nRwn cQn~wny sh @hL b@shQ an`gwy

a`qQ m`nv XQ;~t`c`r pQLQb[ av{`ny @y`mR kQrW@m|qW m`nvy` @l~Knyt hRr#vW a#w~@w~ m$wkqWy. e~ anRv @l~Kny a`rm|x vW q#nt gwv a#w~@w~ vsr pn~qhsk~ pmN k`lykQ. @l`~k@yhQ mRqYN XQl~py a`rm|x vR@y~ 1455 qW pmNy. e~ anRv mRqYN XQl~py @s`y`@gn q#nt vsr pn~sQyyk~ vw~ gw vW n#w. e@hw~ m`nv vQq&`Zyn~t anRv mQnQsRn~ kw` kQrWmt ptn~@gn a#w~@w~ mWt vsr 90000 w~ 40000 w~ awr k`lykqWy. nmRw~ e~ vn vQt x`;`vk~ @n`wQbRNR awr x`;`vk a`rm|xy sQqE vR@y~ mWt vsr 35000 kt @prqW y#yQ s#L@k~.

sQAhl x`;`vq @mkW pRr`N x`;`vn~t n$km| kQyn bskQ. sQAhl x`;`@vhQ sm|xvy pQLQb[ vQvQ{ mw wQ@b|. smhr v`g~@v|qWhR pvsn~@n~ sQAhly qYvQd mRl x`;`vkQn~ p#v@wn~nk~ bvyQ. wvw~ smhr v`g~ vQq&`Zyn~ @pn~v` @qn~@n~ sQAhly p`lQ sAs~k^w x`;` mRl~@k`t @gn in~qE a`r\y mRl x`;`vkQn~ bQhQvR bvyQ. @myt prQb`hQr vR wvw~ aqhs~q a#w. e@hw~ m` bl`@p`@r`w~wO vn~@n~ ekW @hL b@shQ sm|xvy @svWm @n`@v|. nRwn cQn~wny iqQrQ@yhQ ekW @hL b@shQ an`gwy @kbn~qk~ @v|q yn~n vQms` b#lWmtyQ. e~ pQLQb[ s^jR av{`ny @y`mR kQrW@m|qW @hL b@shQ an`gwy avQnQX~cQw ww~w~vykt pw~vW a#wQ bv kng`tR@vn~ vRvq pQLQg#nWmt sQqEvn sw&ykQ. o|n$m x`;`vk~ em x`;`v bQhQvR j`wQ@y~q ann&w`vyQ. sQAhly`@g~ ann&w`v a`rk;` vn~@n~ x`;`v a`rk;` vRv@h`w~ pmNQ. vQvQ{ pY`n~w h` x`vQwyn~ anRv o|n$m x`;`vk up x`;` q#kQy h#kQy. e@hw~ emgQn~ x`;`@v| mRl~ s~vr$pyt h`nQyk~ sQqE@n`@v|. @vnw~ x`;` eyt mQXY vRv@h`w~ @h`~ @vnw~ x`;` mQXY kL@h`w~ mRl~ x`;`vt h`nQ sQqEvWm v#L#k~vQy h#k~kk~ @n`@v|. @m| pqnm mw pQhQt` vQmsn kl~hQ sQAhl x`;`@vhQ vw~mn~ ww~w~vy sm|bn~{@yn~ vQq`rNy vn~@n~ kOmk~q?

kQY. v. 1660 sQt 1679 qk~v` XYW lAk`@vhQ jWvw~ vR @r`btQ @n`k~s~ wm ~b &sQeqrsj~k s^#k~esqb q@ ;Qk~b` q@ k#hkqb (eq` @hLqQv) nm| k^wQ@yhQ @hLbs pQLQb[ vQs~wryk~ spy` wQ@b|. ohR qk~vn aqhs~vlQn~ nRwn sQAhly`t i@gngw h#kQ @b`@h`~ @q~ wQ@b|.

