klk~ hl`vw jWvw~v sQt psRv wm mvRrt bl`
@g`s~ sQtQyqW kYQ. v. 943 qW mQy gQ@y~y.
@mm s`n~wOvry`@g~ kWr\wQy h` xk~wQmw~km r@tQ @b`@h`~ pY@q~Xvl sQAhlyn~ awr,
nQs#kvm p#wQr yn~nt id a#wQ awr, emgQn~ ar`bQ vn~qn`kr#vn~@g~ kWr\wQ n`my q vr\{ny
vRv`t s#k n#w. xk~wQyk~ @n`m#wQ pRq~gl@y`~ (@b_q~{@y`~) eq` ptn~ mRs~lQm|vr#n~t
gr# kQrWmt ptn~ gw~h. ovRhR wm nQ@vs~vlt ovRn~ v#q~qgw~ awr, ovRn~ smM ekt hQ[
a`h`r gnQmQn~, wm qr#vn~ h` bQrQn~qn~ pv` ovRnt b`r kLh. aqtw~ em ;`yQk~t ovRn~
gr# krn awr, ohR "mh` ;`yQk~" ynR@vn~q h[En~vwQ.
ibn~ bwOw`@g~ XYW lAk` sAc`ry sQqEvR avqQ@y~qW sQAhl rjvr#n~ vQsQn~ sh rtv#sQyn~
vQsQn~, mRs~lQm| a`gmQk pRjkvr# uss~ bRhRmnQn~ gr# krnR l#bRh. ibn~ bwOw`t XYW
p`qs~}`nyt mM @pn~vn~n` @ls kYQy` kL, @k`n~k`r\ nm|vR r`jkWy ngryt (hrQ h#tQ
h[En` @n`gw~) pQtwQn~ s~vkWy pl~lQy pQhQtRv` @gn sQtQ ;`yQk~ us~m`n~ in~ ek~ a@ykQ.
rjR sh v#sQ@y`~ @mm XOq~{vn~w pRq~gly` b#h# q#kWmt gQyh. @mm agnRvr asL gl~@lnk
jWvw~ vR us~w`q~ mhmRq~ lErQnm| vR wvw~ xk~wQvn~w mQnQskO g#nq s[hn~v a#w. b`b`
whWr\ sh b`b` kOsW yn @q@qnq ibn~ bwOw`t sQy XYW lAk` c`rQk`v sQqE krq~qW hmRvR
wvw~ XOq~{vn~w pRq~gl@y`~ vRh. mn~n`r\ mN~d@l~yQ (mQn~@n~rQ - mn~dl~) ynR@vn~
ibn~ bwOw` h[En~vn s~}`nykqW kOr`sn~ sQt p#mQN, @r`~g`wOr vWm @h~wO@vn~ awrmA vR
mRs~lQm| j`wQkykO ohRt hmR vQy. ag ngry avt @mn~m XOq~{ vR k[E mRqEnt v#tW a#wQ
mg qQgt mRs~lQm| pRj&s~}`n kWpyk~ wQbWmw~ XOq~{ vR pRq~glyn~ sQtWmw~ kQy` p`n~@n~
ovRn~ sQAhl sm`jy wOL pQLQg#nWmt lk~v sQtQ bv pmNk~ @n`v, @g_rvytq p`wYv sQtQ
bvyQ. sQrQp` k[E mRqEnt ngQn~n` vR vn~qn`kr#vn~@g~ phsRv s[h` ykd kOz~z mA svQkr
a#wQ qm|v#l~ 10 n~ ekk~ "is~l`mWy a#qhQl~@l~ qm| v#l ynR@vn~ nm| kr wQbW@mn~,
ibn~ bwOw`@g~ k`l@y~qW XYW p`qs~}`nyt mRs~lQm| vn~qn`kr#vn~ s#LkQy yRwO sAK&`vk~
p#mQN a#wQ bv op~pR @v|. mRs~lQm|vr#n~ vQsQn~ ey e@ls nm| krnR l#bR@y~ vn~qn` kr
@mm qm|v#l @vw LM`vW It phLQn~ a#wQ qr#NR a`g`{y @qs b#lR vQt, bQ@yn~ a#llW yn
ohRt nQw#wQn~m is~l`mWy y`Z`v kQy#@vnR a#wQ b#vQnQ. vn~qn`kr#vn~@gn~ v#dQ @q@nk~
@v@L[En~q vR bvw~, @m| ayRrQn~ ovRn~ ax&n~wrQk @v@L[`mtq shx`gQ vR bvw~ nQs#ky.
@m| k`l@y~qW qQvyQn ax&n~wr@y~ vQX`l mRs~lQm| jn`v`s wQbRNR bvt s`k;Q @n`m#w.
e@hw~ 9 vn sQyv@s~ sQt 14 vn sQyvs qk~v` k`ly wOLqW XYW p`q kn~qt gQy vn~qn`kr#vn~@g~
sAK&`v v#dQ vR awr, eyt avwWr\N vWmt wQbRNR m`r\gy @qps xk~wQvn~w pRq~glyn~@g~
pRj&s~}`n h` kOtQvlQn~ ghn vQy. XYW p`qs~}`n@y~ k[E mRqEnt adQ 100 k~ pmN phLQn~
pQhQtQ gl~@lnk~ vn xgv` @ln wOL wQbW @s`y`gnR l#bR 13 vn sQyvst ayw~ y#yQ s#L@kn
ar`bQ XQl` lQpQy XYW p`q kn~qt p#mQNQ mRs~lQm| vn~qn`kr#vn~ pQLQb[ kqQm
sQhQvtnykQ.
