@qvn @k`ts

ar\bRqy kOmk~ q? vQs[Emk~ a#w~ q?

gONq`s amr@s~kr

@m| ar\bRqyt vQs[Emk~ a#wQ q yn pYX~nyt qWmt a#wQ pQLQwOr nm| ev#nQ vQs[Emk~ s[h` wvmw~ idkd a#wQ bvyQ. e@s~ nm| e~ vQs[Em kOmk~ q? e~ p#nyt pQLQwOr# qWmt @pr ap awr in~n` a#w#@mkO@g~ mn@shQ a#wQ qEr\mwyn~ ivw~ kL yRwO y#yQ sQwmQ.

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@m| qEr\mw@y~ g#lW in~n pQrQs, sRq~q` apt hQmQkr qEn~, 77 n~ psR wQrQhn~ vR vQj`wQk a`r\}Qk@y~ a`XQr\v`qy lq ihL h` m#q pAwQyt ayw~ vn~@n`~ @vwQ. pYx`krn~ vQn`X kQrWmt nm| @m| vQj`wQk Ny a`r\}Qky vQn`X kL yRwO y#yQ kW@v`w~ pYx`krn~ vQn`X kQrWmt ovRn~ ekM @n`@vnR a#w.

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sRq~q` hQmQkr qW gQy, anRkYm@yn~ Ny a`r\}Qkyk~ bvt pw~ vR @m| vQj`wQk a`r\}Qky apt hQmQkr qW a#wQ "x`g&y" mWt ps@L`s~ vsrkt @pr (1993 qW) m vQsQn~ lQyn lq j`wQk cQn~wny sh j`wQk a`r\}Qky nm#wQ nQbn~{@yn~ @pn~nRm| @k@LmQ. ehQqW m` @y`q` gn~n` lq~@q~ 1992 ek~sw~ j`wWn~@g~ k^;Qkmr\ sAvr\{n j`w&n~wry mgQn~ krn lq smWk;N v`r\w`vyQ. e~ v`r\w`vt anRv 1972 sQt 1992 qk~v` ap@g~ qQLQ[E bv 40% k~ vr\{n vW wQ@b|. qQLQ[E bv sWgY@yn~ vr\{ny vR rtvl~ 114 awrQn~ XWY lAk`v pYmRKs~}`nyk~ @gn a#w. qEp~pw~ pvRl~vlQn~ 40% k~ gn~n` qQnpw` a`h`ry mQnQskOt avX& vn k#lrQ pYm`Ny vn 2200 adRy. vys avRr#qE 5 t adR qr#vn~@gn~ 50% k~ mn~q @p`~;N@yn~ @p@LwQ. @m| r@tQ upqQn qr#vn~ 25% k~ b@rn~ adR ay @vwQ. jnghn@yn~ 20% k~ vQrFkQy`@vn~ @p@LwQ. @m| r@tQ ihLm a`q`ym| lbn 10% k~ j`wQk a`q`y@mn~ 49% k~ gQlgn~n` awr adRm a`q`ym lbn 40% t hQmQ vW a#w~@w~ j`wQk a`q`y@mn~ 7% k~ pmNQ.

@n`@b`~q` mh`c`r\y in~qrw~n mhw` vQsQn~ pvw~vn lq @q~XnykqW ihwQn~ qk~vn lq qw~w sn`} kr wQ@bnR mm qEtQmQ. ohR qk~vn qw~w anRv ihLm a`q`ym| lbn 20%, 77 n~ psR j`wQk a`q`y@mn~ 55% k~ lb`g#nW@m| x`g&y aw~kr @gn a#w.

mh`c`r\y in~qrw~n mhw` @m| ww~w~vyt @h~wO vX@yn~ qk~vn~@n~ s@q`s~ p`lny, bqE vAcny ihvh` @g`s~ a#wQ qR;Ny yn`qW yyQ. m` qkQn ayRr# @m|v` @m| vQj`wQk a`r\}Qky h` aw&n~w@yn~m b#[EnR @vn~ kL @n`h#kQ aA@g`~p`Ag @vyQ. @m| vQj`wQk a`r\}Qky @m@lsm wb`@gn e~ a{m pYvNw`vlQn~ ey mRq` g#nW@m| a@p~k;`v, @vsMnk@gn~ pwQvw a@p~k;` kQrWmt @q@vnR @n`@v|.