"sQAhl x`;`v lAk`vt vQ@X~;Qw vR x`;`vkQ. @m| x`;`v kw`krn @ssR kQsQm a`sQy`wQkykO m` q#k n#w~@w~y. @mm sQAhl x`;`v vR klW v`g~ Xk~wQ@yn~ @p`@h`sw~ vR l`lQw&@yn~ yRk~w vR mtsQlQtQ vR ey kw`krn mnR;& vr\gy` @mn~m XQ;~t vR @XY~;~T x`;`vkQ. @m| x`;`v kw`krn~@n`~ pYQy @wpR@ln~ h` mQhQrQ a`mn~wYN@yn~q k`r#NQk sm|x`;N@yn~q agw#n~ p#mQNQ@y`~ @vwQ."

e@hw~ nRwn sQAhlyn~@g~ cQn~wn rt`vw~ @mkW x`;`@vhQ sw~x`vyt sQqEvW a#wQ h`nQy @k`wrm|q? nRwn@y~ XYv& q^;& m`{& pRq~gly`@g~ cQn~wny @p`~;Ny krnR vs~ jWvy lb`@qnv` @vnRvt cQn~wny qEbl krn al~l`p sl~l`p b`hRl&@yn~ yRwO v&vh`ryk~ pmNk~ vW wQbWm mhw~ @€qnWy pRvwkQ. vQq&Rw~ m`{& wOLqW smhr nQ@v|qkyn~ vhrnR sQAhly XY`vkyn~ @w~r#m|gn~@n~ @vnw~ a`k`rykt vQy h#kQy. nQ@v|qkyn~ v#h#rQy yRw~@w~ pQrQsQqE sQAhlyyQ. e@s~ @n`vRN@h`w~ s`vq& sQAhly pYclQwvWm v#L#k~vQy @n`h#kQy.

lAk`@vhQ hQtpR jn`{QpwQvrykO@g~ pY{`nw~v@yn~ an`} nQvsk qr#vn~t w&`g pY{`@n`~w~svyk~ p#v#wQ avs~}`@vhQ uw~sv@y~ nQ@v|qn ktyRwO @m@hyvR ek~ vQq&Rw~ m`{&yk~ nQ@y`~jny kL m`{&@v|qQ@ykO sjWvQv em avs~}`v nQ@v|qny k@L~ @m@s~y.

"@m| awQgr# jn`{QpwQwOm` awQn~ an`} vR qr#vn~t a`{`r lb` qW@m| avs~}`vyQ."

@mv#nQ nQ@v|qnvlqW kQyn~n` kQyn @qy asn~n`t sn~nQ@v|qny vn~@n~ nQ@v|qky` a@p~k;Qw ayRrQn~ @n`@v|. sQq~{Qy s[h` l#bW a#w~@w~ v#rqQ ar\}k}nykQ. sm`n& pRq~glykO wOLQn~ @mv#nQ pYk`Xyk~ sQqEvQNQ nm| ey ewrm| gNn~gw yRwO n#w. e@hw~ nQ@v|qkyn~ ynR rttm a#@sn prQqQ kw`krnR lbn~@n~ r@thQ ek~ pQrQsk~ ovRnt svn~qW wm q#nRm @p`~;Ny kr gnQq~qW wvw~ pQrQsk~ ovRhR anRkrNyt bl` sQtQwQ. lQKQw sthnk~ bl`@gn kQyvn a#w#m| r$pv`hQnW m`{&@v|qWhR q x`;`v v#rqQ @ls x`vQw krn avs~}` qElx @n`@v|. ymk~ bl`@gn kQyvn @q~ kQyvWmt wrm| x`;` @p`~;Nyk~ lb` n#wQ wrmt ugw~ sQAhlyn~q pw~vW sQtW nm| ey @€qykQ. ugw~ sQAhlyn~t sQy bs g#n wQ@bn av@b`~{y @mb[E nm| sQAhl @l~Kny g#n av@b`~{yk~ @n`m#wQ nRgw~ sQAhlyn~ g#n kQynRm kv@r\q?