ey vd`w~ a`kr\;NWy @ls av{`nyt lk~vW a#w~@w~, nQX~XAk ml~l rjR (1187-1196)
XYW p`qs~}`nyt gQy s~vkWy gmn snQtRhn~ kQrWm sh em sQq~{s~}`n@y~ ndw~wOv @vnR@vn~
gm|vr kWpyk~ v#sQynt pvr` qWm @vnR@vn~ wn` a#wQ sQAhl XQl` lQpQyk~ asLQn~m ey
pQhQt` a#wQ b#vQnQ. wrmk~ k#dW bQ[W @g`s~ a#wQ ar`bQ XQl` lQpQ@yhQ "mhm|mq~
mQnQs~ vr\gy`@g~ pQy`vn~ ewOm`t @qvQyn~@g~ a`XQr\v`qy hQmQ@v|v`_" ynR@vn~ s[hn~
@vyQ. XOq~{ vR k[E mRqEnt phLQn~ sQAhl @b_q~{ XQl` lQpQyk~ aslQn~m ar`bQ XQl`
lQpQyk~ wQbWm, vQvQ{ j`wWn~t h` a`gm|vlt ayw~ vn~qn`kr#vn~ sQq~{s~}`ny pQhQtQ
kn~q ngQq~qW ovRn~ awr p#vwON` vR sh wvmw~ qQgtm pvwQn~n` vR a`gmQk sAhQ[Qy`v
pQLQb[ h#MWm sA@k~wvw~ kryQ.
13 vn sQyv@s~ ag x`gy, s#b#vQn~m XYW lAk`@v| ek~sw~ p`ln`{Qpw&@y~ avs`ny
snQtRhn~ kryQ. y`pnyq a#wOUv kOd` r`j&yn~ kWpykt rt k#dW @vn~ vQN. r@tQ agngry
w#nQn~ w#nt m`r# vQy. wmn~ jWvw~ vR an`rk;Qw ww~w~vy pYqr\Xny @k@rmQn~, y`phRv,
qB@qNQy, kOr#N$gl sh gm|@p`L v#nQ s~v`x`vQk bl@k`tR @s`y` ymQn~ r`j& p`lk@y`~
a`rk;`v @svRh. rjrt pY@q~X@y~ a#w#m| @k`ts~, vn~nQy`r\ nmQn~ h#[Qn~vRNR vngw
pY{`nWn~ awt pw~vR@y~ y`pny r@tQ @ssR pY@q~XvlQn~ @vn~ @k`t hR@qkl` krmQnQ. @mm
rt`v ILM Xwvr\; kWpy wOLm aKN~dv p#vwQ awr, p^wOgWsWn~ @mhQ p#mQ@Nn vQt (1505)
rt @k`~tQ@tQ, mhnRvr h` y`pny ynR@vn~ r`j{`nQ wOnkt @bqW @vn~v wQbQN. e@mn~m wvw~
kOd` @k`ts~vltw~ k#dW @vn~vW, e~v`@y~ p`lkyn~@g~ @p_r#;yn~ anRv vQX`l vW @h`~
pQrQhW @g`s~ @h`~ a#w.
@q~Xp`lnQk vX@yn~ htgw~ a`kOl x`vy h` ehQ anQtR Pl vX@yn~ mh` prQm`N vX@yn~
vW nQpqvRNR rj rt w#nQwl` @p@qs aw~h#r q#mWm @h~wO@vn~ sQqEvR a`r\}Qk prQh`nQy
v#L#k~vQy @n`h#kQ vQy. jl mRlQk XQ;~t`c`r@y~ sm^q~{Q smy wOLqW r@tQ x`N~d`g`r@y~
pY{`n a`{`rky vR@y~ @g`vWn~@gn~ ay kL bQm| bq~qy. q#n~ @vnw~ p#vwOm| m`r\g @s`y`
g#nWmt sQqEv wQbQN. ag~nQqQga`sQy`v wOL sXYWkv sQqEvRNR @v@L[`m, e~ vn vQtw~,
qQvyQ@n~ vr`yn~vl m#nvQn~ s~}`pnyvW @q~XWy @v@L[`m wOLq shx`gQ @vmQn~ sQtQ,
mRs~lQm|vr#n~ awt pw~v wQbQN. mRs~lQm|vr#n~ smM @g`dng`@gn wQbR XYW lAk`@v|
p`rm|prQk mQwYXWlW sm|bn~{w` @mm qE;~kr avs~}`@v|qW pQhQtt sQtQ@y~y. XYW lAk`vt
v`sQ shgw vR wvw~ s`{kyk~ vQy. 12 vn Xw vr\;@y~ ptn~, kOUbdR nQ;~p`qny h` apnyny
@m`lEk~k` qQvyQn~vl mRs~lQm| @v@L[En~ vQsQn~ vr\{ny krgnQmQn~ wQbQN. @mm @v@L[`mt
shx`gQvW wQbWm sQAhl r`j{`nQvlt v`sQq`yk avs~}`vk~ vQy. mk~ nQs`q yw~ @l`~k@y~
vQXQ;~twm kOr#[E vr\gy @ls s#L@kn kOr#[E nv r`j{`nQ pQhQtRv` gnR l#bR pY@q~Xy vn,
r@tQ nQrQw qQg @k`t@s~ bhRl @ls v#dRNR @hyQnQ. @mrt nQpqvnR l#bR, a@lvQ kL h#kQ
sQylEm nQ;~p`qn apnyny kQrWm s[h` ek~ rFs~ krgnR pQNQs nQ@y`~jQwvr#n~@g~ h` up
nQ@y`~jQwvr#n~@g~ qWpv&`p~w j`lyk~ 12 vn h` 13 vn Xwvr\;vlqW mRs~lQm|vr#n~
pQhQtRv` @gn wQbR ayRr# a#@lk~s#n~dr\ @j`n~s~tn~ v`r\w` kryQ. pYw&n~w pY@q~X@y~
nQp#yRm| wmn~ @vw evWmt ovRn~ ek~ ek~ vr`@yhQ ovRn~@g~ nQ@y`~jQwyQn~ @y`qv`
