pnQn~t @pr sQw` b#lWm rj@y~ vgkWmyQ!
el~tWtWIy ynR hRqE wYs~wv`qW sAvQ{`nyk~ mQs kQsQqE j`wQyk
@h`~ jnvr\gyk vQmRk~wQy u@qs` @pnW @n`sQtQn~nn~ bvq av@b`~{ @k`tgw
yRwOy. e~ s[h` em sAvQ{`n@y~ kQYy` kl`pyn~@gn~ o|n$ wrm|
nQqsRn~ @s`y`gw h#k. psRgQyq` @k`LB @k`tRv qEm|rQy s~}`n@y~
el~l vR mr`@gn m#@rn @b`~m|b pYh`r@yn~ mQygQy dW. es~. @s~n`n`yk
vQqEh@l~ sQsRvkO vR r`jrw~nm| rqWX~vrn~ nm#wQ qmQL XQ;&y`@g~
mrNy mWt a`sn~nwm nQqr\Xny bv kQv h#k. e@hw~ el~tWtWIy @p`~;Ny
kr ovRn~@g~m wOvk~kO phrt @g`qEr#vW mQyyn @qmL n`ykyn~@g~ sQr#r#
vQkONmQn~ @bqEm|v`qyt ud@gdQ @qn a#w#m| jnm`{&yn~t @h`~ r`j& @n`vn
sAvQ{`nyn~t @mb[E mQnQs~ G`wn pQLQb[ w#kWmk~ @n`vWm pQLQb[vq
@m| r@tQ jnw`v@g~ a#s~ kn~ @y`mR vQy yRwOy.
psRgQy qQn kWpy pRr` r@tQ w#n w#n sQqEvR @b`~m|b pQpQrWm|
h` smRh mQnQs~ G`wn nQs` mRU rtm k#LBW sQtQn bv amRwO@vn~ kQv
yRwO @n`@v|. sQy qWn armRNR a`rk;k hmRq` pYh`r hmR@v| bQ[ v#@tnR
qkQn el~tWtWI sAvQ{`ny s`m`n& jn jWvQwy vQyvRlt pw~ @k`t wmn~t
e@rhQ yRqmy pQyvr udR ytQkOr# kQrWmt qrn w#w mQn~ p#h#qQlQ @vyQ.
psRgQy m`sy wOL pmNk~ a`rk;k aAX h` s`m`n& jnw`v a#wOU
pRq~glyn~ 141 @qnkO G`wny krmQn~ 578 @qnkOt wOv`l sQqEkrmQn~
ovRn~ iv al~ln~@n~ kOmktq yn~n ap av@b`~{@k`t gw yRwOy.
el~tWtWI@y~ @mm nQn~qQw G`wn hmR@v| wvw~ ivsQy yRwOq?
ob ap k`tw~ n#@gn p#nykQ. e@hw~ ivsQy yRwOq? yn pYX~ny @qs
iw` ivsW@mn~ bl@w`w~ nQvt @k`tQy`@g~ @mb[E bQygOU pYh`rvl
armRNq o@b| e~ ivsW@m| sWm`v bQ[ q$mWm bv av{`rNy kL yRwOy.
el~tWtWIy ynR hRqE wYs~wv`qW sAvQ{`nyk~ mQs kQsQqE j`wQyk @h`~
jnvr\gyk vQmRk~wQy u@qs` @pnW @n`sQtQn~nn~ bvq av@b`~{ @k`tgw
yRwOy. e~ s[h` em sAvQ{`n@y~ kQYy` kl`pyn~@gn~ o|n$ wrm|
nQqsRn~ @s`y`gw h#k. psRgQyq` @k`LB @k`tRv qEm|rQy s~}`n@y~
el~l vR mr`@gn m#@rn @b`~m|b pYh`r@yn~ mQygQy dW. es~. @s~n`n`yk
vQqEh@l~ sQsRvkO vR r`jrw~nm| rqWX~vrn~ nm#wQ qmQL XQ;&y`@g~
mrNy mWt a`sn~nwm nQqr\Xny bv kQv h#k. e@hw~ el~tWtWIy @p`~;Ny
kr ovRn~@g~m wOvk~kO phrt @g`qEr#vW mQyyn @qmL n`ykyn~@g~ sQr#r#
vQkONmQn~ @bqEm|v`qyt ud@gdQ @qn a#w#m| jnm`{&yn~t @h`~ r`j& @n`vn
sAvQ{`nyn~t @mb[E mQnQs~ G`wn pQLQb[ w#kWmk~ @n`vWm pQLQb[vq
@m| r@tQ jnw`v@g~ a#s~ kn~ @y`mR vQy yRwOy.