@m| vQj`wQk a`r\}Qk@y~ p#v#w~m pQLQb[v iw` v#qgw~ nQrWk;Nyk~ vQpk; n`yk rnQl~ vQkYmsQAh mhw` vQsQn~ m$wkqW kr wQ@bnR qEtQmQ.

@m| r@tQ a`r\}Qky qEvn~@n~ 1948 qW nQqhs l#bWmw~ smM ek~sw~ j`wQk pk;y vQsQn~ bQhQ kL @r\l~ pWl~l ud bvq, in~ ik~bQwQ wQs~ vsr wOL (48 : 77) ey e@lsm qQv a#wQ bvq, 77 qW e~ @r\l~ pWl~l vd`w~ Xk~wQmw~ vW aq @vn wOr# e@lsm qQv a#wQ bv q, eb#vQn~ ILM wQs~ vsr wOL q @m| r@tQ a`r\}Qky ek~sw~ j`wQk pk;y yt@w~ e~ @r\l~ pWl~l mw vd`w~ Xk~wQmw~v qQ@vnR a#wQ bvq e~ mhw` vQsQn~ pYk`X kr wQ@b|. rnQl~ vQkYmsQAh mhw`@g~ pY`r\}ny i;~t @v|q n#q~q yn~n apQ @n`qnQmR. e@hw~ ewOm`@g~ @m| nQrWk;Ny ap@g~ av{`nyt q#dQ @ls @y`mR vQy yRwO @vyQ. psRgQy s#t vsr wOL @j~. a`r\. a`vq, @pY~mq`s a`vq, cnqYQk` a`vq, mhQn~q r`jpk; a`v q @m| rt iqQrQyt @g`s~ a#w~@w~ @m| vQj`wQk @r\l~ pWl~l ud bv ap vQsQn~ avQv`q@yn~ pQLQgw yRwO @vyQ. aqw~ e~ ww~w~v@yhQ kQsQqE @vnsk~ sQqE@vmQn~ pvwQn bv @n`@p@n~. e~ wQs~ vsr avs`n vn vQt @m| rt ytw~ vQjQw @k`lnQyk~ vn bv nm| s#k h#r kQv h#kQyQ.

ap mRhRN @qn @m| ar\bRq@yn~ g#lvW@m| mRl~ pQyvr vQy yRw~@w~ bhRwr jnw`v @pLmQn~ rt, j`wQy q`sx`v@yhQ wbmQn~ pvw~v`@gn yn @m| vQj`wQk a`r\}Qk@yn~ g#lvWmyQ. apt s~@@vrWyw~vyk~ g#n kw` kL h#k~@k~ evQt pmNQ. a`r\}Qk s~@@vrWyw~v@yn~ @w`r vR s~@@vrWyw~vy vcnyt sWm` vR @b`r#vkQ. @my kL h#k~@k~ @k@s~ q?

j`wQk vQmRk~wQ arglykQn~ @mpQt @my kL h#kQ y#yQ mm @n`sQwmQ. rt wOL a#w~w` vR sQylE j`wQk bl@v|g ek` @mn~ n#gQt sQt @gnQynR lbn mh` j`wQk v&`p`rykQn~ pmNQ @m| ww~w~vy @vns~ kL h#kQ vnR a#w~@w~. ev#nQ j`wQk vQmRk~wQ v&`p`ryk s~vx`vy pQLQb[ q#nRmk~ @m@v|@lhQ ap vQsQn~ lb`gw yRwO @vyQ. ev#nQ av@b`~{ykQn~ @w`rv krn lq a{Qr`j& vQ@r`~{W v&`p`r v&r\}v @g`s~ a#wQ s#tQ apQ qnQmR.

