nQqhs~ st@n~ @prgmn~kr#v`
xQk;RvyQ
iAgWYsQ sRq~qn~ @mrtQn~ pLv` h#r 2008 vs@r\ @pbrv`rQ 04 v#nQ
qQnt h#t avRr#q~qyQ. pLv` h#r yn~@nn~ aqhs~ k@L~ smhr# ey ar\}
qk~vn~@n~ kQQsQqE nQqhs~ stn~ arglykQn~ @w`rv iAgWYsWn~ @mrtt
nQqhs lb`qEn~ bv kQyn` @h~wO@vnQ. e@hw~ ey e@s~ @n`vn bv @mrt
s#b$ iwQh`sy qn~@n`~ qnQwQ. e~ bv @m| mh` @p`@L`v q s`k;Q qrnR
a#w. @mrt a`kYmNy k@L`~ p^wOgWsWn~, ln~@q~sWn~, iAgWYsWn~ yn
yR@r`~pWy j`wQkyn~ pmNk~ @n`v @prqQg a`kYmNQkyn~ q @mhQ p#mQNQ
bv vAXkw`kr#vn~ @l~Kngw kr a#w. e@s~ p#mQNQ s$m a`kYmNQkyn~tm
e@rhQv ovRn~ pLv` h#rWm s[h` j`wQ@y~ mRr @q~vw`vn~ b[E vR
xQk;Rn~ vhn~@s~l` wm qQvQ prqEvt wb` nQqhs~ stn~ v&`p`rvlt
n`ykw~vy qEn~ bv qL[` vhn~@s~, jy XWY mh` @b`~{Wn~ vhn~@s~ rt
v#d sQtQn wOr# kQsQvkOt sMv`lQy @n`h#kQy.
qEtRg#mRNR rjwOm` eL`rt e@rhQv kL st@n~qW rjwOm` smg xQk;R
pQrQsk~ q v#dm kL bv mh`vAX@y~ en k}` pYv^w~wQ@yn~ @p@n~.
un~vhn~@s~l` s^jRv stnt sm|bn~{ @n`vRvw~ stn~ @prmRNt gQy
rjwOm` a#wOU pQrQst vQX`l a`XQr\v`qyk~ Xk~wQyk~ @@{r\yk~ vn~nt
a#w. xQk;Rn~ vhn~@s~l` pQrQsk~ e@s~ v#dmvWm rjwOm`t avX& up@qs~
lb`qWmt vQyyRwO y#yQ sQwQy h#k. @mhQqW wvw~ v#qgw~m kr#N vn~@n~
rjwOm` stn~ @prmRNt y$mt @pr krnR lbn pYk`XyyQ. "m`@g~ @m| v&`y`my
hR@qk~ rjs#p pQNQs @n`v X`sn`y`@g~ cQr p#v#w~m pQNQsy." (rj~j
sRK`y v`y`@m`~ n`yA mm kq`cQpQ sm|bRq~{ s`sns~@s~v Tpn`y ahA)
yn @mm sRpYkt pYk`X@yn~ st@n~ armRN p#h#qQlQy.
eq` ptn~ 1948 qk~v`m (aqw~) lAk` iwQh`s@y~ sQqEvR s$m j`wQk
vQmRk~wQ v&`p`ryn~hQ xQk;R q`ykw~vy m#qQhw~vWm s^jRv l#bRNR bv
iwQh`sy pRr` qk~nt l#@b|.
e~ awrQn~ 1505 n~ psR p^wOgWsQ a`kYmNQkyn~@g~ p#mQNWm
l`AkWy xQk;Rv ivsR@v| n#w. e~ nQs`m a`kYmNQky` pLv` h#rWm s[h`
bRq~{vAs nm| xQk;Rv wm q`ykw~vy ihLQn~m lb`@qmQn~ @ewQh`sQk
qn~wO@r\ stn p^wOgWsWn~t q#v#n~w pr`jyk~ aw~kr @qmQn~ wm upn~
mvRbQmt jygYhN lb` qEn~@n~y.
