@b`~wl~ kL vwOr @b`n~n klQn~
@m| tQkw~ kQyv` bln~n
ngr@y~ sR@K`~p@x`~gW @v@L[s#@l~ sQt a$w pQtQsr g@m| ktRm#tQ
bQw~wQvlQn~ vt vR @v@L[s@l~ q aq p`nWy jl @b`~wl~ vQkQNWmt wQ@bn
ayRr# qk~nt l#@b|. vr\wm`n sm`j@y~ a#w#m| p`r\X~v @my
vQl`sQw`vk~ vX@yn~ @mn~m sQy sm`j wr`wQrm @l`~ky`t mv` p$mt @mvlmk~
vX@yn~ @y`q` @gn wQ@b|.
v@n~ vn s@wkOt vRvq wQbht qQy @p`qk~ qWm eq` p#rFn~nn~ s#lkO@v|
mhMO pQAkmk~ @lsyQ. e@hw~ aq ey l`x upyn v&`p`ryk~ bvt pw~ kr@gn
wQ@b|.
p`nWy jl @b`~wl~ kr\m`n~wyt XYW lAk`v v#nQ rtvl~ @w`~w#n~nk~
vW a#w~@w~ e~ s[h` avX& vn pY{`n amR qYv& vn pQrQsQqE jl
mRl`XY @m| r@tQ @b`@h`myk~ pY@q~Xvl pQhQt` wQbW@mnQ. e@mn~m em
amRqYv& @b`@h`myk~ em pY@q~X wOLQn~ @n`mQ@l~m spy` g#nWmt h#kQv
wQ@b|. vQX`l vX@yn~ l`x ip#yQy h#kQ kr\m`n~wyk~ vX@yn~ aq @my
k` awrw~ pYclQwv qWp v&`p~wv vQhQqW a#w. nQ;~p`qny, @bq`h#rWm
sh a@lvQ kQrWm yn aAX wOntm a#wOLw~ pQrQs~ vQX`l pQrQsk~ aq
p`nWy jl @b`~wl~ kr\m`n~w@y~ nQy#LW sQtQwQ.
o|n$m kr\m`n~wykt pQrQs v#dQ @vq~qW wrgk`rQw~vy jy g#nWmt
sh v#dQ l`x l#bW@m| armRNQn~ @v@L[@p`Lt v&`j h` pYmQwQ@yn~ @w`r
nQ;~p`qn ek~vWm s`m`n& sQq~{QykQ. p`nWy jl @b`~wl~ kr\m`n~wyt
q aq aw~v a#w~@w~ em irNm y. em nQs` @v@L[@p`@L~ a#wQ p`nWy jl
@b`~wl~ x`vQw krn p`rQ@x`~gQkyn~ aq iw` s#lkQlQmw~ vQy yRwOy.
@l`~k@y~ @b`@h`myk~ rtvl~ p`nWy jl mRl`XY sQ[Wy$@m| wr\jnykt
@g`qEr# @vmQn~ a#wQ bv mWt qXk kQhQpykt @pr xS vQq&`Zyn~ vQsQn~
an`vrNy @krQNQ. @m| awr p`nWy jly hQM bthQr rtvlQn~ @mm @b`~wl~
krn lq jly x`vQwy a`rm|x vQy. avX&w`v @vnR@vn~ em rtvl kL @mm
nQ;~p`qny ek~qhs~ nvsQy anRv qXk@y~ XYW lAk`v ey v#L[ gw~@w~
nvwm vQl`sQw`vk~ h` sR@K`~p@x`~gW x`N~dyk~ vX@ynQ.
gmk k@d|kt @g`s~ bWmt vwOr @p`qk~ il~lEv` q a#sRr#m| krn lq
p`nWy jl @b`~wlyk~ qQk~ krn wrmt aq mm jl @b`~wl~ kr\m`n~wy
XYW lAk`v wOL v&`p~wv wQ@b|. @m| vn vQt XYW lAk`@v| p`nWy jl @b`~wl~
a`ywn asRhwk~ lQy`pqQAcQ vW wQ@b|. eyQn~ a`ywn asR @qkk~m @q~XWy
a`ywn @v|. a`ywn phk~ pQtrtQn~ a`nyny kr @bq` hrQn a`ywn @v|.
