wQr@yn~ b#s  rsQk hq
sk~mn~ krn up~plvN~N`

mh`c`r\y sRnQl~ a`rQyrw~n@g~ nvwm sQnm` k^wQy vn up~plvN~N` vcn@y~ prQsm`p~w ar\}@yn~m nRwn @}rW gWwyk~ v#n~n. up~plvN~N` @b_q~{ s`hQw&@yhQ en pYmRK @}rNQykQ. km| s#pwt @l`l~v sr` s@llE qnn~ pQnvR o| ek~ qQnk e~ sQyl~l @k@rhQ blvw~ @s~ kl kQ@rn~nWy. sQy qQyNQyq ekm pRwNRvn~q smg a#yt mRhRN @qn~nt vR srqm| shQw @@qvy nQs` ar\}vw~ qQvQ mgkt pQvQ@sn a#yt @}rNQyk~ @lsq amQhQrQ aw~q$kWm|vlt mRhRN @qn~nt sQqEvQy. up~plvN~N` jWvQwy jy @gn sQy a`{&`w~m@yhQ a[Er# ahRmRU @hLQ krn ayRr# @w~rW gW kQyvR ay i[Er` qnQwQ.

@mm cQwYpt@yhQ @k~n~qYWy crQwy vn up~plvN~N`q (sAgWw` vWrrw~n) s~vkWy a`{&`w~m@y~ a[Er# ahRmRU sQyl~l @p~Yk;k ap abQys an`vrNy krn~nWy. mnrm| r$ srQn~ yRwO qMk`r lQyk~ @s~ a#rBRNR a#@g~ srl jWvQwy sAs`r s`gry m#q r#vl~ bQ[W gQy @n_k`vk~ bvt pw~vn ayRr#q o| in~ mQqW sn~sRn~ gO@Nn~q sQy jWvQwy X`n~wQ m`r\gyt rF@gn yn ayRr#q apQ v@rk vQX~m@yn~q v@rk kOhRlQn~q wvw~ v@rk phn~ sA@v|g@yn~q bl` sQtQmR. Lq @b`L[ lQyk~ @s~ o| mRhRN qEn~ qEk~K @syQy` qEr\ @x`~jn @b`@h`~ vQy. sm|mw kOl@gyt pth#nQ vR a#yt sQy mvRpQyn~ @mn~m vl~lxy`q ahQmQ@v|. w#vRl~ pWdn m#q a#y @w`~r` gn~nW @l_kQk mgQn~ e@wr vQy h#kQ ar\}vw~ m`r\gyyQ.

up~plvN~N`@g~ @mm an`vrNy vQXQ;~t @b_q~{ cQwYptyk~ @mn~m vQXQ;~t sm`j vQZ`nykQn~ pQrQpRn~ agn` sQnm` k`v&yk~ @s~ nQm kQrWmtq a{&k;vry` smw~v sQtQyQ. @b_q~{ cQwYpt yn vr\gWkrNy wOL b#wQmwOn~@g~ pYs`q sQw~ vdn` jnpQYy crQw vQmr\Xny kQrWm s`m`n&@yn~ q$k gw h#kQy. e@hw~ a`gmQk vQZ`ny smg in~ ob|bt a#@qn @q~Xp`ln sm`j argly h` b#[ENR cQwYptyk~ kQrWm It vd` pYbl {W Xk~wQ@yn~ yRwO sQnm` x`vQw`vkQ.

@l`~k pYkt @k`rQy`nR j`wQk cQwYpt a{&k;vrykO vn im| k~@v`n~ @tk~ (;P Nu{x o~kN- mt sQhQpw~ @v|. xQk;RNQ crQw @qkk~ smg iqQrQpw~ vR ohR@g~ a@j~ a@pj~b`r` a@j~ cQwYpty @mhQqW m@g~ mwkyt eyQ. em xQk;RNWn~ @q@qn`@g~ @l_kQk jWvQw@yhQ g#tRm|q ovRn~@g~ an~wr\ sb[w`vn~q em cQwYpt@yhQ pYblv qk~v` wQ@b|.

mh`c`r\y a`rQyrw~nq @mhQqW xQk;RNW (@my qssQl~ m`w`vn~ @s~ h#[Qn~vWm vd`w~ nQv#rqQy.) crQw wOnk~ @w`~r`@gn a#w. @l`kO m$NQyn~ (m`lQnW), @p`dQ a#w~wQ (s[lQ cwOrQk`) h` up~plvN~N`y. e@hw~ @k~n~qYWy crQwy up~plvN~N`y. a#@g~ a`{&`w~m an`vrNy kQrWm s[h` a@nk~ sQylE crQw x`vQw kQrWmt vQXQ;~t wQr rcnyk~ krn a`c`r\y wQs~s a@b|@s~kr @v|l`snQn~m wWrNy kr a#wQ bv @p@n~. wQr rcky` h` a{&k;vry` eL@Bn em sm|mRwQy cQwYpt@y~ vQjygY`hW bvt @h~wOvW wQ@b|.