1658 qW pmN sQqEvR ln~@q~sQ a`kYmQky`t e@rhQv q ev#nQm stn~
v&`p`rvlqW xQk;R q`ykw~vy @n`adRv l#bQNQ. 1760 qW mRhRqEbd v#lQwr
pY@q~X@y~ ln~@q~sWn~t e@rhQv stn~ sAvQ{`n k@L~ mhnRvr sQt p#mQNQ
xQk;R @qnmkQ.
@m| ayRrQn~ vQ@q~XWy a`kYmNQkyn~t e@rhQv kL stn~ v&`p`ryn~
wWvY vn~@n~ iAgWYsWn~@g~ p#mQNWmw~ smgy. mRUmnQn~m sQAh@l~ mh`
p`v`qW@m| udrt gQvQsRm aw~sn~ kQrWmt @pr`wOvm @mrt xQk;Rv
iAgWYsWn~t e@rhQv pLmR @vdQ mRry w#bR@v| v`rQy@p`L sRmAgl
hQmQyn~ vQsQnQ. e~ kOr#s shQw iAgWYsQ @k`dQy bQmt wb` p`gmQnQ.
e~ 1815 m`r\wO 2 v#nQq` mh` p`v`qWm udrt gQvQsRm aw~sn~ kQrWmt
@pr`wOv iAgWYsQ {jy esvR avs~}`@v|qWy.
ew#n~ ptn~ iAgWYsWn~t e@rhQv @m@hy vR s$m nQqhs~ stn~ v&`p`rykm
q`ykw~vy h` m#qQhw~vWm sQqE k@L~ @m| r@tQ xQk;RvyQ. ehQqW vQ@tk
rjRn~t up@qs~ @qmQn~q wvw~ vQ@tk jnw`v stn~ v&`p`rvlt sAvQ{`n
krmQn~q, r@jk~ n#wQvR vQt e~ s[h` sRqEsR ur#mkr#vn~ @s`y` a`rk;`
krmQn~ q un~vhn~@s~l` nQqhs~ stn~ v&`p`r @m@hy vRh.
sQAh@l~ mh` p`v`qWm udrt gQvQsR@mn~ psR sQqEvR s$m nQqhs~
arglykqWm n`ykw~vy @qnR l#bR@v| xQk;Rn~y. ehQqW un~vhn~@s~l`
vQ@tk sAvQ{`yk vX@yn~ q wvw~ vQ@tk rhs~ qRwyn~ h` pNQvRdkr#vn~
vX@yn~ pmNk~ @n`v stn~kr#vn~ vX@yn~ q pYmRK k`r\yx`ryk~ itR
kLh. @m| nQs`m emr\sn~ @tnn~tQ lQy` a#wQ prQqQ "r@tQ a#wQvR
s#m v#qgw~ k#rFl~lkqWm kQYy`XWlW nQ@y`~jQw@y`~ vR@y~ xQk;RhRy."
e~ bv q#ngw~ iAgWYsQ a`N~dRk`rvry` xQk;Rn~ vhn~@s~l`t
a`gmQk ktyRwO s[h` vQ@q~XgwvWm q whnm| krnR l#bWy. un~vhn~@s~l`
vQ@q~XgwvWm iAgWYsQ a`N~dRvt e@rhQv wvw~ vQ@q~XWy hmRq`vk~ @mrtt
@gn enR a#w#yQ yn avQX~v`sy nQs`y. xQk;Rn~ vhn~@s~l`@g~ gmn~
bQmn~ pQLQb[ @kwrm| avQX~v`s k@L~ q yn~n bRr#myt gQy @b_q~{
qRw gmn~ g#n a`N~dRk`r bYvRn~rQg~ @m@s~ lQy` w#bWy.
