@qmL jny`t  a#w#yQ kQyn pYX~ny
mh`c`r\y nlQn~ q sQl~v`

@mrt @qmL jny`t a#wQ pYX~ny kOmk~q yn~n n#vww~ s`kc|C` kL yRwO y#yQ sQwmQ. @qmL jny`t @qmL nQs`m pmNk~ vR as`{`rNyk~ n#w. @qmL jny`t @qmL vR nQs`m pmNk~ sQqEvW a#wQ as`{`rNy kOmk~q yn pYX~nyt aqw~ pQLQwOr# n#w. smhr v&`j ugwOn~ sQw` sQtQn~@n~ 1958, 1977, 1983 a`qW vsrvl sQqEvR a#w#m| sQq~{Q e~ s[h` uq`hrN bvy. e@hw~ ev#nQm q$ sQAhlyn~t q sQqEvW a#wQ bv amwk @n`kL yRwOy. e@s~ vRvw~ e~ kr#N nQs` @mrt @qmL j`wQv`qyk~ a#w#yQ apQ @n`kQymR. e@hw~ @mrt @qmL j`wQv`qyk~ a#w. ehQ pYxvy @vnw~ ekkQ. @mrt a#wQ pYX~ny q an~ kQsQvk~ @n`v @qmL j`wQv`qy y. @m| bv ap kQhQp vw`vk~m kQy` a#wQ nmRw~ e~ n#vww~ kW@mhQ vrqk~ n#w.

@mrt s~}Qrv`sW @qmL jny`@g~ iwQh`sy ln~@q~sQ yRg@yn~ a$wt @n`yyQ. in~ @pr @mrtt sAkYmNy vR @qmL jny` ek~@k`~ prm|pr` @qkk~ y$mt @pr sQAhl vRh. @n`e@s~ nm| a`psR x`rwyt gQyh. aq y`pn@y~ sQtQn @qmL jny`t adR wrmQn~ a`r\y ckYvr\wW r`j&y smgvw~ sm|bn~{ n#w. a`r\y ckYvr\wW nm| p`lkyn~ @qmL @n`vn bv a`r\y yn vcny @y`q` g#nW@mn~m p#h#qQlQ @vyQ. e@hw~ apQ @qmL j`wQv`qWn~ @mn~ p`lkykO@g~ jnvr\gy anRv r`j&yk~ h#[Qn~vW@m| am@n`~Z pQLQ@vw anRgmny @n`krmR. @qmL j`wQv`qWn~ vdQg rjvr#n~ kl p#vwQ kn~q udrt r`j&y @qmL y#yQ h[En~vn~@n~ p`lkyn~@g~ vdQgbv bl`y. ey kr#NR @qkk~ nQs` v#rqQy. pLmR@vn~ vdQg@y`~ @qmL @n`vRh. ovRn~ lAk`vt p#mQNQ@y~ mqE@ryQ pRr sQt vRvq ovRn~ e~ pY@q~Xyt p#mQN a#w~@w~ a`n~qY pY@q~X@yn~y. a`n~qY@y~ bs @wLQMOy. e~ bst sQAhlyn~ kW@v| a`n~qY @qmL @hvw~ an~dr @qmL kQy`y. a@p~ v#thWm anRv a`n~qY@y`~ qYvQd @n`vRh. ovRhR psR klk @qmL a`x`sy yt@whQ qYvQd bvk~ aw~ krgw~ p#rFNQ x`rwWy jn@k`tsk~ vRh. a`r\yyn~ (@@vqQkyn~ - bmRNn~) @mn~m qYvQdyn~ q x`rwyt p#mQN a#w~@w~ pQtQn~y. @m| @q@k`tsm x`rwyt p#mQNWmt @pr ehQ vQsRvw~ ap @m@wk~ kl~ an`r\y @ls q h#[Qn~vWmR. an`r\y yn~@nn~ a`r\y @h`~ qYvQd @h`~ @n`vn bv kWm a@p~ armRN vRvw~ ehQ an`r\y yn~n up@y`~gW krgnQmQn~ a#w#mRn~ eyt qYvQd yn ar\}k}ny qWmt id a#wQ b#vQn~ mQn~ mwO ovRn~ pY`g~ @@vqQkyn~ yn nmQn~ pmNk~ h[En~vmR.

sQqEhw~ kOmr# ayw~vn~@n~ pY`g~ @@vqQk @g_wm @g`~wYyt h` X`k& vAXyty. ewOm` sQq~{`r\} @g_wm kOmr# vQy. aqw~ in~qQy`@v| @g_wm|l` sQtQwQ. @m`@hn~jq`@r`~ h` hrp~p` InQy` qYvQd r`j& @n`v pY`g~ @@vqQk r`j& vQy. qYvQdyn~ bthQr a`sQy`v p#w~@wn~ x`rwyt p#mQN a#w~@w~ @@vqQkyn~ ehQ p#mQN sQyvs~ gNn`vkt psRv kQYs~wO pRr\v hy v#nQ hw~v#nQ sQyvs~vly. qYvQdyn~ x`rwyt p#mQN a#w~@w~ ap ar\{ @@vqQkyn~ @ls h[En~vn vQjy@gn~ sA@k~wvw~ vn pQrQsk~ kQYs~wO pRr\v nv v#nQ sQyv@s~ kLQMO (k`lQAg) h` vAg (@bAg`l) pY@q~XvlQn~ lAk`vt p#mQNWmtw~ psRv bv a`c`r\y XQr`n~ q#rNQygl mhw` vQsQn~ anRr`{pRr@y~ krn lq k#NWm|vlQn~ whvRr# @vyQ. lAk`vt p#mQNQ @m| pQrQs @mrt vQsR pY`g~ @@vqQk jnw`v smg sQyvs~ phk hyk pmN k`lyk~ wQs~@s~ krn lq stn~, krgn~n` lq a`v`h vQv`h os~@s~ e~ jnw`v smg mQXY vW avsn pN~dRk`xy rjR qvs sQAhl j`wQy pQhQtRv`@gn a#w.

