@vn~@q~sQ @vn  a`qQv`sWn~@g~ kw` @p`j~j

@l`~k a`qQv`sW qQny @yqW wQbR@N~ psRgQy 9 q`ty. ikOw~ vs@r\ nm| em qQny m` gw k@L~ qB`n @k`tbkQNQy g@m| a`qQv`sWn~ smgy. @k`tbkQNQy g@m| wOr# @g`mR mRl pn~ p#qEr# mw v`dQ vW pY}m a`qQv`sW smRUv q#kbl` g#nWmt l#bWm mt eq` kqQm aw~q#kWmk~ vQy. q`nQgl, @p`l~@lb#q~q, @hn`nQgl, rwOgl sh qUk`n yn gm|@p`j~yn~@g jWvw~ vn a@p~ r@tQ a`qQv`sWhR @b`@h`~ pQrQsk~ eq` em smRUvt p#mQN sQtQyh. ytQky v#@sn@s~ k#s@p`t gsn lq srmkQn~ h` nQr#vw~ udRky mw wm s`m|pYq`yQk @k@tQrQy r#v` un~ v#qQ wr#Nyn~ q qEnR hW aw#wQv bRlw~ vQtQ spmQn~ un~ vQypw~ v#qQ hRrn~@gn~ q eq` @k`tbkQNQy gm|m`n pQrW wQbQNQ. ovRn~ eq` e~ bQmt pyl` wQbR@N~ mhw~ bl`@p`@r`w~wO @p`qQb#[@gny. e~ vsr gNn`vk~ wQs~@s~ wm vrQg prm|pr`v mRhRN @qn apYm`N vR g#tlE nQr`krNy kr @qn @ls hVk~ n#MWmty. @m| sms~w vrQg snRh@r\tm n`ykw~vy s#pyR@v| wQh`h`mQ@g pRw~ u_r#vrQg@y~ vn~nQyl#w~wn~y. ohR vr\wm`n@y~ a`qQv`sWn~@g~ n`yky`y. eq` iwQh`s@y~ pLmR vw`vt a`qQv`sWn~ ek~w#nkt rFs~@k`t smRUvk~ p#v#w~vWm g#n vn~nQyl#w~wn~ kW @q~ w`m mwky.

"@h~n`nQgl gQy`m e@h~ ay e@h~t @vl` pYX~n kw` qmnv`. rwOglt gQy`m e@h~ ay e~ pYX~n e@ht @vl` kw` qmnv`. @p`l~@lb#q~qt, qlEk`nt gQyw~ e@hmyQ. iwQA mm kl~pn` kL` @m| ktQtQ @p`j~j ekm w#nkt rFs~krl` a@p~ prm|pr` @p`j~j ekmk~ h#tQyt a#n~n mAgc|cn~n @h`[myQ kQyl`."

a`qQv`sW v#qQ n`yk vn~nQyl#w~wn~ e@s~ kw` q#mR psR swr @qsQn~ p#mQNQ @ssR v#qQ n`ykyn~ kw` q#mRh. ovRhR @gvRNR adsQyvsk~ wQs~@s~ wm vrQg smRhy mRhRN @qn pYX~n sQq`qQ@y~ mQnQg~gj~jR iqQrQ@y~ kQy`p$h. e~ awr ovRn~@g~ pYX~n g#n @s`y` b#lWmt p#mQNQ vQ@X~;Qw pRq~gl@y`~ kWp@q@nk~ q vRh. e~ u_v pL`w~ mh a#m#wQ, a`N~dRk`rvr sh r`j& nQl{`rWn~ pQrQsk~y.