aq vn vQt @m| r@tQ @qmL jnw`v pWd`vt pw~vWq s#kyt lk~ vWq
e~ sQyl~lt vgkQvyRw~@w~ el~tWtWI sAvQ{`ny bv kQv yRwOy. mn~q
ovRn~, ovRn~@g~ nQn~qQw wYs~wv`qW armRNR @vnR@vn~ ahQAsk @qmL
jnw`v@g~ ann&w`v ukst@gn wQ@bn nQs`y. e@hw~ ap nQv#rqQv vth`gw
yRwO k`rNyk~ a#w. enm| @m| r@tQ vr\gv`qW arglyk~ a#w~nm|
psRgQy qQn kWpy pRr` sQqEvR mQnQs~ G`wnvlQn~ uqhst pw~vn mh`
j`wQy sRU j`wQkyn~tq eb[E h`nQyk~ kL yRwOy yn~ny. avs~}`v`qW @q~Xp`lkyn~@g~
h` bd@g`~s~wrv`qW r`j& @n`vn sAvQ{`nvl aqhsk~ mQs vr\gv`qy ynR
@mrt jnw`vt aq`L vn~nk~ @n`vn bv mQn~ p#h#qQlQy.
@k`tQ wYs~wv`qWn~t e@rhQv a`rk;k hmRq` vQsQn~ s`r\}k pYh`r
el~l krmQn~ iqQrQyt yn @mb[E @m`@h`wk @k`tQ sAvQ{`n@y~ iwQh`sy
qn~n` @mrt jnw`v @mb[E pYh`ryn~@gn~ @n`s#@ln bv aq vn vQtw~
mn`v op~pR kr a#w.
mQnQs~km| agyn kQsQqE sm`jyk~ yRq~{y anRmw @n`krn b#v| apQ
qnQmR. e@hw~ qXk @qkktw~ vd` v#dQ k`lyk~ wQs~@s~ @mrt a`r\}Qk,
s`m`jyWy @mn~m s`myQk @q~hy bQ[ qmmQn~ s`mk`mW pY@v|XykQn~ sQy
g#tlEvlt vQs[Em| @svWm kl~ qmn mQnWmr# el~tWtWI sAvQ{`nyt
pQLQwOr# qQy h#k~@k~ yRq~{@yn~m mQs an~ kvrkQn~q yn~nt
vQkl~pyk~ n#w.
rt @bq` @vn~ kQrWmt av#sQ a`k`r@yn~ prQsry sks` gnQmQn~
hQvl~ n&`y@yn~ sQy armRNR mRqEn~pw~ @k`t g#nWmt yw~n qrn
el~tWtWI sAvQ{`ny bl`@p`@r`w~wO @n`vR ww~w~vykt mRhRN qWmt
sQqEvR@y~ mhQn~q r`jpk; rjy yt@w~y. qXk @qkkt v#dQ k`lyk~ wQs~@s~
@mrt n`ykyQn~ rvt` sQy ilk~kyn~ @vw LM` vWmt ktyRwO kL ovRn~
iwQh`s@y~ an~ kvrq`ktw~ vd` psRb$mt lk~ vR@y~ @mvry. evn~
ww~w~vyk~ hmR@v| ovRn~ yLQ sRpRr#qE m`vwt pQvQsWm aq bl`@p`@r`w~wO
vQy yRw~wkQ.