"e~ @X~Y;~T @b_q~{ {r\m pWT@yn~ a`gmQk @p`w~ @gne~m s[h` vR
gmnk~y ynR@vn~ phsR@vn~ iqQrQpw~ kL h#kQ v&`j @h~wOvk~ ovRn~t
h#m vQtm wQ@b|. kdp`dm| krg#nW@m|, pNQvQd rF@gn y$@m| h` r`j @qY`~hQ
aqhs~ pYgON kQrWm s[h` {r\m @q~Xn` up@y`~gQ krg#nW@m| qk;w` q
ovRn~t wQbQNQ."
a`N~dRk`r bYvRn~rQg~ wvw~ w#nk xQk;Rn~@g~ gwQ lk;N pQLQb[
vQs~wr k@L~ @m@s~y. "ovRn~@g~ mn~wYN sx` rhsQgwy. ovRn~@g~
qRwyn~ a@n~kyh. ym| w#nkt @h`~ y@mkO @vw pY@v|XvWmt ovRn~t a#wQ
avs~}` h` ovRn~@g~ upkYm h` h#kQy`vn~ @b`@h`~y. pRr#q~@qn~ h`
a{&`pn@yn~ kOtQl h` @@kr`tQk rFvtQlQkr#vn~ ovRn~@g~ s#b$ h#MWm|
@s`y` q#n g#nWm qE;~kry."
iAgWYsQ a`N~dRk`rvry` kOmk~ kWvw~ @myQn~ p#h#qQlQ vn kr#N
nm| xQk;Rv nQqhs pw` @k`wrm| kQYy`XWlWv h` upkYmXWlWv k#rlQ s#lsRm|
kQrWm h` It m#qQhw~vWm sQqE k@L~ q yn~n p#h#qQlQy.
1816 k#rFl~l s[h` v#dpQLQ@vL sks~ kQrW@m|qW q 1818 u_v @vl~ls~s
k#rFl~@l~ qW q pY{`n v#d@k`tsk~ itR krn lq~@q~ xQk;Rn~ vQsQnQ.
e~ awrQn~ ihgm rwnp`l, cn~qYvAs, kNRmRl~@qnQy hQmQ, sWlvAs yn
hQmQvr#n~ iqQrQ@yn~ sQt e~v`t n`ykw~vy qEn~h. @m| awrQn~ ihgm
rwnp`l hQmQyn~ rt pRr` s#rQsrmQn~, sl`gm mRqlQvr#n~ q, @k`LB
m#@l~ mRhn~qQrm| q udrt rqL vAX`{QpwQn~ q a#wOUv pYxS pQrQ@s~
sh`y lb`gw~@w~y.
1818 u_v @vl~ls~s k#rFl~@lhQ @prmRN gw~@w~ ihgm rwnp`l
hQmQyn~ vQsQnQ. e~ bv a`N~dRk`r bYvRn~rQg~ v`r\w` k@L~ @m|
an~qmty. "ihgm xQk;Rv @m| k#rFl~@l~ qW kQYy`XWlW stn~kr#@vk~
vQy. wm sQvRr# ivw qm` avQ a@m`~r`@gn vQX`l pQrQsk@g~ @prmRN
gw~@w~y."
1823 qW rw~m@l~ hQmQ nm#wQ xQk;Rv@g~ @m@hyvW@mn~ nRvr kl`p@y~
pY@q~Xw~ khvw~@w~ hQmQ pYmRK wvw~ xQk;Rn~ wQ@qnkO vQsQn~
sAvQ{`ny krn lq wvw~ k#rFl~lk~ m`w@l~qW a#wQ vQy. 1824 h` 1834
qWw~ k#rFl~l @m@hy vR@y~q @q`B`@v| hQmQ h` ktQtQykOBRr hQmQ
nm#wQ xQk;Rn~y. 1843 qW udrt @p@qs~vl h#mw#n p#wQ@rmQn~ k#k$@rmQn~
wQbR k#rlQ @m@hyvn lq~@q~ cn~qY@j`~wQ sWlvAs srNAkr h` @m`r@g`l~@l~
yn xQk;Rn~ vQsQnQ. em k#rFl~l pQLQb[ iAgWYsQ nQl{`rQykO vQsQn~
vQs~wr krn lq~@q~ @m| ayRrQnQ.
