kU sRq~qn~t e@rhQv hV n#MS @k`s~m`m`

@k`s~m`m` nmQn~ h#[Qn~@vn p`nqE@r\, a`wr\ vW. qQ@ys~ mhw` s#b$m @q~X@p~YmQ@ykQ. amq&p v&`p`ry wOLQn~ XWY lAk`@v| nQqhs~ arglyt q`yk vR @m`hRt 1915 qW iAgWYsQ a`N~dRv vQsQn~ mrN qVRvm pmRNRvnR l#bWy. nQqhs lb`gw~ psR rt v#rFqQ m`r\g@y~ gmn~ krn bv qEtR ohR It e@rhQv eq` sQtQ p`lky`t sQy @l~ vlQn~ lQpQyk~ lQy` nQvs iqQrQ@y~ kU@k`dQ qm` vQ@r`~{y pL k@L~y. XWY lAk`@v| pmNk~ @n`v, in~qWy nQqhs~ arglyt mRqlQn~ uqv| kL ohR mhw~m` g`n~{QwOm`@g~ vQ@X~; @g_rvyt q p`wY vQy. eb[E s#b$ @q~X@p~YmQykO@g~ uq`r sAkl~pyk~ vR "@k`s~ v&`p`ry" yLQ a@p~ rtt h[En~v`qWmt @q~XhQ@@w;W j`wQk v&`p`r@y~ kUwr qQs` vQ{`yk sx`v pQyvr gnQmQn~ sQtQyQ.

e~ s[h` @qvsrk~ wOL, wv`n~ krn lq @h`[ vr\g@y~ @k`s~ p#L qs lk;yk~ rt pRr` @bq` h#rWmt p`nqE@r\ "a`wr\ vW. qQ@ys~ anRs~mrN pqnm" @mm ms 12 q` bQhQ @vyQ.

@m| lQpQy pLvn~@n~ e~ nQmQw~@wnQ.

vsr @qqhs~ gNnkt @pr sQt jn`v`s vR @m| pRAcQ qQvyQn, @l`~k pRjQw vR@y~ aq I@y~ @n`@v|. mh rNvQr#vn~, rjRn~, sAG pWw^vr#n~, kvWn~, @l~Kkyn~, stn~k`mWn~@gn~ hQs~ @n`vR @m| bQm vsr 450 k pmN k`lyk~ vQvQ{ bthQr j`wWn~@g~ gYhNyt pw~vW sQtQ bv rhsk~ @n`@v|. a@p~ a#vwOm|, p#vwOm|, sQrQw~ vQrQw~, gON{r\m @m| sQyl~lm k`b`sQnQy` kL ovRn~, ovRn@g~ a`gmw~, x`;`vw~, a#[Em| p#L[Emw~ apt "a@p~@k`t qWm" nQs` aqtw~ apQ ak~mRl~ n#wQ j`wQyk~ vW sQtQmR.

o|n$m pYX~nyk~ @qs e@kk~, m{&s~}v bl` sw& vth` gnQq~qW, wv@kk~ eym sQy l`x`@p~k;`v itRkr gn~n` mMk~ @ls h[En`@gn nQhVv sQtQn~@n~w~ @m| nQs`y. a@p~ j`wQyt, j`wQyk~ @ls sQw`@gn ek @pLt sQt g#nWmt b#rQvn @ls a@p~ mns sks` qEn~@n~ ap p`lny kL bthQr j`wWn~ vQsQn~. ovRn~ awQn~ mWt 60 vsrkt @pr qW p`ln sRk~k`nm x`rgw~ kU sRq~@q`~ @m| kr#N sRq~qn~tw~ vd` ys apRr#vt kLh. aqtw~ ey e@s~m krwQ.