1983 qW y`l~@q~vW qEm|rQyt gQnQ w#bWmw~ smg uwOr#kry h`
qkON awr jnw`v@g~ sQylE hQwvw~km|vlt wQw w#bWmt @prmRNgw~
el~tWtWI sAvQ{`ny uwOrt @kr#NR sQylE a`k`r@y~ s#pyRm| m`r\g
avhQr @k`t @qmL jnw`v wOL sQAhl jnw`v @k@rhQ @@vryk~ a#wQ
kQrWmt mRl~ bWjy v#pQrWy. 1983 jRlQ ms 23 v#nQq` y`p@n~ nQw~wv#lQ
pY@q~X@y~qW yRq hmRq` @s`l~q`qEvn~ 13 @qnkO G`wny krmQn~ rt
gQnQ j`l`vk~ kL ovRhR @qmL jnw`v wOL v#pQr$ @@vr@y~ bWj @p`@h`r
qm` k;N@yn~ mh` v^k;yk~ bvt pw~ kLh. e~ mMQn~ wm @bqEm|v`qW
armRNR kr` yn mg hsr vQvr krgw~ qWn @k`tQ rFL @m| vn wOr#w~ @qmL,
sQAhl, mRs~lQm| @x~qykQn~ @w`rv qhs~ gNn~ jWvQw bQl~lt gw~w q
@l~ pQp`s@yn~ sAsQ[W n#w.
e@hw~ aq vn vQt ovRn~@g~ G`wn sAs~k^wQy kQYy`w~mk vnR@y~
wvw~ armRNR kWpyk~ h` ekt b#[W bv ap @w~r#m|gw yRwOv a#w.
m`vQl~a`r# @s`@r`v|v vs` qm` qhs~ gNnk~ jnw`v pWd`vt pw~
krmQn~ hQwOvk~k`r @ls ktyRwO @k`t wmn~ yRqmy vX@yn~ Xk~wQmw~
bv @pn~vWmt k#sk$ el~tWtWI sAvQ{`ny avs`n@y~ sQv|v#nQ Il`m|
yRq~{yt mRl pQrWy. em yRq~{yt s`r\}k @ls mRhRN @qmQn~ a`rk;k
hmRq` iqQrQyt a#@qq~qW It mRhRN qWmt @n`h#kQv r@tQ vQvQ{ pY@q~Xvl
s`m`n& jnw`v ilk~k @k`t pYh`r el~l krn~t ptn~ @gn a#w.
el~tWtWI sAvQ{`n@y~ @mb[E pYh`ryn~@g~ wvw~ armRNk~ @vyQ. enm|
qkO@N~ jnw`v kOpQw @k`t @qmL jnw`vt e@rhQv usQgn~v` yLQqE 1983
a#wQ kL` b[E ww~w~vyk~ r@t wOL a#wQ kr rt ar`jQk kQrWmy. evn~
ww~w~vyk~ a#wQ vRv@h`w~ 1983 av{Qy @mn~ @n`v XWY lAk`vt e@rhQv
@l`~k mwyk~ @g`dn#MQy h#kQ bv ovRn~ @h`[Qn~m qn~n` k`rNykQ. e@mn~m
qkO@N~ sQqEvn eb[E g#tRm|k`rW ww~w~vyn~ smny kQrWmt a`rk;k aAX
@yqvW@mn~ uwO@r\ @m@hyRm| ad`l kL h#kQ bvq ovRn~ qn~n` k`rNykQ.
em axQl`;yn~ s`r\}k vRv@h`w~ q$nt s`r\}kv sQqE@k@rn yRq @m@hyRm|
a`ps~st h#rvQy h#kQ bv ovRn~@g~ vQX~v`syyQ.