"mQnQsRn~ ek~ w#nkt rFs~@k`t klbl kQrWmt @p`LBvnR lbn~@n~
ovRn~@g~ (xQk;Rn~@g~) @n`psRbt uw~s`hyk~ mgQnQ. bN rFs~vWm|
mgQn~ vQX`l pQrQsk~ ek~rFs~ kQrWm s[h` ovRn~t phsRkm| s#lsW wQ@b|.
wmn~t r#cQ prQqQ r@tQ o|n$m w#nk p#v#w~vQy h#kQ {r\m @q~Xn`
mgQn~ wm r`j&@qY`~hW axQpY`yyn~ pYc`ry kQrWmt ovRn~t avs~}`v
s#lsW a#w."
iAgWYsWn~t e@rhQv sQqE kL 1818 qW u_v @vl~ls~s stnQn~ psR
ev#nQm wvw~ q#v#n~w nQqhs~ stnk~ mwO vn~@n~ eyQn~ wQs~ vsrkt
psRvy. enm| 1848 qWy. @my m`w@l~ k#rFl~l nmQn~ pYkty. @mm k#rFl~l
@m@hy vRvn~ awrQn~ kOd`@p`l hQmQyn~@g~ m#qQhw~vWm sq`nRs~mrNWy
ekkQ. k#rFl~l sQwS prQqQ s`r\}k @n`vRvq eyQn~ jygYhN rFsk~ m`w^
xSmQyt aw~ krqWmt kOd`@p`l hQmQyn~@g~ jWvQw prQw&`gy ivhl~ vR
bv avQv`q@yn~ pQLQgw yRwO sw&ykQ. 1848 a@g`~s~wO 26 v#nQq`
a`N~dRk`r bYvRn~rQg~@g~ nQym@yn~ kOd`@p`l hQmQyn~ sQvRr# pQtQn~
@vdQ wb` G`wny kQrW@m| sQq~{Qy vR klW iAgWYsQ a`N~dRvt brpwL
pYwQvQp`k @gn qEn~ sQq~{Qyk~ vQy.
@mm G`wn sQq~{Qyw~ smg jnW jny`@g~ @q~X`nRr`gy, @q~X@p~Ymy
v#dQ vRv` mQsk aAXO m`wYykQn~vw~ adRvk~ vR@y~ n#w. un~vhn~@s~@g~
jWvQw prQw&`g@yn~ pn~nry l#bR jnw`v iAgWYsQ a`N~dRvt e@rhQv
sklvQ{ ayRrQn~ vQ@r`~{w`vn~ wWvY kQrWm @h~wO@vn~ pYwQsAs~krN
rFsk~ h[En~v`qWmt iAgWYsQ a`N~dRvt sQqE vQy.
1848 n~ psR iAgWYsQ sRq~qn~ @mrtQn~ plv` h#rWm j`wQk
vQmRk~wQ argly @vns~ s~vr$pyk~ gw~ bv @p@n~. ey hRqE iAgWYsWn~@gn~
rt nQqhs~ krg#nWm pmNk~m @n`vWy. a`gm, sAs~k^wQy, x`;`v, a{&`pny
a`qQy q nQqhs~ krgw yRwO bv j`wQk vQmRk~wQ v&`p`ryn~hQ pY{`n
m`w^k`vk~ bvt pw~ vQy. @m| a`ryk j`wQk vQmRk~wQ arglvlqW
mRlQkw~vy @gn pR@r`~g`mW @m@hvrk~ k@Lw~ xQk;RvyQ. em arglvl ek~
wWrN`w~mk avs~}`vk~ uq`vn~@n~ 1873 a@g`~s~wO ms 26 v#nQq` @b_q~{yn~
h` kQYs~wQy`nQyn~ awr a#wQvn sRpYkt p`nqEr v`qyyQ. @mhQqW @b_q~{yn~
@vnR@vn~ iqQrQpw~ vn~@n~ mQ@gtQtRvw~@w~ gON`nn~q hQmQyn~y.
