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h` @hk~ty`r\ 265.3 (ak~kr 663.25) k~ @v|. kl`p aAk @qk @k`ts
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@k`LB sQt o|kn~q pQhQtQ uq&`n mRls~}`ny @vw pQvQ@sn~nt avm
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@nk vQsQwOr# jlj kOr#l~@l`~ qhs~ gNnk~ k#qlQ wn`@gn jWvw~ @vwQ.
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kOmn vQl~lEv (@hk~ty`r\ 200) psRkr o|kn~q @qst yq~qW kOmn
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ek~ p@skQn~ (qkONR : n#@gnhQr m`yQm) mRhRqt sWm` vW pvwQn
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v`w`vrNy yt@w~ ehQ sAc`rkyn~t y` h#kQ vQy.
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bQ[QmQn~ kOmn uyn sAc`rkyn~t vQv^w @v|.