wQbRNQ. @m| anRv, ovRhR wYQkON`ml@yn~ n#@gnhQr pL`@w~ shl~ sh nQl~ avrQy ekwO kr
gw~h. y`pn@yn~ C`y`mRl (@my rwO dyQ vr\gykQ) pr`l s[h` x`vQw @k@rn kU wl~ g@s~
q#v, pn~sl~ vl uw~sv ktyRwO s[h` x`vQw` @k@rn hk~@gdQ, kOqQrm@l~ pY@q~X@yn~ mRwO,
pRw~wl@mn~ pRvk~ sh bRlw~ wtQtR, lW bdR s[h` kUvr, bRr#w sh kUm#qQrQy lW, sh wq
@q`dm| p#h#wQ dyQ vr\gyk~ nQpqvn~n` vR sp~pn~ q#v, @k`LBQn~ kOr#[E h` vtQn` m#NQk~
gl~, @b|r#vlQn~ @p`l~ @wl~ sh @k`hRlNR, sh g`l~@ln~ a#w~ qL sh alQn~ yn`qW vX@yn~
x`N~d ek~ rFs~ krgw~h. mRs~lQm| @v@L[En~ mn~n`rm sh m`n~@w`t iqQkr wQbR sRvQX`l
gbd`vl qQvyQ@n~ nQ;~p`qQw sQylE vtQn` x`N~d vr\g gbd` kr wb`gn~n` lqW. mn~n`rm
qRpw asL wmn~@g~m vQyqmQn~ ndw~wO kr wb`gw~ sn~nq~{ y`wY` up@y`~gW krgnQmQn~
ovRhR @v@L[ m`r\g sh s~vkWy @v@L[ x`N~d a#wOU anQkOw~ q$ in~qQyn~ s`gry wOL bhRl
vX@yn~ g#vsRNR mRhRqE @k`l~lkr#vn~@g~n a`rk;` krgw~h.
ibn~ bwOw` @k`LBt p#mQNQ avs~}`@v|qW, a#m#wQvrykO @mn~m aq~mQr`l~vrykO q vR
jl`s~wQ nm#w~@wk~ ehQ jWvw~v sQtQ awr, ohR swOv a#bWsQy`nRvn~ 500 @qnk~q vRh.
kpQw`n~ ibY`hQm| nm#w~w` g`l~@l~ sQtQ awr, ohR ibn~ bwOw` wm nQvst k#tRv @g`s~
sAgYh k@L~y. @k`~j` @j`~n~ (kv|j` jh`n~) nm|vR "sr`sQyn~" k^^r p`lkykO "@prQvQlQs~"
hQ (@my @b`@h`~ qErt @b|r#vl vQy h#kQyQ) sQtQ bv hy vsrkt psRv @j`~n~ q m`rQg~@n`l~lQ
s[hn~ kryQ. cWn j`wQk kpQw`n~vrykO vR "@cn~g~ @h`~" vQsQn~ kYQ. v. 1410 qW
pQhQtRvnR l#bRv` vR g`l~@l~ @@wYx`;`my XQl` @l~Kny ( q#n~ @my @k`LB j`wQk @k_wOk`g`r@y~
a#w) pr\sQy`nR, qYvQd sh cWn x`;`vn~@gn~ @k`tvn lq~qkQ. @b_q~{yQn~@g~, hQn~qEn~@g~
sh mRs~lQm|vr#n~@g~ @qvQvr#nt pQqQy yRwO pRj` x`n~dvl l#yQs~wO adAgO @mm
lQyvQl~l g`l~@l~ mRsQl~m| @v@L[ pYj`v@g~ pYm`Ny h` v#qgw~km pQLQb[ p#h#qQLQ
s`k;QykQ.
mRs~lQm| @v@Ln~@q`~ sQAhl r`j& p`lkyn~@gn~ iw` v#qgw~ vrpYs`qyk~ lb`@gn wQbQN.
enm| ovRnt vQr#q~{ ndR vQx`g kQrWm ovRn~@g~m nWwQy anRv sQqE kQrWmt avsr lb`
wQbWmyQ. ovRn~ @v@L[`@m| nQrwv sQtQy` vR kQsQym| vr`ykqW, mRs~lQm| @v@Ln~@qkO,
n`vQykO @h`~ y`wY`vk~ sm|bn~{ vR a`rvRlk~ mwO vRv@h`w~, ey mRs~lQm| pRjkyQn~,
@v@L[En~ h` n`vQkyn~@gn~ s#qEm|lw~ vQnQX~cy sx`vk~ mgQn~ pYm`qykQn~ @h`~
vQyqmkQn~ @w`rv @b|r#m| krgw yRwO vQy. ev#nQ ndR vQx`g kQrW@m| kYQy` ptQp`tWn~,
sQylEm a`sQy`nR mRs~lQm|vr#n~t aq`L vR mRhRqEbd nWwQ sAgYhykt anRkSlv kYQy`w~mk
vQy yRwO vQy. k`ly ynR mRql~y yn n&`y@yhQ pQhQt` ktyRwO kL @mm @v@L[En~t p#h#qQLQvm
vQs~wr`w~mk vRw~, k`ly gw vn~n`vRw~ @@nwQk kYQy` prQp`tQn~ wOL hQrvWmt k#m#w~wk~
@n`vR awr, e~ nQs`m @mm vrpYs`q p`lky`@gn~ lb`gw~h. p`lky`@g~ p#w~@wn~q, wm` ek~
ar\}ykQn~ ovRnt kn~qQy yRwO ww~w~vykt psR vR@y~ vQ@q~X @v@L[`m mw y#@pn ww~w~vyt,
vQ@X~;@yn~m rt a`r\}Qk prQvr\wykt x`jn @vmQn~ p#vwQ avs~}`vk, enm| hR@qk~ vW
vg`vt pmNk~ sWm`vW wQbR a`r\}QkykQn~ apnyny mRl~ krgw~ a`r\}Qkykt m`r# @vmQn~
wQbR ww~w~vyt ohRq mRhRN qW sQtQ b#vQnQ.