up~plvN~N` cQwYpty a`rm|x vn~@n~ phnk~ rFgw~ m$NQyn~@g~ q#w~ @k@mn~ m$NQyn~@g~ mRhRNR pQLQbQBR krn r$p r`mRvk~ @ls wQr@y~ q$k~vW@mnQ. @m| nQsl ar@NhQ @g`r bQrm| bv pQLQb[ pLmR kOwOhl@yn~ yRwO r$py sthn~ @vq~qWm @p~Yk;ky` q$dQv e~ @qst @y`mR@vyQ. nQn~q n#wQ rFy avqQvn @l`kO m$NQyn~ (m`lQnW) sRmn`vwW@g~ k`mryt yn r$p r`mRv ik~bQwQv qQs~@v|. @p~Yk;ky` ehQqW mRl~vrt q$ngn~@n~ r`wQYy mRUl~@l~ n#@gn @vdQ hV pQLQb[vy.

inQk~bQwQv @y`~{ r#k~ @pL awrQn~ a#@qn k#mr` k`cyt hsRvn~@n~ k#rLQk`r wr#Nyn~ kWp @q@nkQ. ehQqW ovRn~ awr sQqEvn sAv`qy wOLQn~ @p~Yk;k kOhRl wvw~ v#@dyQ. "stn p`v` qEn~ @qY`~hW wr#NykOt mrN qVRvm qWmt ehQqW wWrNy vnR apt a#@syQ. @m| r$p r`mRvw~ smg pYbRq~{ @p~Yk;ky`t s#NkQn~ sQhQ vn~@n~ 1989 @mrt a#wQvR xW;N smyyQ. pvw~n` qR;Qw p`lnyt e@rhQv n#@gn vQ@r`~{yk~ vQp~lvyk~ @ls s`r\}k kr g#nWm @kb[E @q~Xp`ln q$k~mk~ os~@s~ kL yRwOq? e~ s[h` vRvmn` s`{k, sm`j pY`r\}ny mRhRkOr` @g`s~ wQ@b|q? yn pYX~nw~ @mhQqW ap wOLm p#n ngW.

@qY`~hWn~t @qn qVRvm @q~Xp`ln ar\}@yn~ gw~ kL s`{rnWkrNy kLw~ eyQn~ v#gQ@rn sm`j xW;Ny up~plvN~N` wOLQn~ m#nvQn~ qk~v` wQ@b|. "mQnQs~sR mrl @l`~kyk~ jygw h#kQq?" yn pYX~ny cQwYpty wOL iw` pYblv mwOkr wQ@b|. cQwYpty wOL e~ s[h` iw` m#nvQn~ @h~wO s`{k iqQrQpw~ @v|. pQykO@g~ rFkvrNyq ahQmQ awO p#lk mv smg jWvw~ vn qQLQ[E pRwOt aw~vn irNm apt @p@n~. cQwYpt@yhQ mRlqW s[hn~ krn @qY`~hQy` @m| qQLQ[E pRwOy. ohR gmt en ayRr#w~ mv ohRt qk~vn a`rqyw~ wWvY krn r$pr`mR @pL nQmvn~@n~ mv, vn ar@NhQ vR m$NQvr#n~t q`ny rF@gn yn r$pyw~ smgy.

srsvQ@yhQ sQt gmt en wr#Ny` qkQn~@n~ a{Qr`j&v`qyt e@rhQv g@m|w~ alv` wQ@bn @p`~s~tr\y. bs@yn~ bsQn ohR k@d| bQw~wQ@y~ wQbRNR @p`~s~try ir` qmyQ. e@hw~ "mrNy" yn @k`ts pmNk~ ehQ iwQrQ@v|. ey a{&k;vry` sQyRm|v krnR lbn agn` iMQykQ. mn~q @gqr yn ohR @s`y` en srsvQ sgy` @hvw~ k#rLQk`ry` (@r`;`n~ rvWn~qY) wOvk~kOvk~q aw#wQv sQtQn r$py ILMt @p~Yk;ky` qkW. @mhQqW k#rLQk`r wr#Ny`w~ mQyyn wr#Ny`@g~ mvw~ ekm avs~}`vk gA@wrqW ovR@n`vRn~ qkQwQ. py lQs~s` yn mvtq e~ wr#Ny` upk`rW @v|. e@hw~ @m| qy`nRkm|pQw hqvwk~ shQw wr#Ny` awQn~m e~ mv@g~ pRwO mQy#qWm @@qv@y~ srqmk~ v#n~n.