eq` em a`qQv`sW smRUv pvw~v` psRgQy atvnq` vn vQt vsrk~ spQrQNQ. @mvr a`qQv`sW qQn@y~qW qB`nt y$mt mt @n` h#kQ vQy. vsrk~ ynR qWr\G k`lykQ. em k`ly wOL ovRn~ eq` iqQrQpw~ kL g#tlE nQr`krNy vW a#wOv`t s#k n#w. mn~q eq` p#mQNQ nQl{`rWn~ ovRn~@g~ mRlQk g#tlEvlt vQs[Em| @qn bv spw kl` mt mwky. iqQn~ qB`n @n`gQy q e~ wwO q#ng#nW@m| a`X`vk~ m` sQw upqQn. nmRw~ ey m` itRkrgn~@n~ @k@s~q? e@s~ sQwmQn~ sQtQn vQt kqQm aqhsk~ m@g~ mwkyt a`@v|y. @m| yRgy vQp~lvWy sn~nQ@v|qn yRgykQ. sn~nQ@v|qn w`k;Ny sm|mw sm`j@yn~ ob|bt @g`s~ a`qQv`sW v#qQ jny` q @vl`@gn a#w. ikOw~ vs@r\ jgw~ a`qQv`sW qQnyq` vn~nQyl#w~wn~@g~ v#dQmhl~ pRwOt v`rQk vX@yn~ @gvWmt qErk}nyk~ l#bRN` mt mwky. @k`LB k`r\y`l@y~ sQt qErk}ny os~@s~ qB`n h` sm|bn~{ vR m` wwO vQc`@lmQ. v#qQn`yk vn~nQyl#w~wn~ mhQyAgnyt @g`s~ sQtQ b#vQn~ m` h` kw` k@L~ ohR@g~ v#dQmhl~ pRwOy.

"pRc|c` kdn~n id @p`j~j @k`~qEyQ... k#l$ @p`j~jt mA gc|cn id @p`j~j @k`~qEyQ..., k#l$ @p`j~jt mAgc|cn id @p`j~j a#nv| kln~n..." ohR wmn~t a`@v|nQk x`;`@vn~ kWy. mW vqyk~ kdn~n apt idk~ @qn~@n n$, k#l$vkt a#wOlE@vn~n @qn~@n n$.., apQt jWvQk`v @gnQyn~n k#lyt a#wOl~@vn~n id @qn~n...

ohR m` h` p#vsR@v| eyyQ.

a#w~@wn~m @mm g#tlE apt sRU kr#Nk~ @ls @pnRN q ey sRU @k`t w#kQy h#kQ @n`@v|. mn~qyw~ v#qQ jny`@g~ ann&w`v rF[W pvwQn~@n~ ovRn~ jWvQk`v @gvn`k`ry sh ovRn~@g~ a#vwOm| p#vwOm| mwy. v#q~qn~t k#lyt v#qWm whnm| kQrWm ynR e~ sQyl~l avhQr kQrWmkQ. ikOw~ vs@r\ a`qQv`sW smRU@v|qW v#qQ jny` mRhRNp` a#wQ pY{`n g#tlE kQhQpyk~ v#qQn`yk vn~nQyl#w~wn~ iqQrQpw~ k@L~y. wmn~t hRr# pRr#qE sQrQw~ vQ{Q pvw~v`@gn y$mt k#lyk~ @n`m#wQvWm, wm alEw~ prpR@r\ k#kOU k#kOLQyn~t jWvw~vWmt idkdk~ @n`m#wQvWm sh pQts~wrQn~ en pRq~glyn~ v#qQ jny`@g~ jWvQk`vt anvX& b`{` a#wQvn @s~ h#sQrWm in~ k#pW@pnQNQ. @k@s~ @vww~ @m| sQylEm kr#NR vlQn~ kQy@vn~@n~ v#q~qn~t v#q~qn~ @ls jWvw~ vW@m| ayQwQy n#wQ kQrWm g#ny. eq` vn~nQyl#w~wn~ em pYX~n g#n k}` kL` @s~m aqtw~ v#qQ jny` hmR@v| a#wQ g#tlE vn~@n~ eyyQ. vsrk~ @gvRN q @q~Xp`lkyn~ qB`nt vQw~ @p`@r`n~qE qEn~n q wvmw~ em pYX~n e@lsmy. @mvr q ovRn~@g~ pY{`n m`w^k`v eym bv vn~nQyl#w~wn~@g~ v#dQmhl~ pRwO m` h` kWy.