qhwOn~vn sQyv@s~ avs`n x`gy vn vQt @vnw~ s~}`nykQn~ a`rm|x vR an~wr\
sb[w`vkQn~ yRk~w sQqEvWm| m`l`vk pYwQPl XYW lAk`v wOL kYQy`k`rWw~vyt pw~vR@y~,
sQAhlyn~ sh mRs~lQm|vr#n~ awr, e~ vn vQtw~ p#vwQ b#[Wm| vd`w~ wWvYw`vt pw~ @k@rmQnQ.
sQAhl r`j{`nQ nQrQw qQg pY@q~Xyt wl~lE vWm sQqEvR@y~w~ ehQ pYwQPl vX@ynQ. apnyn
a`r\}Qk vr\{nyk~ ht g#nWmtw~ qkONR in~qQy`nR a`kYmN ar\{ vX@yn~, @h~wOk`rk vQy.
sQAhl p`lkyn~ mRs~lQm|vr#n~ mw y#pW@m| ww~w~vy @m| nQs` wv qErtw~ vr\{ny vR awr,
ey e@ls sQqEvR@y~ q#n~ j`wQk pYmRKw~vk~ bvt pw~v wQbR @v@L[`m mRs~lQm|vr#n~ aw
p#vwQ @hyQnQ. qkONR in~qQy`@v| mRs~lQm| a`kYmN y`pn@y~ s~v`{Wn r`j{`nQyk n#gWmt
q`yk vR awr, ey a`rm|x@y~qW p`N~d& v#dvsm| s~vx`vyk~ isQlWy. y`pnyq kOUbdR @v@L[`m
@k@rhQ q#dQ unn~qEvk~ q#k~vR @hyQn~q @myQn~q em a`k`r@y~m blp$mk~ sQqEvR awr,
y`pnyt e@rhQ sQAhl mRs~lQm| sA{`nyk~ ewOLQn~ vr\{ny vQy. wOn~vnRv, ag~nQqQg
a`sQy`v wOL kOU bdR @v@L[`@mhQ vr\{nyk~ a#wQ vW @prqQg sR@K`~p@x`~gW @q~vl~ @k@rhQ
vR yR@r`~pWy r#cQkw~vy w^p~wQmw~ kQrWm armRNR @k`t@gn sQqEvR @m vr\{ny hrh`
ar`bQvr# em x`N~dvl awrm#qQyn~ @s~ kYQy` krmQn~ kOU bdRvlQn~ sRlx vR @mm qQvyQn
wOL ovRn~@g~ ww~w~vy sh @g_rvy Xk~wQmw~ kr gw~h. sQv|vnRv, is~l`mWy yRqk`mWw~vy,
Kl~jQ sh tRg~lEk~ yt@w~ in~qQy`v wOL ihL wlykt pw~v wQbR awr, XYW lAk`v is~l`mWy
yRq avQvl mhQmy h` ovRn~@g~ XQ;~t`c`ry pQLQb[v q#nRvw~v sQtQ@y~y.
y`phR@v| rj kL 1 vn bRv@nkb`hR (kYQ. v. 1273-1284) 1283 al~ h`- abR uw~m`n~@g~
n`ykw~v@yn~ yRw~ r`j& w`n~wYQk qRw pQrQsk~ IjQp~wO@v| m`m|lEk~ r`j sx`v @vw pQtw~
kQrWm sm|bn~{@yn~ vQms` b#lQy yRw~@w~ @mm ww~w~vy s#LkQl~lt gnQmQnQ. @mm qRw @m@hvr
kYQy`w~mk kr a#w~@w~ @b`@h`~ qErtm rjR@g~ ar`bQ j`wQk up@q~Xkvr#n~@g~ il~lWm mw
vQy h#kQ awr, qEr\vl @vmQn~ p#vwQ a`r\}Qky pYk^wQ ww~w~vyt pw~ kr g#nW@m| v$ymk~
@ls sh @m| vn vQt b#g~d$d| ngryq axQbv` qQyRNRvt pw~v wQbR IjQp~wOv smM s^jR
sb[w` a#wQ krg#nWm mgQn~ r@tQ @q~Xp`lnQk gr#w~vy vr\{ny kr g#nW@m| pQyvrk~ vX@yn~q
vQy h#k.
IjQp~wO w`n`pwQvrykO XYW lAk`vt @gn~v` g#nWm rjR@g~ axQpY`y vR awr, emgQn~ @qrt
awr mQwYXWlW sb[w` pvw~v` g#nWmt a@p~k;` krn lqW. wvw~ sRl~w`n~vr#n~@g~ s~vr`j&yn~hQ
@v@L[En~t XYW lAk`v wOL @vL @hL[`m| krn~n#yQ vQv^w a`r`{nyk~q y#vWy. a@lvQ kL h#kQ
qYv& @ls l#yQs~wOgw krn lq x`N~d r`XQy awr, m#NQk~ gl~, mRwO, alQ a#wOn~, sh kOr#[E
q vQy. @m@ls sQqE @kr#NR qRw @m@hvr, sQAhl r`j sx`v wOL kYQy`w~mk vR blgwO
mRs~lQm|vr#n~@g~ blp$m| kYQy`vlQ@yhQ pYwQPlyk~ bv rjR@g~ lQpQ@yn~ p#h#qQLQy. @q~XWy
p`lkyQn~@g~ a@p~k;`vn~, mRs~lQm|vr#n~@g~ a@p~k;`vn~ smM smWpv b#[W p#v#wQ awr,
enQs`m, mRs~lQm|vr#n~@g~ up@qs ek@hl` pQLQgnR l#bQN. e@s~m qkONR in~qQy`@vn~
nQwr nQwr el~l vR a`kYmNyn~t e@rhQv kYQy` kQrWmt mRs~lQm| @l`~ky smM sn~{`nyk~
bQhQkr g#nWm| vs~, @v@L[ qRw @m@hvr It a`vrNyk~ kr gw~w`q vQy h#kQy.