@m| psRbQm yt@w~ blnvQt, a@p~ rtt n`mQkv l#bRNR nQqhs u@qs` vRvq, eq` qQvQ pQqR, sQrbw~ k$ j`wQk vWrvryn~@g~ agy ap amwk @n`kL yRwOy.

p`nqEr`v`qy nQs` @l`~k pRjQw vR p`nqEr@y~ upw l#bR, {nvw~ pvRl~ psRbQmk~ shQw vR a`wr\ vW. qQ@ys~ m#wQwOm` @hvw~ "@k`s~m`m`" yn a`qrNWy n`m@yn~ aqtw~ kvRr#w~ amwn s#b$ @q~X@p~YmQy` nmQn~ p`nqEr@y~qW pQhQtRvn "a`wr\ vW. qQ@ys~ pqnm" @m| yRg@y~ k`lWn avX&w`vk~ itR krn~nk~ vnR nQs#ky.

2008 @pbrv`rQ 12 q` ewOm`@g~ p`nqE@r\ pQhQtQ nQvh@n~qW @q~XhQ@@w;W j`wQk v&`p`r@y~ kUwr qQs` vQ{`yk sx`v @m@hyvW@mn~ bQhQvWmt nQymQw @mm pqnm hrh` @k`s~ p#L qX lk;yk~ @qvsrk~ wOL @bq`h#r @r`~pNy kQrW@m| agn` k`lWn v#dpQLQ@vL a#rFBWmt nQymQwy. eq` yRq~{ k`l@y~qW @mn~ bw~ k$mt @n`h#kQ jny`t "bjQrQ" vl agy vth` @qn p`lkyn~@g~w~, p`n~ r`w~wl r#pQyl~ 100 vn ek s`{`rNy krn @q~Xp`lkyn~@g~w~ @b`L[ wr\kvlt pY`@y`~gQkv mRhRNqWmt qrn uw~s`hyk~ @ls @m| sq~k`r\yy h[En~v` qQy h#kQy.

@k`s~ gst vtQn`kmk~ lb`qW o|n$m uw~sv avs~}`vk @k`s~a#t p`r\slyk~ w$g~gk~ @ls qWmt sRqEsR m`nsQk vtpQt`vk~ sks~ kL @k`s~m`m`, @my qWpv&`p~wv j`wQk v&`p`ryk~ @ls qQyw~ kQrWmt k`r\y mN~dlyk sh`y pv` lb` gw~@w~y. ewOm` wnQvm sQy gm@n~ @yqE@N~ psR @n`bsQmQnQ. wm`t s#p@s~ jWvw~vWmt wrm| vQX`l {ns~kn~{yk~ shQw pvRl~ psRbQmk~ wQbRN q ewOm` jnw`v @vnR@vn~ mh` mn~qQr@yn~ pQtwt p` n#MO@v| iw`m swO@tnQ. @k`s~gs, "bw~gs" @ls jnmwy wOL k`v#q~qWmt ewOm`@g~ @m| @k`s~ v&`p`ry smw~ vR@y~y. a`wr\ vW. qQ@ys~ n`my axQbvmQn~ "@k`s~m`m`" yn an~vr\} n`my ohRt ptb#[E@N~ @m| nQs`y.

iAgWYsQ a`N~dRv mgQn~ "nyQtQ n`m" pYq`ny kL nmRqE ewOm` e~v` pQLQ@kv|@k`t jnw`v@gn~ l#bRNR "@k`s~m`m`" nmt @g_rv k@L~y. a`qry k@L~y. ewOm` aqtw~ rtv#sQy`@g~ mns wOL sthn~ vW a#w~@w~ "@k`s~m`m`" ynR@vnQ.

eq` a{Qr`j&v`qWn~ vQsQn~ ap r@tQ jnw`v@g~ mns vQk^wQ krv` r$kd bvt pw~ kQrWmt gmQn~ gm vQv^w kL w#b$r#m|vlt vQr#q~{v @mwOm` stn~ k@L~ a`w~ml`xy p@sk qmmQnQ. r` @r\n~q v&`p`ry evk iw` phsR@vn~ {ny ipyR m`r\gyk~ vR awr, p`nqE@r\ sQtQ {nvw~ pvRl~vlq pY{`n a`q`ym| m`r\gy vR@y~ ekW v&`p`ryyQ. @k`s~m`m` sQy pvRl ekW v&`p`r@yn~ mRqv`@gn sm`j @m@hvrt iw` sAvQ{`n`w~mkv mRhRN qEn~@n~ vsr 16 k~ pmN vQ@y~ sQty.