lAk`@v| a`qQv`sWn~t pmNk~ @n`v (lAk`@v| a`qQv`sWn~ v#qQ jny` pmNk~ y#yQ @n` kQymR.) aq @l`v jWvw~ vn mQlQyn 300k~ pmN a`qQv`sW @g`wQYkynt sQqEv a#w~@w~ wm ann&w`v whvRr# kr@gn jWvw~ vWmt a#wQ ayQwQy il~lWmty. ey qB`@n~ jWvw~ vn u_r# vrQ@g~ v#qQ prpRrt @s~m os~@tQYlQy`@v| a#@b`rQjQn~vr#n~t q, sRd`n@y~ hb` @g`~wQYkynt q kQy` @vnsk~ n#w. @m| sQylEm a`qQv`sW @g`~wQYkyn~t sQqEv a#w~@w~ ekm sn~w$sQy y. sAvr\{n@y~ ykd spw~wO @g`~wQYk jny` jWvw~ vn prQsryt py w#bRq` sQt ovRn~@g~ s`m`n& jWvn rQq~myt kN@k`k` h#Žy. a@p~ r@tQ nm| ehQ awWwy sRqE j`wQkyn~ @mrt p`lny kL smy qk~v` qQvyyQ. vr\; 1913-15 pmN vn @wk~ @mrt v#qQ prpRr wrmk nQr#pqYQwv wm jWvn gmn @gv` a#w. eyt @h~wOv vW a#w~@w~ ekl s`hsQk @ls k#l$ eLQ @n` kQrWmy. nmRw~ sm|mw sm`jyt @k@s~ vRvq dW. es~. @s~n`n`yk yRg@y~ a#rFBQ gl~oy v&`p`ry v#qQ jny`t @swk~ aw~ @n` k@L~y. vQ@X~;@yn~ ib|bN~ktR sh @p`m|prQp~pRv yn p`rm|prQk nQjbQm| gl~oy v&`p`ryt ytvWm v#qQ jnw`v@g~ jQvn gmnt mr# phrk~ el~l k@L~y. evkt p`lkyn~ ovRn~t ahQmQ vR nQjbQm| vlt vd` @h`[ w#n~ @qn bv pvs` v#q~qn~@g~ m#sQvlQn~ @b|rW a#w. anwOr#v jl @p`~;k pY@q~X vlQn~ v#qQ jny` ivw~ kQrWm mw pQrQsk~ @p`l~@lb#q~q sh rwOgl pY@q~Xvlt @k`tR vQy. mhv#lQ v&`p`r@yn~ q v#qQ jny`t aw~ vR@y~ e~ irNmmy. m`qEr#oy jl @p`~;k pY@q~XvlQn~ v#qQ jny` ivw~ kQrWmt bl{`rWhR pQyvr gw~h.

e@hw~ v#qQ jny`@g~ a#vwOm| p#vwOm|, sAkl~pWy @vnsk~ a#wQvW@m| mRl`rm|xy sQqE vR@y~ vsr kQhQpykt @pry. 1948 qW pmN s~pQtQl~ nm| sRqE j`wQk@yk~ v#qQ gm|m`n hwrk~ mRl~kr@gn gY`m sAvr\{n v#dpQLQ@vLk~ kQYy`w~mk kra#w. s~pQtQl~ ev#nQ v#dpQLQ@vlkt @y`mRv a#w~@w~ em vkv`nR@v| v#qQ jny` q#dQ @v@hskr jWvn arglyk nQrwvnR q#k bv kQy#@v|. vQ@X~;@yn~ evkt v#qQ jny` vsAgw @r`~gykQn~ pWd` vQn~[` pmNk~ @n`v q#dQ a`h`r hQMykt q mRhRN qW wQbQNQ. @p`l~@lb#q~@q a`qQv`sW n`yk @g`~ml#w~@w`~q eq` smRU@v|qW @m| bv @hLQ k@L~y.

"e~ k`@L~ a@p~ ayt prAgQ @r`~@g h#qEN`. ew@k`t a`r\. el~. s~pQtQl~ kQyn @q`s~wr hRr` bQA@g`dt a#vQw~ @b|w~ kL`. ps~@s~ 1941 vr#@sqW wmyQ apQ ktQtQym bQA@g`dQn~ a#n~n mAgc|cl` @p`l~@lb#q~q kQyn g@m| pqQAcQ k@L~.

s~pQtQl~ gY`m sAvr\{n v#dpQLQ@vL a`rm|x kr a#w~@w~ in~ anwOr#vy. ey v#qQ jny`@g~ yhpw @vnR@vn~ kL kQYy`vk~ vQn` kQsQqE @q~Xp`ln armRNk~ @n`vWy. nmRw~ eq` hwr vrQgytm sr\vbl{`rQ n`ykykO vR v#qQn`yky` wvw~ gmr`L @knkO bvt pw~vWmt eym @h~wO vW a#w. psRv 1965 qW pmN rjy m{&m p`n~wQk idm| kYmyk~ @gn a`@v|y. a#wmRn~ in~ pY@y`~jn @gn ak~kr gNnk~ ek qQgt idm| al~l` gw~@w~y. in~ phr v#qE@n~ q v#qQ jny`ty. e@hw~ m$w k`l@y~ sQqE vR qr#NRm apr`{y m`qEr#oy vn uq&`ny axy xSmQyk~ @ls nm| kQrWmw~ smg a#rBQNQ. e~ e@wk~ p`rm|prQk sQrQw~ rk;` kr@gn a` qB`@n~ h` @h~n`nQgl v#qQ jny`t wm vn sQrQw~ vQ{Q pvw~v`@gn y$mt k#l$vk~ @n`m#wQ vWmy.m`qEr#oy ahQmQ vR v#qQ jny` kb@ln~ lQpt v#tQNQ.