kn~q udrt r`j&y @qmL @ls h#[Qn~vWmt @p`rkn @qmL j`wQv`qWhR h` ovRn~@g~ h` bthQryn~@g~ an~@w~v`sQkyn~ vR sQAh@ln~ pw~wr kdm`Uvlt h` ev#nQ sMr`vlt lQyn pVQ@y`~ iAgQrQsQ r`j&y jr\mn~ @h`~ gWYk @h`~ @vnw~ ymk~ @ls @n`h[En~vwQ. eAgln~w@y~ rj krn~nvRn~@g~ sm|xvy jr\mn~ gWYk a`qW @vyQ. iAgQrQsQ jny` vw~mn~ eAgln~wy a`rm|x vW y#yQ slkn~@n~ ek@L`s~v#nQ sQyv@s~y. (1066) ekl ehQ p#mQNQ @n`~mn~vr# vw~mn~ iAgQrQsQ r`j&y a`rm|x kLh. ehQqW @g~s~tQAg~s~ stn nmQn~ h#[Qn~@vn stn v#qgw~ @vyQ. @m| iwQh`sy ap p`sl~ gQy av{Q@y~w~ p`s@l~ ugn~vnR l#bQNQ. @n`~mn~vr# eAgln~wyt gQ@y~ pYAX@y~ pY@q~XykQn~y. ovRn~ kw` k@L~ pYAX x`;`vy. aqw~ iAgQrQsQ r`j&@y~ a#w#m| p`T a#w~@w~ pYAX x`;`@vn~y. e@s~ vRvw~ iAgQrQsQ r`j&y iAgQrQsQ @ls mQs pYAX, jr\mn~ @h`~ gWYk (edQAg~br` a`qQp`q w#n@g~ sm|xvy gWYk @vyQ. evQt c`l~s~ vQn~d|sr\@g~ sm|xvy gWYk jr\mn~ @vyQ.) @ls h[En~vn~nkO n#w. dyn` s~@pn~sr\ iAgQrQsQvWm nQs` klkt psR iAgQrQsQ rjvr#n~t (dyn@g~ pRwOn~t) iAgQrQsQ sm|xvyk~ g#n kw` kQrWmt h#kQvnR a#w. rjvr#n~@g~ sm|xvy kOmk~ vRvw~ iAgQrQsQ jny` a#Ag~@l`~ s#k~sn~ @vwQ. s`m`n& jny` @mn~m rjvr# q iAgQrQsQkrNyt lk~vW a#w. e@hw~ pVQyn~t kn~q udrt r`j&y sQAhl @n`@vyQ. spRml~ kOmr# a`qWhR sQAhl @n`@vwQ. ovRhR sQAhlyn~ sm|bn~{@yn~ gw~ kl InQy` sm|xvyk el~lW sQtQwQ.

sQAhlyn~ pN~dRk`xy rjR qvs sQAhl j`wQy h` sQAhl r`j&y pQhQtRv`gw~ nmRw~ @qmL jny`t @l`~k iwQh`s@y~ @kqQnkvw~ @k`w#nkvw~ @qmL j`wQyk~ @h`~ @qmL r`j&yk~ @h`~ @g`dnM` g#nWmt @n`h#kQ vW a#w. @qmL jny` x`rw@y~qW vRvq @qmL jnvr\g@yn~ ob|bt @n`gQyh. @s`LW p`N~d& @v|r pl~lv (e~ qYvQd y#yQ s#lkOv q) a`qW r`j& wQbRN q e~ ekk~vw~ @qmL r`j&yk~ @n`vWy. lAk`@v| y`pny pY@q~X@y~ aq jWvw~vn @qmL jny`@gn~ bhRwry ln~@q~sWn~ vQsQn~ @k`~rmN~dl @vrLQn~ qEm|@k`L vg`v s[h` @gn~vnR l#bR jny`@gn~ p#v@wn~@n`~ @vwQ. iwQrQ ay evktw~ ehQ sQtQ sQAhlyn~@gn~ h` @v|lk~k`r xtyn~@gn~ (mly`lm|) p#v@wn~@n`~ @vwQ. ap iqQrQpw~ krn @m| mw@yn~ y`pn@y~ kw` krn @qmL pQLQb[ p#h#qQlQ cQwYyk~ a#wQ @vyQ. aq y`pn@y~ kw` krn @qmL wmQl~n`dR@v| kw` krn @qmL bsQn~ ewrm| @vns~ @n`@vyQ. a@nk~ awt y`pn@y~ @qmL b@shQ wmQl~n`dR @qmL bst vd` mly`lm| vcn @vyQ. e@s~ vWmt @h~wOv ym| @v|lk~k`r pYxvyk~ y`pn@y~ vWmy. ap iqQrQpw~ krn mwy o|n$m v`g~vQq&`ZykOt prWk;Nyk~ mgQn~ KN~dny kL h#kQy. v`g~vQq&`ZykO kL yRw~@w~ y`pn@y~ kw` krn @qmL h` wmQl~n`dR@v| kw` krn @qmL awr vys~ prwry @svWm pmNy. e~ vys~ prwry avRr#qE wOn~sQy pnhkt v#dQ nm| a@p~ mwy an`} @vyQ. kQsQm v`g~vQq&`ZykO @m| axQ@y`~gy x`r @n`gn~@n~ a#yQ?

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