@mm qRw @m@hv@rhQ Ply kOmk~ vWq yn~n ap#h#qQLQy. @k@s~ nmRqE, @n`dn#gONR sb[w`
adR vX@yn~ tQk k`lyktvw~ aKN~dv p#vwONR bv @pnW yyQ. es~ kQv h#k~@k~, kyQ@r`~hQ
bh`rW mRm|lEk~t ayw~, k`sQ @k`LB h` mhnRvr awrqW @s`y`gw h#kQvW wQ@bn b#vQn~ sh
in~ smhrk~ sQAhl rjR@g~ nQ@y`~jQwy` pQLQgw~ w#n#w~w` vR sRl~w`n~ k~v`l`vRn~t
(1279-1290) ayw~ e~v` b#v| @pnW gQy b#vQnQ.
a`r\y ckYvr\wWn~@g~ n#gWmw~ smM, mRwO @bl~n~ @nlWmw~, kOU bdR s[h` yR@r`~py
wOL ihL ngQmQn~ p#vwQ il~lEm mw, @b@hvQn~ l`x upqvn sRU v&`p`ryk~ bvt pw~@vmQn~
wQbR kOr#[E @v@L[`mw~ wmn~ awt pw~ kr g#nWm arBy`, uwO@r\ sh qkO@N~ p`lkyn~ awr,
q#dQ eqQrQv`qQkm| p#vwQ bv @pnW yyQ. in~ psRv htgw~ argly vR klW @q~Xp`ln bly
aw~kr g#nWmt vd`, v`NQjmy id pYs~w`vn~ s[h` mRs~lQm| sh`y lq sQAhl r`j{`nQyw~,
y`pn@y~ r`j{`nQyw~ awr vR stnk~ bv @pnW yyQ.
1344 qW ibn~ bwOw`@g~ sAc`ry sQqEvR av{Q@y~qW. sQAhl r`j{`nQy wOL vR @bqWm
wOLQn~ v`sQ aw~kr gn~n` lqEv, y`pn@y~ rjR a`r\}Qk vX@yn~ h` @q~Xp`ln vX@yn~
blsm|pn~n ww~w~vyt pw~@vmQn~ sQtQ@y~y. a`r\y ckYvr\wW swOv @y~mny qk~v`m
kYQy`w~mk vR sn~nq~{ mRhRqE @k`l~lk`r v`nQj n#v| q w#bQN. mRwO @bl~ln~ @nlWm ohR
wm p`lnyt nwO kr@gn wQbR awr ohR@g~ x`N~d`g`ry emgQn~ svQmw~ vW wQbQN. e~ bv sn`}
vnR@y~ m`r\@k`~ @p`~@l`~ (1292 qW) @m| pQLQb[v s[hn~ krmQn~, mn~n`rm| @b`k~@kn~
hmRvn~n` vR mRwO "vtkOr# sh k`n~wQmw~" bvw~, mQl kL @n`h#kQ sh @l`~k@y~ nn~@qsQn~m
il~lEm| krnR lbn~n` vR e~v` bvw~ pvsyQ. mRwO @nl` g#nWm @vnR@vn~ @gvnR lbn wWr#
bqE vX@yn~ rjR s#LkQy yRwO a`q`ymk~ upy` gn~n` awr, @v@L[En~ wmn~ upy` gn~n`
a`q`y@mn~ qh@yn~ pAgOvk~ rjRt @gvn bv ohR wvqErtw~ s[hn~ kryQ. mqEr`sQ sh y`pn@y~
p`lkyn~ @mn~m sQAhl@y~ rjR yn h#m @qn`@g~m @nw~ @y`mRvW wQbR@N~ @mm {n nQ{`ny @vwy.
a`r\y ckYvr\wQ wm @vrLt gs`@gn a` kOr#[E @p`wO qkONR in~qQy`nR @rqQ pQLQvlt
hRvm`r# krgw~ awr em nQs` ohR @mm anr\G qYv& bhRl vX@yn~ v#vRn` vR qkONR qQg @vrL
wWry @n`@p@nn prQqQ a`vrNy @k`t wb` gw~@w~y. ohR cwOr @ls pr\sQy`nR x`;`v k}` kL
awr ohR@g~ pYbl v&`p`rQk Z`ny h` kYQy`rm|xk h#kQy`v g#n ibn~ bwOw` mvQwyt pw~
vQy. sQy a`gn~wOk amRw~w`t a`rk;` shQwv XYW p`qs~}`nyt gmn~ kr a`psR p#mQNWmt
vQ{Q vQ{`n s#lsWmt pYm`Nvw~ a{Qk`rQ blyk~ y`p@n~ p`lky`t qkONR pY@q~Xy wOL wQbQN.