un~vhn~@s~ iw` @v|gvw~ h` cwOr k}Qk@yk~ vQy. @m| v`q@yn~
jygn~n` @b_q~{yn~t j`wQk nQqhs~ arglyt wvw~ pn~nryk~ l#bWmk~
b[E vQy.
p`nqEr v`q@y~ pYwQPlyk~ @ls 1880 qW @hn~rQ o|l~@k`tQ h` @h@l~n`
b|lv|s~kQ yn @qpl XWY lAk`vt p#mQN @b_q~{ a{&`pny ng`sQtRvWmt
pYmRK k`r\yx`ryk~ krnR lbwQ. @mm @b_q~{ a{&`pn v&`p`r@y~ pY@b`~{y
mgQn~ pn~nryk~ lbn @b_q~{ n`ykyn~ nQqhs~ stn~ argly wvw~ @v|gvw~
k@L`~y.
mWt amwrv amq&p v&`p`ry hrh` wv wvw~ j`wQk nQqhs~ stn @v|gvw~
@v|. @mhQqW ang`rQk {r\mp`lwOmn~ pR@r`~g`mW @m@hvrk~ itR krnR
l#bWy. em vkv`nRv wOL hQk~kdR@v| XWY sRmAgl, vl`@n~ sQq~{`r\},
v#lQgm XWY sRmAgl, rw~ml`@n~ XWY {r\m`@l`~k v#nQ n`yk hQmQvr#n~@g~
avX& anRX`sn` up@qs~ @n`adRvm j`wQk nQqhs~ v&`p`rvlt l#bQNQ.
@m| ayRrQn~ ek~ p#w~wkQn~ @b_q~{ xQk;Rn~ j`wQk nQqhs~ argl
@vnR@vn~ pR@r`~g`mW @m@hvrk~ itR krq~qW a@nk~ p#w~@wn~
v`m`AXQk aqhs~ q#r$ udk#n~qvl sQrQ srNAkr, bRs~@s~ {m|m rk~KQw,
n`r`vQl {m|mrwn, qEm|br p`lQw yn hQmQvr# j`wQk nQqhs~ stn @vnR@vn~
pR@r`~g`mW @m@hvrk~ itR kLh. @m| awrQn~ iw`m vQXQ;~t wQyRNR @q~Xp`ln
nRvNkQn~ @hbQ xQk;Rv vn~@n~ udk#n~qvl sQrQ srNAkr hQmQyn~y.
@m| vkv`nR@v|m a{Qr`j&v`qW vQ@r`~{W j`wQk nQqhs~ stn~vlt pR@r`~g`mWn~
@ls @k`t@h~@n~ pz~z`kQw~wQ, bBrFn~@q~ sQrQsWvlW, vl~@p`l r`hRl,
n`w~wn~dQ@y~ pz~z`kQw~wQ, qrmQtQ@p`l rwns`r, wl~p`vQl sWlvAX,
bRs~@s~ amrvAs, yk~kdR@v| pz~z`r`m, bt@p`l a@n`~mqs~sW yn n`yk
hQmQvr# pR@r`~g`mW @m@hvrk~ itR kL hQmQvr#n~y.
@m| k`l@y~qWm tQ@btQ j`wQk a#s~. mhQn~q hQmQyn~ vQsQn~ sQy
kvQy avQyk~ @k`t j`wQk nQqhs~ stnt pR@r`~g`mW q`ykw~vyk~ lb`@qwQ.
un~vhn~@s~@g~ nQqh@s~ mn~wYNy h` nQqh@s~ q#h#n kvQ pn~wQvlQn~
j`wQy avqQ k@L~ @m| ayRrQnQ.