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vQj`wQk a`r\}Qkykt bQlQ vW a#wQ a@p~ rt v#nQ rtvl~ hmR@vhQ a#wQ pY{`n k`r\yyk~ nm| j`wQk a`r\}Qkyk~ @g`dnM` g#nWmyQ. ehQqW @q~XWy {n hQmQyn~ swO vQ@X~; vgkWmk~ wQ@b|. rjykt wnQkrm kL h#kQ @qyk~ @n`@v|. nv aqhs~, nQr\m`N kOslw` a#wQ {n a`@y`~jny kL h#kQ pQrQsk~ e~ s[h` avX& @vyQ. 70:77 wOL rjy gw~ kQYy`m`r\g as`r\}k vR@y~ rjy sQyl~l jnswO kQrWmt w#w~ kQrWmw~, @q~XWy v&`p`rQkyn~ qQrQmw~ @n`kQrWmw~y yn @c`~qn`@v| kQsQym| a#w~wk~ wQ@b|.

o|n$m s`r\}k sm`j:a`r\}Qk:@q~Xp`ln @prLQyk~ pQtRps cQn~wn vQp~lvyk~ a#wQ bv apQ qnQmR. cQn~wn vQp~lvykQn~ krnR lbn~@n~ bhRwr jnw`v e~ @prLQy s[h` @pL g#s~vWmyQ, m`nsQk vX@yn~ sn~nq~{ kQrWmyQ. e~ k`r\yy amwk kr bhRwryk@g~ a`XQr\v`qy @n`lb` vQp~lv`qWn~ tQk @qnkO @h`~ e~k`{QpwQykO vQsQn~ krnR lbn @prLQ s`r\}k @n`vn bv apQ iwQh`sy wOLQn~ qnQmR. @s`~vQytQ vQp~lvy as`r\}k vWmt ek~ @h~wOvk~ @my vQy h#kQyQ. @b`l~@;~vQk~ @k@nkO vR @lnQn~ @mn~ @;~vQk~vr#n~@g~ mwy @n`pQLQgn~@n~y. k#p vR sRU pQrQsk~ mMQn~ vQp~lvy s`r\}k @ls kL h#kQ bvyQ @lnQn~@g~ mwy vR@y~. awWw@y~ sQt jnsm|mwv`qy mRl~ b#s@gn a#wQ @m| r@thQ @m| kr#N @kwrm| v#qgw~ q yn~n kQv mn` @n`@v|.

j`wQk vQmRk~wQ arglyk~ qQyw~ kQrW@m|qW @m| cQn~wn vQp~lvy an~ s$m avs~}`vktm vd` v#qgw~ @vyQ, aw&`vX& @vyQ.

sQyvs~ gNnk~ mRUl~@lhQ ytw~ vQjQwv p#vwQ rtvl~ mRhRN @qn pY{`nm pYX~nyk~ nm| ovRn~t mRhRN qWmt sQqE vR sAs~k^wQk a`kYmNyyQ. wmn~ ytw~ krgw~ jnw`v q`syn~, m`nsQk vhlEn~ bvt pw~ kQrW@m|qW mRlQk vR@y~ @m| sAs~k^wQk a`kYmNyyQ. cQn~wn vQp~lvykQn~ krnR lbn~@n~ e~ nQ@qY`~pgw vR sAs~k^wQk vQZ`ny avqQ kr ovRn~ vhl~ ww~w~v@yn~ mRqv` g#nWmyQ. avqQ krn lq sAs~k^wQk sx&w~v vQZ`ny vQsQn~ itR krnR lbn pY{`n k`r\yy nm| j`wQk ann&w`v is~mwO kr e~ @p`qE ann&w`v os~@s~ j`wQyk sQylE s~}r e~kr`XW kQrWmyQ. @m| j`wQk smMQ@yn~ @w`rv vQj`wQk swOr` smM stn~ kL h#kQ @n`@v|. pAwQ stnt mRl~ w#n @qn a@p~ m`k~s~v`qWn~ wm` @n`q#nRvw~vm vQj`wQk swOr`@g~ p#w~w ar@gn a#w~@w~ @m| av@b`~{@yn~ @w`r vWm nQs` @n`@v|q?