sQy mRs~lQm| amRw~w`t a`r\yckYvr\wQ a{Qk kr unn~qEvkQn~ a`gn~wOk sw~k`r
itRkQrW@m| @h~wO vX@yn~ kr#NR kWpyk~ q#k~vQy h#kQy. pLmRv#n~n nm|, em amRw~w`
a`r\y ckYvr\wQ@g~ mQwOrkO vR mlb`r\hQ sRl~w`n~vr#@g~ ms~sQn` vWmyQ. @qv#n~n,
sQAhl r`j{`nQ@y~ sQtQ @q~XWy mRs~lQm| awrm#qQyn~ mgh#r bthQr a`sQy`v smM s^jR
@v@L[ sb[w` vQv^w kr g#nWmt bwOw`@g~ sAc`ry wOLQn~ v`sQq`yk avs~}`vk~ p`q`g#nWmt
ckYvr\wW uw~s`h kL` vQy h#kQ vQmyQ. 1284 qW, IjQp~wO@v| sRl~w`n~vry` @vw @y`mR
krnR l#bR sQAhl rjR@g~ @y`~jn`, a#w#m| vQt, wmn~@g~ @mm avX&w`v pYvr\{ny kQrWmtq
a`r\y ckYvr\wW @pLBRv` vQy h#kQy.
ar`bQ @v@L[@p`lt pYvQ;~t vWmt sQAhl sh @qmL p`lkyn~ awr wQyRNR wrgyk~ wQbQN.
@mhQqW mRs~lQm| @v@L[En~ smM sQAhl rjRt wQbRN` vR sm|bn~{w`v @h~wO@vn~ ohRt
v`sQq`yk ww~w~vyk~ hQmQ @vyQ. v`NQjmy eqQrQv`qQkm h#r#NR vQt y`pn ar\{q~vWpy wOL
p#vwQ hQn~qE mRs~lQm| g#tRm| @h~wO@k`t@gn, qkONR in~qQy`@v| hQn~qE blvwOn~ smM
sm|bn~{km| p#v#w~vR y`p@n~ hQn~qE p`lky`t e@rhQv, XYW lAk`@v| mRs~lQm|vr#n~
sQAhlyn~@g~ s~v`x`vQk mQwOr` bvt pw~vW y#yQ sQw` g#nWm w`r\kQky. emnQs`, a`r\}Qk
h` @q~Xp`lnQk @h~wO sQAhlyn~ sh mRs~lQm|vr#n~ ekt ekwO k@L~y. sss vn vQkYmb`hR
rjR@g~ p`lny smy wOLqW (1357-1374) a`r\yckYvr\wW mWgmRvt sh @k`LBt phrqW bthQr @vrL
wWr@y~ vr`yvl ym| pmNk p`ln blyk~ aw~kr gw~ avs~}`@v|qW a`r\y ckYvr\wQ@g~
abQpY`yn~ p#h#qQLQ vQy. ibn~ bwOw`@g~ pYk`X anRv, @mvkt @k`LB, sm^q~{Qmw~
mRs~lQm| v`NQj kYQy`k`rkm|vl mRlQk s~}`nyk~v p#vwQ bv @p@n~. ar`bQ j`wQkyQn~
s~vkWy jn`v`svl a`rk;`v u@qs` v#qgw~ k`r\y x`ryk~ itR kr a#wQ awr, wmn~@g~ sQAhl
mQwOrn~t avX& n`vQk sh`y lb`@qmQn~, emgQn~ wmn~@g~ bly sh ww~w~vy ihL nAv` gw~@w~y.
sQAhl hmRq`vt mRs~lQm| hmRq` xtyn~ kOlQyt gw~ bv kQyyQ. wmn~t hmRq` xt
pQrQs~vl @s~vy avX& vR vQt, lAk`@v| jny` sr`sQyn~vr#n~ @s~v@y~ @y`q` gw~ bv m`r\@k~
@p`~@l`~ (1292) pYk`X kryQ. 5 vn bRv@nkb`hR rjR@g~ p`ln k`l@y~qW (1372-1408) a`r\y
ckYvr\wQ @qvn vrtw~ qkON a`kYmNy kL bv @p@n~. e@hw~ @mm pYh`r @qkm s`r\}k @ls m#dpvw~vn
lqW.
1360 sQt 1370 awr k`ly wOLqW, qkONR in~qQy` vQjyngr\ bly v&`p~wvWm sh 6 vn
pr`kYmb`hR yt@w~ (1412-1467) @k`~tQ@tQ r`j{`nQ@y~ bly whvRr# vWm a`r\y ckYvr\wQ@g~
bl@y~ h` blp$@mhQ phw v#tWm It smg`mWv sQqEvWmt wOdR qEn~@n~y. y`p@n~ p`lky`t
uwO@r\ wm blgwO asl~ v#sQy`@g~ blyt e@rhQvWmt @n`h#kQ vR awr, vQjyngr\ a{Qr`j&w~vy
sh @g_rvy s[h` iqQrQpw~ kL ayQwQv`sQkm| pQLQg#nWmt ohRt sQqEvQy. e@s~ v`NQjmy
vQr#q~{kr#@g~ @q~Xp`lnQk qEr\vlw~vy @h~wO@vn~ qQvyQ@n~ @ssR pY@q~Xvl @v@L[`m
mRUmnQn~m mRs~lQm|vr#n~ awt pw~vR awr @mm a`{Qpw&y aw~krgnR l#bR@y~ s`mk`mWvy.