up~plvN~N` mRl~vrt @p~Yk;ky` abQyst en~nWq sQy @q~Xp`ln yRwOkm itRkr, ahQAsk@yk~ sq` k`lytm nQhV kL k#rLQk`r wr#Ny` vn l#h#@bhQ v#tW sQtQn awry. uq#sn hQs mRdR krq~qW a#@g~ a@whQq @l~ w#v@rn ayRr# a{&k;vry` apt @pn~vyQ. ey wvw~ vQn`Xyk sA@k~wykQ. sn~sRn~ rQq~m@yn~ py osv` en up~plvN~N`@g~ py @qst @y`mRvn k#mr`v ek~vrm a#@g~ p#n~ b[En bQ[W yn r$pyt @y`mR @vyQ. anwOr#v a#y abQys wOvk~kOv m`n` sQtQn k#rLQk`r wr#Ny` apt @p@n~. nQhV vn ar@NhQ @s`b` qhm nQv` snh`ln wrm| r$sQrQ@yn~ yRwO up~plvN~N` h` @mm k#rLQk`r wr#Ny` hmRvWmw~ smg a#r@Bn kw`v awWw an`vrNyn~q smg @p~Yk;ky` abQys n`t&my a`k`r@yn~ gl` yyQ.

a`c`r\y wQs~s a@b|@s~kr s~vkWy pYbl wQr rcny wOL sQylE sQqEvWm| amRN` a#w~@w~ up~plvN~N` @vwtm av{`ny @y`mR krmQn~y. up~plvN~N`@g~ awWw`vr\jnyn~ s[h` apRr\v sQnm`@v`~cQw vQ{Q kYm x`vQw` kr a#w. sQy kOtQ@yhQ h`n~sQvW sQtQn up~plvN~N`t sQy @y`vRn~ jWvQw@yhQ sQwOvm| m#@vn~@n~ a#y abQys wQ@bn {r\m pRs~wk@yhQ pQtR ekQn~ ek @prLW yq~qWy. a#y yhnQn~ b#s @p`w vs` awWwy h` vr\wm`ny ek~ krn r$p r`mR @pL ag@n~y. wm`@g~ sw~k`r lbn k#rLQk`r wr#Ny` awrQn~ a#@g~ sQw qEvn~nW.

upRlW @ls @gvR qMk`r awWw gQhQ jWvQwyty. k#rLQk`r wr#Ny`t @s~m a#@g~ gQhQ qQvQ@yhQ s#mQy`tq awkt pw~wO b#[ s`w~wO kQrWmt a#yt sQqE@v|. em @C~qnyn~ apRr#y.

a`r`m@yhQ sQyl~ln~tm rhsQn~ @k@rn @m| s`w~wOv @p`dQ a#w~wW nm| vR kOd`m sQl~ m`w`v bl` sQtQn~nWy. a#@g~ crQwy iw` s~vx`vQkvRq Lm`vQyt ucQw vRq rQq~mykQn~ gl` yn~nkQ. bh @w~@rn vQ@y~qW ks`vwk~ @w`~r` gw~ @m| q#rQy@g~ h#sQrWm| iw` m#nvQn~ cQwYpty wOL apQ qkQmR. a#yt @h`[ nrk kQy` @qn ayRr#w~ a#y h` up~plvN~N` awr v#@dn b#[Wmw~ vQXQ;~t @ls nQmvW wQ@b|. sRmn`vwW@g~ up@qs~ nQs` vQ@tk a#y mRrN~dR vn~nWy. up~plvn~n` a`r`m@yn~ yq~qW a#y wOL vn k#LBWm iw` m#nvQn~ apt @p@n~.

upRlW@g~ @y_vn @pY~my pn~wQ sm`jy anRmw @n`kQrWm apt p#h#qQlQy. kOlhWn y#yQ kQv h#kQ wr#NykO h` b#@[n upRlW @qmvRpQyn~ h#rqm` ohR smg s#MvW yn~nWy. upRlW a`psR nQvst en~nW mv@g~ mLgmty. ehQqW a#@g~ pQy` (sRmQn~q sQrQ@s~n) s#NkQn~ a#@g~ s#mQy`t @vdQwb` mrN ayRr# apt @p@n~. ey ohR wOL vR @@vry ivRr# bQ[ y$mk~ bv h#MvWmt v$ym| kL` vQy yRwOy. e@hw~ ap qn~n` g@m| @vq mhw~wykO a`psR @gqr en qQyNQyk~ @vnR@vn~ eb[E s#h#sQ pYwQc`ryk~ qk~vn bv kQv @n`h#k. @@vry gQn~nk~ bv s#b$y. sQy b$N` @vdQwb` m#rWm nQs` upRlW up~plvN~N` vQm pQLQb[v kdQnm| s`k;Q @s`y` y$mk~q e~?