nRwn@y~ @b`@h`~ r`j& a`ywnvl @l~Kn ktyRwOvlt bhRlv @y`q`gnR lbn~@n~ sQAhl x`;`vyQ. e~v`@yhQ @hLbs x`vQwyq awQXyQn~ @X`~cnWyyQ. ym| pRq~glykOt @h`~ a`ywnykt yvnR lbn ywOr# lQyn qhyk~ @gn prWk;`kr bln sQAhly qw~ sQAhlykOt wm j`wQy g#n anRkm|p`vk~ a#wQvnR @n`anRm`ny. e~v`@yhQ e~ wrmtm v#rqQ bhRly. v&`krN rWwQ anRgmny krmQn~ lQyn lq lQpQ @l~Kn aq q#kgw h#k~@k~ iw` avm pYm`NykQ. o|n$m sQAhl pRvw~pwk~ @gn ey sAym@yn~ kQyvn sQAhl qw~ a@ykOt q#kQy h#k~@k~q @m| ww~w~vymy. sQAhl x`;`@v| x`vQwy h` sQAhl v&`krN rWwWhR ul~lAGny @k`t bs h#sQrvWm pQLQb[ nQqsRn~ @ls q#k~vQy h#kQ sQAhl pRvw~pw~ wrm| @y`~g& m`{&yk~ wvw~ n#w. e~v`@yhQ e~ wrmtm s`vq& v&vh`r bhRly. pRvw~pw~ ynR jnm`{&yy. @m|v` @b`@h`~ pQrQsk~ kQyvwQ. pRvw~pw~ vl q#kQy h#kQ v#rqQ x`vQwyn~ anRgmny @k`t s`vq& @ls bs h#sQrvWm nQs` @hLbs sm|bn~{@yn~ p`sl~ LmRn~ sQqEkrn v#rqQ pQLQb[ vgkWm qrn~@n`~ kvrhRq? an`gw@y~ sm`jy x`rg#nWmt sQtQn @mm an`gw prpR@rhQ cQn~wny @n`mgt hrvnR lbn @mv#nQ ww~w~vyn~ @h~wO@vn~ n#@sn~@n~ an`gw prpRr h` b#[ENR x`;`@v| ann&w`v @n`@v|q? x`;`vk v&`krN @yqW@m|qW sQyyt sQyyk~m nQrvq&w`v @svWm asWr# bv sw&ykQ. e@hw~ ey h#kQ wrm| qErt nQv#rqQv w#bWmt uw~s`h gw yRwOy. aq @m| r@thQ e~ pQLQb[ vgkWm qrn~nt kQsQvkO sQtQw~q#yQ sQylE @qn`tm g#tlEvkQ.

wvq sQAhl x`;`v v&vh`ryt gn~n` awr iAgYWsQ vcn ek~kQrW@m| amRwOm rFl~lk~ nRwny vn vQt nQr\m`Ny vW wQ@b|. @b`@h`~ vQt n`grQk pY@q~Xyn~ hQ wr#N wr#NQyn~ awr @my sRlbv q#kQy h#k~kkQ. an~wr\ pRq~gl sn~nQ@v|qn@y~qW wm x`;`v awrt @vnw~ x`;` vcn @y`q` kw` kQrWm @l`~k@y~ x`;` x`vQw krn @b`@h`~ j`wWn~ awr @p`qE @qyk~ vW wQ@b|. e@hw~ sQy x`;`@v| ann&w`v vQk^wQ vn ayRrQn~ kQsQqE j`wQyk~ ev#n~nk~ sQqE@n`krwQ. e@hw~ sQy ann&w`v @n`slkn sQAhl mQnQs~sR kQsQqE vgkWmkQn~ @w`rv em v#rFq~q n#vw n#vww~ krwQ. a#w#m| @p_q~glQk m`{& n`lQk` hQw`mw`m @mm v#rFq~q sQqEkQrWm @kwrm| @€qjnkq? a#w#m| n`lQk` sQAhl n`lQk`q#yQ h[En`gw @n`h#kQ wrmt @hL bs vQk^wQ @k`t x`vQw kryQ. eyQn~ pLvn~@n~ m`{& hsRrn~nn~@g~ x`;`v pQLQb[ q#nR@mhQ qEblw`vyQ. sn~nQ@v|qn @v|qy h#q$r$ nQ@v|qkyn~ nQ@v|qn @k;~wYyt pQvQs a#w~@w~ al~p vX@ynQ. @m| anRv mQXY x`;` v&vh`ry @h~wO@vn~ @hL bs vQk^wQ@k`t jnw`v @vwt sn~nQ@v|qny kQrW@m| itR anQtR pYwQPl g#n g#BRrQn~ sQwQy yRwO k`ly q#n~ eL#B a#w.