@m| vn vQt ar\{q~vWpy wOL wvw~ @vnsk~ sQqEvW wQbQN. 13 vn Xwvr\;@y~ @qvn x`g@y~qW
b#g~d$d@y~ k`lQf~ r`j&@y~ bQ[ v#tWmw~ smM in~qQyn~ s`gry wOL ar`bQvr#n~@g~
v`NQjmy kYQy`k`rWw~vy qEr\vl vQy. ar`bQ n`vQk@y`~ wvmw~ in~qQyn~ s`gr@y~ bthQr @k`t@shQ
@v@L[`m| ktyRwO vl nQrw @vmQn~ sQtQyh. e@hw~ n#@gnhQr @k`t@s~ @v@L[`m mRUmnQn~m
in~qQy`nR mRs~lQm|vr#n~ awt pw~ vQy. enm|, gOjr`tQ, mlb`r\, @k`lm#n~dl~ yn
s~}`nvl sQt @bAg`ly qk~v` vR @k`tsyQ. hQn~qE @v@L[En~ v#dQ vX@yn~m @g`dbQ@m| @v@L[`m|
kL awr, ovRn~@g~ @v@L[ x`N~d mRs~lQm|vr#n~t ayw~ y`wY` mgQn~ apnyny kr g#nQN.
sm`j a`gmQk kOl whAcQ kYm@yn~ q#dQ vWm @h~wO@vn~, ihL @p@L~ hQn~qEvr#n~ vQsQn~
vQ@q~X sAc`ryn~ vLk~v` ln lqW. ovRn~ sAc`r@y~ @yqENQ nm|, ovRnt n#vww~ ihL kOl
wly wOL s~vkWy ww~w~vy hQmQ krg#nWmt, pRUl~ a`k`r@y~ pvQwYkrNy c`rQwY vQ{Q p#v#w~vWmt
sQqEvQy. mRs~lQm|vr#n~ smM sh psR klkqW yR@r`~pWyyn~ smMq sm`j sm|bn~{w` a#wQ
krg#nWm pv` whnm| vR awr vQ@q~XQkynt ayw~ y`wY`vlQn~ sAc`r@y~ @yqWm uss~ kOl@y~
hQn~qEvrykO apvQwYkrNyt lk~vW@m| @h~wOvk~ @ls s#LkONR @hyQn~ ohR pQLQ@vw~ pYk`rv
apQrQsQqE pRq~glykO bvt pw~ krnR l#bWy. is~l`m| qh@m| en s`m`n`w~mw`v`qy a`gm @vns~
krn~nvRn~ a`kr\Xny kr g#nWmt, vQ@X~;@yn~ hQn~qE sm`j@y~ phL wlvl kOl pWdnyt lk~v
sQtQ @k`ts~ vlQn~ pRq~glyn~ a`kr\Xny kr g#nWmt smw~ vR awr, mRl~b ar`bQ jn`v`s
emgQn~ Xk~wQmw~ vQy. mRhRqE gmn~ yn @v@L[En~, s~vkWy pvRl~ smM gmn~ krnR@y~
kl`wOrkQnQ. eyQnRw~ k`n~w`vn~@g~ a`rk;`v pQLQb[ q#dQ mw qrN mRs~lQm|vr# s~vkWy
pvRl~ k#tRv y`m sQqE krnR@y~ avm mtQtmnQ. eb#vQn~, ovRhR @q~XWy k`n~w`vn~ awOrQn~
s~vkWy x`r\y`vn~ ayw~ kr gw~ awr, ovRn~@g~ qR qr#vn~q a#wOU em x`r\y`@v`~ nQs#kvm
is~l`m| a`gm v#L[ gw~h. @mmgQn~ mRs~lQm| jnpq@yhQ jn sAK&`@vhQ sh e~k`bq~{w`v@yhQ
vr\{nyk~ a#wQ @k@r\. @m@ls is~l`m| a`gmt h#r#NR pQrQs~ @q~XWy ar`bQ jn pqnmk~,
sh@y`~gyk~ sh mQnQs~ blyk~ ar`bQvr#nt lb` qEn~ awr, em pQrQs~vltq sm`jWy vX@yn~
sh a`r\}Qk vX@yn~ pYwQl`x aw~ vQy. @m| a`k`ryt in~qQy`@v| bthQr sh qkONR @vrL vl
pqQAcQ, is~l`mWykrNy vR in~qQy`nRvn~@g~ jnpq bthQr a`sQy`@v| sQt kYQy`w~mk vR p#rNQ
tQY@p`lQ sh @m`@r`k~@k`~ qk~v` wrm| a$wt p#wQr gQy sm|bn~{w` shQwv sr#vt pvw~v`@gn
gQy mRs~lQm| v`NQj kYQy`k`rWw~vy m{&s~}`n, kQsQvQ@tkw~ stn~ k`mW kYm anRgmny @n`kr,
in~qQy`nR @vrL wWry wmn~, nwOkr gw~h. @q~Xp`ln kv wOL blp$m| nm#wQ q$ phsR@vn~
mRqlt gw h#kQy. @m| nQs`m @q~XWy hQn~qE r`j`vr# @v@L[En~ @k@rhQ mn` avnwx`vykQn~
yRk~wv sQtQ awr, ovRnt vQ@X~; a`rk;`v lb` qEn~h. @ktQ@yn~m ovRnt avX& vR sQylE
q$ @v@L[En~ spy` qEn~ awr, r@tQ nQ;~p`qnvlt ihLm mQlq lb` qEn~h. XYW lAk`@v|
sQqE vR a`k`ryt r`j`vr# mRs~lQm| @v@L[En~@g~ mRhRqE gmn`gmny sh n`vQk qk;w`vn~@gn~
Pl pY@y`~jn lb`gw~h. @mhQqW vQ@X~;@yn~ s[hn~ kL yRwO pRq~gl@yk~ nm| k#lQktQ hQ
s#@m`rQn~y. XYW lAk`@v| rjRn~ vQsQn~ mRs~lQm| awr m#qQyn~ hrh` ohR@g~ sh`y a@p~k;`
krn lqW. e~ @p`qE swOrkO vR p^wOgWsWn~t e@rhQvy. s#@m`rQn~@g~ n`vQk blk`yn~
mRs~lQm| aNqWm yt@w~ kYQy`w~mk vR awr, s#@m`rWn~t ohR@g~ pYwQv`qWn~ s`r\}kv m#d
pvw~v` gw h#kQvR@y~ ovRn~@g~ sh`y a#wQvy.