"@ks~ gh pv` @vn rtvl mQnQsRn~@n~
us~ nQqhs pQNQs stnt s#r@s n~@n~
hQs~ @m`L wQ@bq~qQw~ @m| vg @n`wkn~@n~
a#s~@gdQ @qkt @hN g#hQlq sQhlEn~@n~
vQk~ m#wQ pR@wkO wv ipqE@n~ n#q~qkQy`
lk~ mv aVyQ sQtQmRq apQ @q@nw~pQy`
ek~@k`~ nQqhs n#w~nm| mrNykQy`
ek~vv| sQAhlEnQ_ @b`r# bQy ahkwQy`"
@m| ayRrQn~ mRU iwQh`sy pRr`m rtt j`wQyt a`gmt vQpwk~
a`kYmNyk~ p#mQNQ h#m avs~}`vkqWm @prmRNt p#mQNQ@y~ @mrt
xQk;RvyQ. ehQqW jWvQw pRj` kL, sQrbw~ k$, vQvQ{ awvryn~t lk~vR
xQk;Rn~@g~ gNn @k`pmN q#yQ kQv @n`h#kQy. e~ awrQn~ v`rQy@p`l
sRmAgl, ihgm rwnp`l, kOd`@p`l yn hQmQvr#n~@g~ jWvQw prQw&`gyn~
sq` anRs~mrNWyyQ. @m| nQs` XWY lAk`@v| @b_q~{ xQk;Rv j`wQ@y~
mRr @q~vw`vn~ @ls a`mn~wYNy kQrWm pRqEmyk~ @n`@v|. ev#nQ @g_rvnWy
n`mykQn~ an~ kQsQqE @b_q~{ rtk xQk;Rn~t a`mn~wYNy krn~@n~ n#w.
a#w~@w~ XWY lAk`@v| pmNQ.
1505 sQt 1948 qW iAgWYsQ sRq~qn~ @mrtQn~ plv` h#rWm qk~v`
vR vsr 443 k k`ly wOL xQk;Rn~ smg j`wQk nQqhs~ stn~ v&`p`rvlqW
@k`pmN pQrQsk~ mvRbQ@m| nQqhs @vnR@vn~ jWvQw prQw&`gy k@L~ q
yn~n kQsQvkO gNn~ bl` n#w. 1818 u_v @vl~ls~s st@n~qW h` 1848
qW iAgWYsWn~t e@rhQv kL st@n~qW mQygQy sAK&`v qs qhs~ gNnkQ.
e~ awrQn~ @m`NrvQl k#p~@ptQ@p`L, @g`n~g`l@g`d bN~d`,
vWrpRrn~ap~pR m$w yRg@y~ ang`rQk {r\mp`lwOmn~ a`qW vQr#vn~ wm
@l~ qhqQy k[EU s#lE@v| @m| m`w^ xSmQyt nQqhs pw`y.
@m| ayRrQn~ mvRbQ@m| nQqhs pw` j`wQk vQmRk~wQ stn~ v&`p`rvl
n`ykw~vy nRqEn~n` nm| jWvQw prQw&`gy @n`k@L~ nm| 1948 qW
iAgWYsQn~ sRq~qn~ @mrtQn~ @n`yn~nt id wQbQNQ. e~ nQs` kQsQvkO
@mr@tQ kQsQqE @l~ s#lvWmkQn~ @w`rv j`wQk vQmRk~wQ arglykQn~ @w`rv
iAgWYsWn~ @mrt nQqhs~ kl` y#yQ kQyn~@n~ nm| ohR ek~@k`~
iwQh`sy @n`qw~ avj`wk@ykQ. n#w@h`w~ ang`rQk {r\mp`lwOmn~t anRv
kU sRq~@qkQ. enQs` @q~X@p~YmW @q~XhQ@@w;W jnw`vnQ, iwQh`s@y~
vQr#vn~t aph`s vn nQg`@qn ayRrQn~ ev#nQ pYk`Xyn~ krn~nt id
wbnR ep`. ey iwQh`sgw vQr#vn~t krn @g_rvyk~ vnR a#w.
1948 qW iAgWYsQ sRq~qn~ @mrtQn~ pn~n` q#mRvq ovRn~ vQsQn~
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