o|n$m j`wQykt ann&w`v rFk g#nWmt em j`wQ@yhQ x`;`v vQX`l @m@hyk~ itRkryQ. v[vW yn j`wWn~ awr sQAhl j`wQy sQtQnR@y~ @l`~k@yhQ hw~vn s~}`n@y~y. sQAhl x`;`vq v[vW yn x`;` awrt v#tW wQ@b|. @mm ww~w~vy @m@lsm pvw~v`@gn gQy@h`w~ sQAhlyn~ v[vW y$mt @pr sQAhl x`;`@vhQ mLMm uq`vnR nQs#ky.

sQAhlyn~ @q@qnkO ekQ@nkt hmRvR @m`@h`wk @b`@h`~ vQt al~l`p sl~l`py arBn~@n~q avsn~ krn~@n~q a#w#m|vQt ahRl`gw~ iAgYWsQ vqn~ kQhQpykQnQ. e@hw~ qYvQd j`wWhR @h`~ mRs~lQm| j`wWhR @b`@h`~ vQt sQy mvRbsQn~ kw` kQrWmt @pL@BwQ. @l`~k@yhQ o|n$m j`wQyk~ wm mvRbsQn~ kw` kQrWm wm j`wQyt axQm`nyk~ @k`t slkn awr ey ovRn~@g~ j`wQ@yhQ ann&w`v whvRr# krn lk;Nyk~ @lsq slkwQ. s~vkWy j`wQ@yhQ ann&w`v a`rk;`kr g#nW@m| unn~qEvk~ @n`m#wQ @b`@h`~ sQAhl j`wQkyn~ wm x`;`@vhQ ann&w`v rFkg#nWmt @v@hs @n`g#nWm pQLQb[ pRqEm vQy yRwO n#w. wm r@thQ nQqhs~ qQn@y~qW pv` iAgYWsQ@yn~ j`wQy amwn n`ykyn~ sQtQn rtk mhjnw`v g#n kOmn kw`q? wm`@g~ pRq~glQk ann&w`v whvRr# krn wm aw~sn pv` iAgYWsQ x`;`@vn~ x`vQw krn sQAhl ugw~hR lAk`@v| @k`@wk~ sQtQw~q? @m| sQyl~l apt kQy` p`n~@n~ pQrQ@hn pRq~gl cQn~wnyw~ smg ax`vyt yn @hL b@shQ an`gwy @n`@v|q? sQAhl j`wQ@yhQ mRr @q~vw`vn~ @ls vQr#q`vlQy lw~ a#w#m| xQk;RhR pv` @m| pQLQb[ @n`q#nRvw~ vWm mRUmhw~ j`wQ@y~m ax`g&ykQ.

@m@s~ vw~mn~ lAk` sm`j@yhQ sQAhly`@g~ cQn~wny ptR prm`r\} spRr`g#nWm s[h` sWgY @vnskt qQ@nn~ qQn lk~ vRv@h`w~ sQAhl j`wQ@yhQ ann&w`v rkQn @hL bst aw~vn irNm kOmk~ vQy h#kQq#yQ sQw`g#n~m asWr# @n`@v|. eb#vQn~ @my nRwn lAk` sm`j@yhQ wvqErtw~ iw` g#BRrQn~ s`kc|C`vt x`jny vQy yRwO kr#NkQ.