sAs~k^wQk vQZ`ny avqQkr, j`wQk ann&w`v emgQn~ p`q` qW adR wrmQn~ bhRwry vn sQAhlyn~ e~kr`XW kL yRwO bv vth` gn~n` lq~@q~ ang`rQk {r\mp`lwOmn~ vQsQnRyQ. pAwQ st@n~ @yqW sQtQ a@p~ m`k~s~v`qWn~t ewOm` sQAhl j`wQv`qQykO @ls @pnWm pRqEmyk~ @n`@v|. jpn~ a`kYmNyt cWny mRhRN @qmQn~ sQtQ av{Q@yhQ m`@v`~ pQl sh cQy$n~ k`yQ@;k~ pQl vX@yn~ @bqW sQtQ cWn j`wQy e~kr`XW kQrWm pQNQs m`@v`~ @s~wOA, @c_n~en~l`yQ qRw @m@hvrk pQtw~ kr h#rQy bv kQynR l#@b|. m`@v`~ @s~wOA pAwQ stn p`v` qEn~ j`wQv`qQykO @ls e@v|@lhQ kQsQvkO h#[Qn~ vR bvk~ ap as` n#w.

ap@g~ j`wQk vQmRk~wQ stn s`r\}k krg#nWmt nm| j`wQy e~kr`XW krn cQn~wn vQp~lvyk~ aq aw&`vX& vW wQ@b|. @mrt sQtQn sQylE jnvr\gyn~t @p`qE j`wQk ann&w`vm is~mwO krn, j`wQk cQn~wny is~mwO krn cQn~wn vQp~lvyk~ mMQn~ sQAhl, @qmL, mRs~lQm| a`qW vR sQylE jnvr\g e~kr`XW kQrWm aq kL yRwOv wQ@b|.

j`wQk vQmRk~wQ v&`p`rykQn~ itR krn a@nk~ pY{`n k`r\yy nm| j`wQy swOv pvw~n` hr, pRr#;`r\}, a#gyWm|, jWvn prm`r\} mwOkrlWmyQ. @m|v` mwOkr qW@mn~ @w`rv sAs~k^wQk pRnr\jWvnyk~ a#wQ @n`@v|. jn jWvQw@y~ p#v#w~mt avX& s`hQw& kl` nQr\m`N, pYbRq~{ cQn~wny phL @n`@v|. ev#nQ vQtk nQr\m`Ny @k@rnR@y~ jn jQvQwyt aq`L @n`vn nQs~s`r anRkrNyQ. pYbRq~{ sAs~k^wQk pRnr\jWvnyn~ @vnRvt, @rq~qt b#nQymt kQrQbwt @p`l~@wl~ p`nt sWm` vR v&`j sAs~k^wQk pYqr\Xnyk~ p#vwQ 50:60 yRgy wOL @p~r`@qNQ s`hQw& v#nQ anRk`rk nQs~s`r s`hQw&yk~ bQhQ vR s#tQ apQ qEtQmR. aq qk~nt a#w~@w~ Itw~ vd` prQh`nQ ww~w~vykOyQ. vw~mn~ s`hQw& kl` @k;~wYy aZ`n anRk`rkyn~@g~ rj qhnk~ bvt pw~v wQ@b|. 77 n~ ptn~gw~ nv ytw~ vQjQwkrN@y~ pYwQPl q#n~ a@p~ q$s~ iqQrQ@yhQ vQq&mn @vmQn~ pvwW.