sQylE @l_kQk a@p~k;` bQ[W gQy upRlW in~ mQ@qn mg nQv#rqQv @w`~r` gn~nWy. e@hw~ upRlW@g~ pQy` eb[E G`wkykO kQrWm s`{`rNq? ohR@g~ psRw#vWm hQr@gqrqW apt @p@n~. sQy qQyNQy pt`c`r`vk~ @s~ ssr asrN vW@m| vrq ohRt @n`@pnW y$mt wrm| pYbl @h~wOvk~ cQwYpty wOL n#w. cQwYpt@yhQ m` qkQn ek~ adRvk~ @ls ey s[hn~ kL yRwOy.

up~plvN~N`@g~ mRvQn~ sQylE an`vrNyn~ kQrWm s[h` sAk;Qp~w kw`vk~ @g`d n#gW@m| axQ@y`~gy wQr rcny wOL pYXs~w @ls jy@gn wQ@b|. e@hw~ ehQqW g#mQ sm`j@y~ pYbl s`r{r\m @n`wk` h#rWmt idk~ n#w. wQr rcn@yhQ kQsQqE anvX& qQg~ g#s~sWm| n#w. srsvQ sQsRv`@g~ mv (c`n~qnW) pYbl rAgnyk~ iqQrQpw~ kr wQbQNQ. k#rlQk`r wr#Ny`t @p`@r`@vn~ g#sWmt s#r@sn a#y yLQ e~ pRwO sQy a#k@yhQ @h`v` @gn hVn r$pr`mRv vQXQ;~ty. a`c`r\y wQs~s a@b|@s~kr a@p~k;` kL m`nv qy`v ar\} pRr\N {|vnQ k`v&yk~ @s~ mh`c`r\y a`rQyrw~n awQn~ nQmvn~@n~ vQXQ;~t @lsy. @m| am|m`@g~ k[ELt cQwYpty qW wQ@bn~@n~ pYbl ar#wk~ bv mm kQymQ.

a`c`r\y a@b|@s~krt gm, g#mQbs h` g#mQhq nRhRr# @qyk~ @n`@v|. gm wvmw~ pn~sl smg b#[W wQ@b|. h`mRqEr#vn~@g~ crQwy pQLQb[ vQymn awQX@y`~k~wQyt br vRvk~ bv m@g~ h#MWmy. ey a#w#m| vQtk klkt @pr n#@gnhQr pL`@w~ jWvm`n vR qQBRl`gl hQmQyn~@g~ a`vr\jnykt s#rsWmk~q#yQ sQ@w~. cQwYpt@y~ en hQmQnm @p`lQsQyt @qn crQw shwQky ap rF@gn yn~@n~ xW;N smy @vwty. cQwYpty a`rm|x@y~qWm h#M@vn @vdQ hVvl~ smg q#vW pQLQs~@sn wr#Nyn~@g~ r$pr`mR apt @p@n~.

upRlW up~plvN~N` vWmt @pr sQy sRn~qr @ks~v#tQy bRg` qmn jvnQk` @pLq pYbly. jWvQwy pQLQb[ klkQrW gQy yRvwQyk@g~ hqvw wOL wmn~ vQ@X~;@yn~ b#[ENR kQsQvk~ iwQrQvW n#wQ bv in~ h#M@v|. k#rLQkr#vkOt jWvQwy lb` qW@m| sm|mw vrq nQs` @p`lQsQyq armt kd` vqW. e@hw~ avs`n@y~qW @l`kO m$NQyn~ kQyn~nW up~plvN~n` kQsQqE vrqk~ @n`kL bvy.