@h`[ uss~ vQqEhlk iAgWYsQ m`{&@yn~ i@gnRm l#bR nmRqE ohR wm @q~XWyw~vyw~, x`;` @p~YmWw~vyw~ agy@k`t s#lkO@v|y. a`wr\ vQn~sn~tQ dys~ yn n`my, a`wr\ vW. qQ@ys~ h#tQyt sQAhlyt hRr# @ls sks` gw~ ewOm` amq&p v&`p`ry arB` j`wQk stnk~ bvt ey @prL` gw~@w~y. evk sQQtQ dW. es~. @s~n`n`yk, a#f~. a`r\. @s~n`n`yk, sr\ dW. bW. jywQlk v#n~nn~ smg ekt ek~vW 1912 qW a`nn~q vQq&`l@y~qW pQhQtRv` gw~ @m| "amq&p v&`p`ry" a{Qr`j&v`qWn~t psR k@lk mhw~ hQsrqyk~m vR@y~y.

amq&p v&`p`ry hrh` gm| qnv|vl wQbR mw~p#n~ hl~ vs~v` q#mWmt smw~ vWm a{Qr`j&v`qW p`lkyn~@g~ @n`swOtt @h~wO vQy. psR k@lk @m| amq&p v&`p`ry j`wQk nQqhs~ stn @m@hyvn g`mk bl@v|gy @ls vth`gw~ sRqE a{Qr`j&v`qWhR sRr`bqE a`Z` pnw~ p#nvWmt psRbt @n`vRh. e@hw~ "amq&p mh` sx`v" pQhQtRv` iw` pYbl @ls amq&p st@n~ nQy#LW @q~Xm`mkyn~@g~ Xk~wQy hmR@v| sRqE p`lk@y`~ asrN vRh.

ovRhR @m| @q~X@p~YmWn~ pQLQb[ ndR as` sQrgw kLh. a#w#@mk~ nQkr#@N~ mr` q#mRh. lk~ mv @vnR@vn~ eq` sQtQ @q~Xm`mkyn~@g~ gmn @m| qr#NR v{ bn~{nvlQn~ nvw` lWmt @n`h#kQ vR bv kQvyRwOy. ap @l~ @n`@s`l~v` nQqhs qQnR bvt a#w#mRn~ kQyn kQyRm| ar#w~ sRn~ vn~@n~, @m| nQqhs~ stn vsr gNn`vk~ pRr` p#wQrW wQbR @hyQnQ. 1818, 1848 v#nQ @q~X@p~YmW arglvl sQt a@p~ mRwOn~ mQw~wn~ @hU$ rwO @lyQn~ @m| bQm @ww~ vW a#w. a{Qr`j&v`qWn~ vQsQn~ a`gmQk vX@yn~ vl~mw~ kL @b_q~{ bhRwr jny` p`nqEr`v`qy hrh` yLQ qQn`g#nWm, tQ@btQ mhQn~q hQmQyn~@g~ wQyRNR avQ phr b[E vR nQqhs~ kvQvlQn~ jn mns pRbRqEvWm, amq&p v&`p`ry hrh` jnw`v mw~@l`~l@yn~ @b|r` g#nWm, @qs bs rFst a#lEm| krn jnw`vk~ pRbRqEv`lWm v#nQ kr#NRvlqW r@tQ sQtQ s$m aAXykm q$ hQwk`mWhR kQYy`w~mk vRh.

sRq~qn~ vQsQn~ wmn~ awQn~ gQlQhRNR p`ln sRk~k`nm, sRq~qn~tw~ vd` pYwQg`mW vR kU sRq~qn~ awt pvr`qWm nQs` j`wQy wvmw~ asrNy. @m| bv eq`m "amq&p vWry`" yn vQr#q`vlQy lw~ @k`s~m`m` vth` gw~@w~y. nQqhs~ stn s[h` @gngQy stn~ p`T, bly l#bRNR vh`m dW. es~. @s~n`n`yk v#n~@n`~ q amwk kLh.

@k`s~m`m` @m| bv ohR hmRvW mwk~ kL vQt dW. es~. @s~n`n`yk kW@v| @mbn~qkQ.