j`wQk vQmRk~wQ v&`p`ryn~ vQsQn~ j`wQyk~ swO hr, pRr#;`r\}, jWvn prm`r\} is~mwO kr qWm mMQn~ itRkrnR lbn ihwQn~ q#k~vR k`r\yytw~ vd` v#qgw~ k`r\yyk~ ey vQsQn~ itRkr @qn bv ap vQsQn~ vth` gw yRwO @vyQ. j`wQk vQmRk~wQ v&`p`ryk pY{`n armRN j`wQk a`r\}Qkyk~ @g`dn#MWm bv apQ ihw qW @pn~nRm| @k@LmR. e~ j`wQk a`r\}Qky kQnm| s~vr$pyk~ gw yRwOq? @my wOn~vn @l`~k@y~ in~n` j`wQk n`ykyn~ @mn~m a`r\}Qk vQq&`Zyn~ vQsQn~ q adR@vn~ slk` bln kr#Nk~ bv @p@n~. @b`@h`~ a`r\}Qk vQq&`Zyn~@g~ mwy vW a#w~@w~ @mhQqW bthQr sAvr\{Qw rtvl a#wQ a`r\}Qky a@p~ mQnRm| qVRv vQy yRwO bvyQ. ap @g`dnMn a`r\}Qky q e~ ww~w~vyt pw~ vQy yRwO bvyQ. bthQr @l`~k@y~ aq a#wQ a`r\}Qky wOn~vn @l`~k@y~ rtvl~ anRgmny kr e~ ww~w~vyt pw~ vWmt kl~pn` krn~@n~ nm| e~ s[h` wvw~ gYh@l`~k phk~ @h`~ hyk~, amR qYv& lb`g#nWm pQNQsw~ apqYv& b#h#r kQrWm s[h`w~ avX& vn bv kQynR l#@b|. (bthQr a#wQ @m| a`r\}Qk @m`dly @l`~k vQn`Xyt mRl~ vn bvyQ bthQr in~n m`nv hQwv`qWn~ vQsQn~ q#n~ @pn~nRm| krnR lbn~@n~.) ey @k@s~ vRvw~ @my apt srQln @h`~ avX& a`r\}Qk @m`dly @n`@v|.

e@s~ nm| apt sW@hn apt o@r`w~wO @qn a@p~ avX&w` spRr`ln a`r\}Qk @m`dly ap @s`y` gn~@n~ @k@s~q? ey apt kQy` @qnR lbn~@n~ kvRr#n~ vQsQn~ q?

@my apt kQy` @qnR lbn~@n~ b#h#rQn~ a` kQsQvkO vQsQn~ @n`@v|, ap@g~ sAs~k^wQy vQsQn~myQ. cQn~wn vQp~lvyk~ vQsQn~ ap p`q`gw~ ap@g~ j`wQk hr, pRr#;`r\}, jWvn qr\Xny vQsQnRyQ ap @g`dn#MWmt bl`@p`@r`w~wO vn j`wQk a`r\}Qk@y~ s~vx`vy wWn~qE kL yRw~@w~. e~ sm|x`vy sAs~k^wQ@yn~ sAs~k^wQyt @vns~vWm anQv`r\y @vyQ. aq bthQr a#w~@w~ prQ@x`~jnyt, k`msRKl~lQk`nR @y`~gyt mRl~ w#n @qn jWvn qr\XnykOyQ, It srQln a`r\}QkykOyQ.

ap@g~ hr pq~{wQy vQsQn~ ey hWn, gY`m&, an`r\y a`r\}Qkyk~ @ls b#h#r krnR l#@b|. ap vQsQn~ wn`gw yRw~@w~ ap@g~ sAs~k^wQyt anRv uq`r, uw~wr lk;N@yn~ yRwO apt o@r`w~wO @qn a`r\}QkykOyQ. ey vQnQX~cy krnR lbn~@n~ ar cQn~wn vQp~lvy vQsQn~ p`q` @qnR lbn ap@g~ hr, pRr#;`r\}, jWvn qr\Xny vQsQnRyQ.

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