2006 vr\;@y~ @mm p`nWy jly @b`~wl~ kr\m`n~w lQy`pqQAcQy a`rm|x
kr a#w. @m| awr lQy`pqQAcQ @n`krn lq nQymQw pYmQwQ@yn~ @w`rv
p`ny kQrWmt nRqEsRqE ww~w~v@y~ jly @b`~wl~ kr @v@L[@p`Lt ek~
krn a`ywn q r`XQyk~ pvwQyQ.
em nQs` vQ@X~;@yn~ pqQk @v|qQk`, uw~sv xSmQ, bs~ n#vwOm|pL
sh jAgm @v@L[En~ mgQn~ p`nWy jly @b`~wl~ mQlqW g#nW@m|qW p`rQ@x`~gQkyn~
iw` vQmsQlQmw~ vQy yRwOy. p`nWy jl @b`~wlyk~ mQlqW g#nW@m|qW @k`wnkQn~
gw~w q ehQ pYmQwQy pQLQb[ vQX~vsnWy x`vy whvRr# kr g#nWmm iw`
v#qgw~ y.
XYW lAk`@v| a@lvQ vn s$m p`nWy jl @b`~wl~ vr\gyk~m @s_K&
am`w&`AX@y~ a`h`r p`ln e~kk@y~ lQy`pqQAcQ vQy yRwOy.
lQy`pqQAcQ @n`kr jl @b`~wl~ @v@L[@p`Lt ek~ kQrWm nWwQ vQ@r`~{W
kYQy`vkQ. 1980 aAk 26 qrn a`h`r pn@w~ sks~ krn lq a`h`r (@b`~wl~
krn lq a#sRr#m| krn lq jly) nQ;~p`qnyt 2005 nQ@y`~gy yt@w~ @m|
sm|bn~{@yn~ nWwQmy @rgOl`sQ sks~ vW wQ@b|. @m| yt@w~ ekW jl @b`~wl~
nQ;~p`qn a`ywn lb` gn~n` jl mRl`XY@y~ sQt p`nWy jl @b`~wlyk
nQmQ avs~}`v qk~v` sQylE aAX sh e~v`@y~ @s_K&`rk~;Qw pQLQ@vw
pQLQb[ prWk~;`vt lk~ @k@r\. mRlQk sRqEsRkm| spRr` n#wQ a`ywn
s[h` @mhQqW lQy`pqQAcQyt ayqEm| kQrWmt idk~ @n`m#w. lQy`pqQAcQ
vR a`ywn pQLQb[v @s_K& am`w&`AX@y~ a`h`r p`ln e~kky mgQn~ vrQn~
vr prWk~;` kQrWm| sQqE krnR lbyQ.
s`m`n&@yn~ @q~XWy @v@L[@p`@L~ a@lvQ kQrWm s[h` XYW lAk`
pYmQwQ a`ywn@y~ WKW pYmQwQ shwQky aw&vX& @n`@v|. p`nWy jl @b`~wl~
s[h`WKW : 894 qrn pYmQwQ shwQky nQkOw~ @k@r\. ehQqW jl @b`~wl~vl
pYmQwQy pmNk~ @n`v em nQ;~p`qn kYQy`vlQ@y~ nQy#LW sQtQn @s~vk
@s~vQk`vn~@g~ @s_K& ww~w~vy pQLQb[v q @s`y` blnR lbyQ. e~ anRv
WKW :894 pYmQwQy lb`g#nWm s[h`WKW:143 h` WKW:1211 s[h` vn
sRqEsRkm| p`nWy jl @b`~wl~ kr\m`n~wkr#vn~ vQsQn~ spRr` wQbQy
yRwOy.
@m| vn vQt XYW lAk` pYmQwQ a`ywn@y~ WKW:894 pYmQwQ shwQky @q~XWy
jl @b`~wl~ nQ;~p`qn a`ywn h#t phk~ vQsQn~ lb`@gn wQ@b|. wvw~
a`ywn kQhQpyk~ em shwQky lb`g#nWmt ayqEm| kr wQ@b|.