@mrt v#qQ jny` aq pw~v sQtQn adQyt iwQh`sy @g`dn#MW a#w~@w~ e@lsyQ. aq rwOgl, @h~n`nQgl qB`n, qUk`n sh @p`l~@lb#q~q gm|vl @v@sn v#qQ jny`t jWvw~ vWmt vn @r`qk~ @n`m#w. rwOglt a#wQ iMQNQy`gl axy xSmQyw~, qUk`nt a#wQ qQBRl`gl k#lyw~, @p`l~@lb#q~qt a#wQ nRvrgl kn~q a`XQYw vn@r`qw~ @hn`nQgl sh qB`nt a#wQ m`qEr#oy axy xSmQytw~ aq v#qQ jny`t a#wOUvWm whnm|y. @mrt @v@sn 20,000 k~ pmN a`qQv`sWn~ aq mRhRNp` a#w~@w~ em axQ@y`~gyty.

@k@s~ @vww~ ikOw~ vsrk~ mRUl~@l~ @n`vQs[R pYX~n @m| qk~v` a#qW e~m g#n ap lj~j` vQy yRwOy. q#nt @mrt a#wQ vrQg awrQn~ (u_r# vrQgy, wl` vrQgy, @m`r`N vrQgy, a#B@l`~b vrQgy, u_n` p`n` vrQgy, kQ@r`~ vrQgy sh nBRgh vrQgy) wrmk~ @h`~ swOtRq`yk @ls v#qQ sQrQw~ pvwQn~@n~ u_r# vrQ@g~ v#qQ smRhy wOLy. e~ nQs` aqtw~ ap v#q~qn~ b#lWmt yn~@n~ qB`@nty. e@hw~ sQq`qQ@y a#w~wn~ v#q~qn~ v#q~qn~@g~ sAs~k^wQy wOL ovRn~ sAvr\{ny @n`kQrWm wOL @m| pQrQsvw~ an`gwyt iwQrQ@v|q#yQ s#k shQwy.

vQ@X~;@yn~ aq ovRn~ @qy`k`r vR axQ@y`~gykt mRhRN qW sQtQn~@n~y. e~ idm| @n`m#wQvWm sh wmn~t ann& vR sAs~k^wQy rk;` kr g#nWmy. ap a`qQv`sWn~ b#lWmt qB`@nt yn~@n~ ovRn~ v#q~qn~ @ls sQtQnw`k~ pmNy. e@hw~ qB`@n~ k#kOU k#kOlQyn~@gn~ v#dQ @q@nk~ a`X` krn~@n~ mh sm`j@y~ sAkr gwQ p#vwOm| vlty. e@hw~ ovRn~ wm prpR@r\ ur#myq rFkgw yRwOy. @m| nQs` aq v#dQ@q@nk~ krn~@n~ pQts~wrt v#q~qn~ @ls @pnW sQtWmt uw~s`h g#nWmy. ey ovRn~@g~ vrqk~ @n`@v|y. mn~q v#q~qn~ sm|mw sm`jy @k`n~kQrWm wOL v#q~qn~t v#q~qn~ @ls jWvw~vWmt id @n`qWm wOL ovRn~ @m| @qk @k@s~ @h`~ sAklny krgw yRwOy. aq ovRn~ krn~@n~ eyyQ.

q#n~ a`qQv`sWnt jAgm qErkwn a#w. qB`nt @n`gQy q ovRn~ h` qErkwn@yn~ sm|bn~{ vQy h#kQy.

@m| yn rFl~@l~ h#tQyt qvsk v#q~qn~ qEn~nw~ ek~ awQn~ @gn m#k~@d`nl~ avn~hlk i[Wmt q id a#w. e@hw~ ob e~ g#n @q`m|ns~ @n` vn~n.