"m{&s`r vQkQNWm whnm| kQrWm rjyt l#@bn awQvQX`l a`q`ymk~ ahQmQ kr g#nWmk~."

@m| aqhs~ a#sR kl a`wr\ vW. qQ@ys~ mhw` imhw~ klkQrWmt pw~ vQy. 1948 j`wQk nQqhs~ u@Llt ohRt l#bRNR a`r`{n`v q pYwQ@k;~p kL ewOm` sQy @lyQn~ lQyR lQpQyk~ dW. es~. @s~n`n`yk mhw` @vw yv` wm nQvs iqQrQpQt kU @k`dQyk~ osv` s~vkWy vQ@r`~{y pL k@L~y.

"nQqhs l#bW@mn~ psR v#d @krW@gn yn a`k`ry g#n mt kQsQ@s~w~ swOtt pw~@vn~n b#h#. p`ln wn~wYy wOL q#n~ kQYy`w~mk @vn~@n a{Qr`j&v`qWn~@g~ @q~Xp`ln vRvmn`vn~, ovRn~@g~ a`r\}Qk qr\Xny, sm`j vRvmn`vn~ h` nQsQ sAs~k^wQy kQYy`w~mk kQrWm pmNy. a@p~ mvRbQmt, mvRbst, a@p~ sAs~k^wQyt, a@p~ nQvhl~ a`r\}Qkyt e~@k w#nk~ n#h#. ekm @vnskt a#w~@w~ sRqE p`lk@y` @vnRvt kUsRq~q` r@tQ bly lb`g#nWm pmNyQ.

@m| psRbQm mw wvqErtw~ mt ob smg @m| gmn yn~nt b#h#. ob lb`gw~ "@b`r# nQqhs" g#n jnw`v avqQ kL yRwOyQ. yLQw~ j`wQk nQqhs qQn`g#nW@m| stn a`rm|x kL yRwOyQ. apQ @q@qn` @mw#n~ sQt @vn~@vmR. ob o@b| gmn yn~n. mm m@g~ gmn yn~nm|."

1948 @pb. 4 q` ap n`mQk nQqhsk~ lb` 60 vsrk~ @gvW a#wQ @m| @m`@h`@w~w~, ap rF[W sQtQn~@n~ ew#nm @n`@v|q? eq` qQ@ys~ m#wQwOm` @b`@h`~qEr qEtR prQqQ aqtw~ apQ nv ytw~vQjQwkrNyk mRvvQt rF[W sQtQmR. e~ anwOr rt v#sQyn~ awOrQn~ vth`@gn a#w~@w~ kW@yn~ kW @qn`q? @m| bQykr# an`gwy h[En`gw~ @q~XhQ@@w;W j`wQk v&`p`ry s#b$ @q~X@p~YmWn~ agy` emgQn~ ap jn a`{&`w~my h#dg#s~vW@m| x`r{Rr k`r\yy itR kQrW@m| nQy#LW sQtW.

@m| uq`vW a#w~@w~ eb[E ek~ yRwOkmk~ itR krn sRvQ@X~;W @m`@h`wkQ. rt, q#y, bs @vnR@vn~ wm` swO {ny prQw&`g @k`t, r@tn~ ymk~ kd` vd` @n`gw~ s#b$ @q~X@p~YmQykO vn a`wr\ vW. qQ@ys~ mhw`@g~ nQvh@n~qW @m| 2008 @pbrv`rQ 12 q`, "p`nqE@r\ a`wr\ vW. qQ@ys~ pqnm" pQhQtRvn~@n~ e~ nQmQw~@wnQ. @k`s~ p#L qX lk;yk~ vsr @qkk~ wOL rtv`sWn~ awr @bq`h#r ewOm`@g~ v&`p`ry yLQ sjWvWkrNy kQrWm @mhQ armRNyQ. @m| s[h` @q~XhQ@@w;W j`wQk v&`p`r@y~ kUwr qQs~wQYk~ sx`v mRl~ w#n @gn ktyRwO kQrWmt awhQw qEn~@n~ ey yRg@y~ avX&w`vk~ itR krn~nk~ vn @hyQnQ.