@k@s~ nmRw~ XYW lAk`@v| pQhQtQ @s_K& @@vq& nQl{`rQ @k`tQT`s
274 k @s~vy krn mhjn @s_K& prWk~;kvr#n~ sh a`h`r h` o_;{
prWk~;kvr#n~ vQsQn~ psRgQy qQnvl sQqE krn lq v#tlWm| mgQn~
lQy`pqQAcQ @n`krn lq p`nWy jl @b`~wl~ nQ;~p`qn a`ywn hwk~
aw~adAgOvt @gn wQ@b|. @k`m|pz~zvWqQ@y~ @p`lQsQy vQsQn~ q sQqE
krn lq v#tlWm| mgQn~ p`nyt nRsRqEsR vAcnQk @ls nQ;~p`qny kr
agngry wOL a@lvQ kQrW@m| @yqENR p`nWy jl @b`~wl~ @v@L[En~
aw~adAgOvt @gn wQ@b|. x`vQw@yn~ psR ivwln jl @b`~wl~vlt vQvQ{
w#n~vlQn~ vwOr pRrv` XWwkr g`lEmRv@q`r pQtQyt p#mQ@Nn @qs~ vQ@qs~
sAc`rkyn~ a#wOU jnw`vt a@lvQ kL bv sQqE krn pYX~n kQrWm|vlqW
aw~adAgOvt pw~ em p`nWy jl @b`~wl~ @v@L[En~ pvs` wQ@b|. sQrQp`
vn~qn` sm@y~ pRj` xSmQ advQy wOL iqQkr wQbR w`vk`lQk @v@L[
kOtQ wOL q ev#nQm vAcnQk an~qmQn~ pRrv` vQkONn jl @b`~wl~
aw~adAgOvt @gn wQ@b|.
@mm nQs` p`nWy jl @b`~wl~ mQlqW g#nW@m|qW ehQ @l~bly,
nQ;~p`qn h` kl~ ikOw~ vn qQnyw~, k`N~d aAky, nQ;~p`qn a`ywn@y~
lQpQny, @b`~wl@y~ mRdQy wOL mRqY`v sh WKW pYmQwQ shwQky p#h#qQlQv
sthn~v wQ@b|q pQLQb[v p`rQ@x`~gQkyn~ vQmsQlQmw~ vQy yRwOy. @mkW
@q~ aph#qQlQv sthn~ nQ;~p`qn @v@L[@p`L qk~nt l#@b|. ev#nQ
nQ;~p`qn mQlqW g#nWm pYwQ@k;~p kQrW@m| ayQQwQy p`rQ@x`~gQkyn~t
wQ@b|. vQvQ{ apqYv&, mN~dQ vr\g, @b`r jly h` a`gn~wOk qYv& a#wOLw~
mQnQs~ prQ@x`~jnyt @n`sRRqEsR jly pQrvR @b`~wl~ aw~adAgOvt gw~
p`nWy jl @b`~wl~ awr wQbW a#w.
pQrQsQqE @n`@h`w~ sm|mw pYmQwQ ww~w~v@y~ pvwQn p`nWy jly
nQv#rFqQv a`vrNy vW wQbQy yRwOy. kQsQqE rsyk~ @h`~ g[k~ sRv[k~
@n`vQy yRwOy. em jl@y~ C& agy 6.5 sQt 8.5 awr vQy yRwOy. jl@y~
p#h#y @hvw~ p#h#qQlQw`v xoB agy 5 t vQy yRwOy. @b`~wl~ krn lq
p`nWy jly lWtryk mQlQ gY$rHm| qXm wOnkt (0.3 pt) vd` ykd ayn @n`wQbQy
yRwOy. ev#nQ jly lWtryk nyQ@tQYtQ (bq3) gY$rHm| pnhk~ q (50t)
nyQtQryQtQ mQlQ gY$rHm| wOnkt (03pt) k~@l`~ryQd| 0.2jk2 @n`ik~mvQy
yRwOy. e@mn~m kQsQqE @h~wOvk~ nQs` p`nWy jl @b`~wlyk~ wOL gYWs~
@wl~ @h`~ I@k`~lyQ @k`~lQ@n~tQ a#wOU @r`~g k`rk k;qY jWvWn~
kQsQvk~ adAgO @n`vQy yRwOy.