up~plvN~N` @ls rMn sAgWw` vWrrw~n sQy rAg jWvQw@yhQ vQXQ;~twm pYwQx`v vQqh` qk~v` wQ@b|. cQwYpt@y~ sn~sRn~ rQq~myt anRv a#y p#y @qkkt a`sn~n k`lyk~ @pY~k;ky`t a#sQpQy s#lWmt @h`~ avk`Xyk~ @n`@qn wrm|y. wr#N k#rlQkr#v` h` a#y awr a#wQvn sb[w`v vQvQ{ kOhRlQn~ pQr#Nq kQsQvQ@tk a#@g~ hq @ln~@q`r npRrkt idqW n#w. @qbs~ uc|c`rNy @mn~m wWvY x`vmy km|pnykQn~ pQr#NR a#@g~ vQl`sy m$wkqW m` qEtR apRr\vm rAgnykQ. m@g~ wk~@s~r#v nQv#rqQ nm| sAgWw` nm#wQ mnrm| nQLQy@g~ s#mr#m| sQnm`g`ry wOL r[v` e~mt kQsQqE @pY~k;kykOt @n`h#kQy.

sAgWw` sw~wkQn~m ob m`nv qy`@vhQ g#BRrq @pY~m@yhQ sRkOm`rw~vyq jWvQw@yhQ sAkWr\Nw~vyq up~plvN~N` wOL sjWvW k@LhQy. X`n~w r#vQn~q akm|pQw s~vr@yn~q sAs`r k`n~w`r@yhQ nQrn~wr gmnk nQrwv sQtQn pRhRqEn~, ahQAsk`vQyk~ ob vQcQwY @ls nQr$pNy k@LhQy.

jgw~ cmQl pYwQx`pRr\N nU@vkQ. e@hw~ obt akl~ mrNyk~ hQmQvW@mn~ ob@g~ rAgn @w~js ap a#s @n`g#tQNQ. @r`;`n~ rvWn~qY ob nm| vQXQ;~t@yk~m#yQ. ob@g~ mRhRN wQry mw a#@qn h#m vQ@tkm m` qEtR ekm sw&y eyyQ. cn~qY` kUa`rc|cQ@g~ sWm`v wOL a#y apRr#vt qQ@lyQ. s[lQ cwOrQk` g#nq a`dm|bry. m`lQnW @f`n~@s~k` nm| vR nQLQ rFjQntq a#@g~ sRrwQn~ rF@gn en ph@n~ eLQy up~plvN~N`tm nQr\@l`~xWv lb`qWmt sQqEvW a#w. (phnQn~ phn~ q#l~vWm @k`wrm| yhpw~q?)

nvrw~n gm@g~ cQwYpty il~l` sQtQn sAgWwy pQLQb[ iw` @h`[ av{`nykQn~ sQtQ bv @p@n~. vQX`rq nn~q m`lQnQy@g~ @w~m` gWwy iw` pYbly. up~plvN~N` cQwYpty sQAhl sQnm`v pQLQb[ ap wOL n#vRm| a@p~k;` ql~vn~nkQ. xW;Ny G`wny ihvh` gQy @l`vk eyt e@rhQv "@n`nsn~n @n`mrn~n" yn a`y`cny pYbl sQnm`r$pW aw~q#kWmk~ bvt pw~ kQrWmt mh`c`r\y sRnQl~ a`rQyrw~n smw~v sQtQyQ. cQwYpt@y~ r$p rcny vQXQ;~ty. sAs~krNy mn`y. m`nv sb[w`vyn~hQ sQyRm| bvq sA@v|qW bvq wWvY kQrWmt k#mr` a{&k~;k sRmQn~q vWrsQAh q sAs~krN XQl~pQ rAgn sQAh`r@g~q a{&k;vry`t @n`msRr#v sh`y @qwQ. @@vry sh`sQkw~vyq @vnRvt mnR;& vr\gy` @vw qy`v, a`qry, prQw&`gy LM`vQy yRwO bv up~plvN~N` apt kQyn~nWy.

up~plvN~N` @ls rMn sAgWw` vWrrw~n sQy rAg jWvQw@yhQ vQXQ;~twm pYwQx`v vQqh` qk~v` wQ@b|. cQwYpt@y~ sn~sRn~ rQq~myt anRv a#y p#y @qkkt a`sn~n k`lyk~ @pY~k;ky`t a#sQpQy s#lWmt @h`~ avk`Xyk~ @n`@qn wrm|y. wr#N k#rlQkr#v` h` a#y awr a#wQvn sb[w`v vQvQ{ kOhRlQn~ pQr#Nq kQsQvQ@tk a#@g~ hq @ln~@q`r npRrkt idqW n#w. @qbs~ uc|c`rNy @mn~m wWvY x`vmy km|pnykQn~ pQr#NR a#@g~ vQl`sy m$wkqW m` qEtR apRr\vm rAgnykQ. m@g~ wk~@s~r#v nQv#rqQ nm| sAgWw` nm#wQ mnrm| nQLQy@g~ s#mr#m| sQnm`g`ry wOL r[v` e~mt kQsQqE @pY~k;kykOt @n`h#kQy.