@m| anRv ap @w~r#m|gw yRw~@w~ rt pvwQnR@y~ avq`nm| ww~w~vyk
bvy. @ht mhmM mQy#@qnR@y~ obq m`q kQy` kQv @n`h#k. nmRw~ @m|
@m`@h`@w~ ap swO ivsWm wvw~ vr\{ny kr gw h#kQ nm| ey @bqEm|v`qWn~t
el~l kL h#kQ awOl~ phrk~ vnR a#w. mWt @pr ap aw~qEtR@v| yRq~{y
krn mRv`@vn~ @k`tQ wYs~wv`qWn~ @p`~;Ny kQrWm @h`~ yRq~{y vv`@gn
k$my. nmRw~ aq ap aw~qkQn yRq~{y swOr`t e@rhQv iqQrQyt yn bv
p#h#qQlQy. ehQ sm|pRr\N @g_rvy a`rk;k hmRq`vn~t qQy yRwOy. e~
awrm It av#sQ nQv#rqQ @q~Xp`ln n`ykw~vyk~ l#bW a#wQ bvq p#h#qQlQ
k`rNykQ.
qr`gw @n`h#kQ mtQtmkQn~ jWvn vQyqm ihL @g`s~ wQbRNq jnw`v@g~
e~k`yn pY`r\}ny wYs~wv`qy mRlQnRpRt` qm` rt wOL bQ@yn~ s#@kn~
@w`rv jWvw~ vQy h#kQ prQsryk~ uq`vnR q$kWmy. jnw`v@g~ @m|
sQylE k#p kQrWm| e~ uq`r pY`r\}ny @prq$rQv bv p`lkyn~ av@b`~{
krgw yRwOv a#w. vQ@q~X bl@v|gyn~ swOtR kQrW@m| a@p~k;`@vn~ rtt
@n`g#l@pn @q~Xp`ln vQs[Em| @svWmt ik~mn~ @n`vW avRl @k`nkQn~
al~l` lQh`@gn y$@m| vgkWm r`jpk; rjy swOy. em vgkWm nQsQy`k`rv
itR kL h#kQ sQylE a`k`r@y~ sh@y`~gyn~ pL kQrWmt @m| r@tQ kOqE
mhw~ jnw`v @m| avs~}`@v| sRq`nm|y.
1987 arn~wl` xQk;R G`wny, 1998 qLq` m`LQgyt el~l kL pYh`ry,
1996 qW mh` b#AkO @g`dn#MQl~lt pYh`ryk~ el~l @k`t 89 @qnkO
G`wny @k`t 1338 @qnkOt wOv`l sQqE kQrWm, @qhQvl qEm|rQy s~}`n@y~
@b`~m|byk~ pRpRr#v` 63 @qnkO G`wny kQrWm, 2006 k#bQwQ@g`l~l$@v|qW
k~@l~@m`~ pYh`ryk~ el~l @k`t 64 @qnkO G`wny kQrWm, nR@g~@g`d.
qBRl~l. wNml~vQl, bRw~wl a`qW pY@q~XvlqW bs~ r}vlt @b`~m|b
pYh`r el~l kr sQyykt a`sn~n pQrQsk~ G`wny kQrWm a`qW mQnQs~
G`wn @pLk vgkWm el~tWtWIy swOv a#w. eb[E nQn~qQw mQnQs~
G`wnvlt n`ykw~vy qEn~ mQnWmr#vkO vn pYx`krn~ v#n~nkOt wvw~ sQy
qhsk~ mr` q$mWm ewrm| @qyk~ @n`vn bvq ap av@b`~{ @k`tgw yRwOv
a#w. e@hw~ @m| @m`@h`@w~ ovRn~ @gn yn s#lsRm| shgw v#dpQLQ@vLt
ud@gdQ @qn a`kr@y~ kQsQqE kQYy`vk nQrw @n`vW r@tQ a`rk;`v @vnR@vn~
sh@y`~gy pL kQrWm jnw`v@g~ @mn~m @q~Xp`lkyn~@g~ vgkWmkQ.