ovRn~ hrh` s#@m`rQn~ IjQp~wO@v|w~, pr\sQy`@v|w~, uwOr# in~qWy sRl~w`n~ r`j&yn~hQw~
p`lkyQn~ smM smWp sb[w` pvw~v`@gn gQ@y~y. k`yl~ ptQtnm| mRs~lQm| @v@L[`m sr#@ls
sQqE@kr#nR wvw~ m{&s~}`nyk~ vQy. ar`bQ j`wQk pY{`nQykO swOv ehQ @q~XWy nQ@y`~jQw`ywnyk~
p#vwQ awr e~ hrh` ohR v`r\;Qkv aX~vyQn~ 10,000 k~ p`N~d& @q~X@y~ rjRt s#pyWy.
ev#nQ avs~}`vn~hQqW mQnQsRn~ s`mk`mW @ls a`gmt hrv` g#nWm g#n p`lky`@gn~
brpwl vQ@r`~{yk~ mwO @n`vR awr, mRs~lQm|vr#n~ mw r`j& bl`{Qk`rQy @yqWmt aqhs~ k@L~q
n#w. a`r\}Qk vX@yn~ h` a`gmQk vX@yn~ wmn~ r@tQ @ssR jnw`v@gn~ prQb`hQrv ktyRwO
kQrW@m| @h~wO@vn~, mRs~lQm| pYj`vn~ s~v`{Wnv sAvr\{ny vR awr, ovRn~@g~ sAvQ{`n @g`dng`
@gn, ovRn~@g~m nWwQ h` c`rQwY vQqQ anRgmny kLh. @mm avQhQAs`v`qW kYQy`m`r\gy os~@s~
mRs~lQm|vr# s~vkWy @v@L[`m @mn~m vr\gy`q v&`p~w kr gw~h. klk~ gwvW@m|qW XYW lAk`@v|
mRhRqE bd pY@q~X os~@s~ eb[E in~qE ar`bQ vr#n~@g~ jnpq bQhQvR awr, @b@hvQn~m kOd`
prQm`NykQn~ vRvq, ekm v&Rhy sh sb[w`vn~ pYwQnQr\m`Ny vWm nQs` @mm vr\{ny ap@g~
a{&ynyt aq`L vn~@n~y.
qkONR in~qQy`nR @vrL a`XYQwv in~qQy`nR mRs~lQm| @v@L[ jn`v`s vr\{ny vW@mn~,
XYW lAk`@v| mRs~lQm| jnpq sAK&`w~mkv vr\{ny vR awr, 15 vn sQyv@s~ a`rm|x@y~qW
uwO@r\ @qmL bly hWnvQmw~ smM pYwQvQr#q~{ bl@v|gyn~@gn~ @w`rv mRs~lQm| jnpq v&`p~w
vQy. @k`LB sh g`l~@l~ pQhQtQ ovRn~@g~ vd`w~ p#rNQ jnpq v#dQ v#qgw~kmkQn~ yRk~wv
vr\{ny vW mRhRqEbd ngrvl nv jnpq q bQhQ vQy. p^wOgWsW iwQh`sZykO vR fr\n$o|q
k~@v|@r`~s~ p#mQNQl~lk s~vr$p@yn~ pYk`X krn~@n~, vr\;ykt pn~sQy@y~ sQt hy sQyy
qk~v`m pYm`NykQn~ mRs~lQm|vr#n~ p#mQNQ bvw~ ovRn~ rt ax&n~wrytq k`vqQmQn~ sQtQ
bvyQ. @mm s`AkYmQkyn~ wvqErtw~ wnQkrm ar`bQ j`wQkyQn~ pmNk~ @n`vR awr, qkONR
in~qQy`@vn~ p#mQNQ in~qQy`nR mRs~lQm|vr# vRh. ovRhR @mhQ p#mQN lAk`@v| @w`tRplvl
pqQAcQy whvRr# kr gw~@w~y. @mhQ pYwQPlyk~ vX@yn~ XYW lAk`@v| sh qkONR in~qQy`@v|
vr`yyn~ awr nQw& pqQAcQ s~}`n, @qkk~ pvw~v`@gn gQy in~qE ar`bQvr#n~@g~ nv prpRr
awt in~qE XYW lAk` @v@L[`m m`r# vQy. o|ln~q sh a`qQ bQYw`n& @l~Kn s[hn~ krn
an~qmt @mm mRs~lQm|vr#n~ @q@k`tQT`Xy "mRhRqEbd mRvr\vr# (Pqqr) lAk` mRvr\vr# (k#hkqb
pqqr) ynR@vn~ h[En~vn~ lbyQ. sQAhl sh @qmL s~wYWn~ smM an~wr\ vQv`h sQqEkr@gn
@m| r@tQ s~}Qr pqQAcQkr#vn~ bvt pw~vR a`qQ ar`bQ jnpqQkyn~@gn~ p#vw en~nn~ lAk`
mRvr\vr# ynR@vn~ h[En~vyQ. a`qQ ar`bQ pqQAcQkr#vn~ bthQr a`sQy`@v| is~l`mWy m{&s~}`n
smM sAs~k^wQk sm|bn~{w` pvw~v`@gn gQy ayRrQn~m XYW lAk`vt p#mQNQ in~qE ar`bQ (kq~Qe
pqqrQ) pqQAcQkr#@v`~ a{&`w~mQk pY@b`~{y lb`g#nW@m| atQ@yn~ qkONR in~qQy`@v|
pQhQtQ is~l`mWy @k~n~qYs~}`n @vw @y`mR vRh. xS@g`~lWy a`sn~nw`v, v`NQjmy a@p~k;`vn~,
sh @p`qE x`;`vk~ (@qmL) x`vQw` kQrWm yn s`{k aq qk~v`m p#vw en~n`vR sb[w`vn~
Xk~wQmw~ @k`t a#w.
