@ht qvs I@y~ qEtR an`v#kQkr#

1990 vs@r\qW w`rk` h` ax&vk`X a{&yn @k~n~qY@y~
a`c`r\y mr\vQn~ pYn`n~qE pQywOm` smM @mm lQyRm|kr# sm|
p`qny kL a`wr\ sW. k~l`k~ uph`r gYn~}y pQLQg#n~vR avs~}`v.

upn~@n`~ mQy ywQ. mQy yn~nn~ awr mwk sthn~ wb` mQy yn~nn~t vd` mwk sthn~ @n` wb` mQy yn~nn~ sRlb y. m`nv sAhwQyt m @m@hyk~ kr mwk sthn~ wb` mQy yn~@n`~ q vQrl y. yR@r`~p@y~ qEr a$w rtk upw lb` @prqQg rtk jWvw~ v, @n`e@s~ nm| smk@yn~ a$w rtk upw lb` smky a`XYQw rtk jWvw~ v @l`v m vQX~v gm|m`nyk~ bvt pw~ kL mh` vQq~vwkO @l`~ pYkt vQq&` pYbn~{kr#vkO @mn~m vQq~vwOn~ awr vQq~vwkO vR XYWmw~ a`c`r\y a`wr\ c`l~s~ k~l`k~ m`r\wO 19 vn qQn aUym sqht m @q@nw~ pQy` gw~@w~ y. e@s~ vRv q ewOmn~ @g~ vQq&` h` w`k;N q^;~tQy @l`~ v#sQyn~ @g~ @q@nw~ @htt q avqQ kQrWm pQNQs iwQrQ v pvwQyQ.

vr\; 1917 @qs#m|br\ ms 16 v#nQ qQn bthQr eAgln~w@y~ smr\@stQ pY`n~w@y~ myQn~@hd| gm|m`n@y~ @g`vQ pvRlk apn~ kOd` a`wr\ sW. k~l`k~ @g~ pQy` c`l~s~ ryQtQ k~l`k~ y. ohR r`jkWy iAjQ@n~r# hmRq`@v| lRwQnn~vrykO @ls @s~vy kr psRv in~ ivw~ vW @g`vQ@p`Lk~ krn~nt a` a@ykQ. a`wr\ kOd` k`l@y~ qW m pQy` mQy gQ@y~ y. @myQn~ psR ohR @g~ mv kOd` a`wr\ a#wOU @s`yRr# @s`yRrQn~ a#wQ q$dQ k@L~ @g`vQ@p`@Ln~ lw~ sRU a`q`y@mnQ.

gm|bq prQsr@y~ Lm` vQy @gvR kOd` a`wr\ k~l`k~ gm a`sn~n@y~ wQbRNR mRhRq a`XYQw prQsryt vd`w~ a#lRm| k@L~ y. mRRhRq @mn~ m ahs q kOd` kl sQt m ohR a#lRm| kL prQsr pq~{wQ vQy. kOd` kl sQt ohR r`wYQ ahs mhw~ o|n$kmQn~ nQrWk;Ny k@L~ y.

Lm` vQ@y~ qW myQn~@hd| gm|m`ny asl @t`n~tn~ nm| ngr@y~ pQQhQtQ hRyQ;s~ gY#mr\ s~kSl~ nm| p`s@ln~ a{&`pny l#bW y. vQq&` pYbn~{ kQyvWmt mhw~ r#cQyk~ q$k~vR kOd` k~l`k~t a#@mrQk`@vn~ bQYw`n& n#v|vlQn~ @gn a` prN vQq&` pYbn~{ mh` sm|pwk~ vQy. ohR p`s@l~ a`h`r vQ@v|k@y~ qW ymk~ mQl qW gn~nt ohR @g~ mv qEn~ kOd` p#n~s k`sQ kWpy p@rs~s@mn~ ekwO kr prN @p`w~ mQl qW @gn mhw~ a`X`@vn~ kQyvR@y~ y. vQq&` pYbn~{ kQyvW@mn~ nwr @n` vRNR k~l`k~ p`s@l~ sMr`vt vQq&` pYbn~{ lQv|@v| y. @m@s~ lQyR mRl~ m lQpQyt l#bRNR g`s~wOv vR@y~ @l`sQn~jrykQ. e~ pAwQy x`r gOr#wm` @gnQ. eq` sWnQ@b`~l @l`sQn~jryt kOd` lQpQyk~ lQyR k~l`k~ psRv lQyn o|n$ m lQpQykt @h`~ o|n$ m @p`wkt il~ln gNnk~ @gvWmt @l`v pRr` pYk`Xk@y`~ iqQrQpw~ vR h.

vr\; 1927 sQt 1936 qk~v` hRyQ;s~ gY#mr\ p`s@l~ pY`}mQk h` q~vQwWyQk a{&`pny lb` psRv ln~dnyt p#mQNQ k~l`k~ vr\; 1936 : 1941 k`l sWm`@v| qW bQYw`n& sQvQl~ @s~vyt b#[W ert vQgNk`{QpwQ @qp`r\w@m|n~wO@v| @s~vy k@L~ y. @mm yRg@y~ qW eAgln~w@y~ sQtQ s$m wr#NykO @mn~ m a`wr\ k~l`k~ q @qvn @l`~k yR{ sm@y~ r`jkWy gOvn~ hmRq`vt b#[W w`k;NQk iAjQ@n~r#vkO @ls ktyRwO k@L~ y. @mhQ qW @r\dQ@y`~ wrAg mgQn~ qErs~} vs~wO h[En` g#nWm h` sm|bn~{ pr\@y~;Nvlt q`yk vWmt ohRt avs~}`v l#bQNQ. @mm yRq sm@y~ qW @r\d`r\ w`k;Ny qQyRNR kQrWmt @gn gQy v#dpQLQ@vL aLl` k~l`k~ lQyR g~lyQd| p`w~ (Tks`# c~ey: nm| nvk}`vk~ rcn` k@L~ y.

@qvn @l`~k yRq~{y avsn~ vWmw~ smg k~l`k~ @g~ av{`ny @y`mR vR@y~ n&;~tQk bly @vwt y. prm`NR@v| g#b| vRNR awQmhw~ Xk~wQy mQnQsRn~ n#sWmt @n` v mQnQs` @g~ yhpwt @y`q`gw h#kQ bv ohR q$n sQtQ@y~ y. @mm prm`NRk blXk~wQy kvq` @h`~ ax&vk`X wrNyt @y`q`gnR a#w#yQ ohR pYk`X kr sQtQ@y~ y. vr\; 1945 qW @l`~ pwl i@lk~@tY`nQk vQq&` sMr`v vR vyr\ls~ vr\l~d| sgr`@v| ok~@w`~br\ kl`pyt $Aer\ e#rr#Qers~k r#k~h nm| @ewQh`sQk lQpQy lW@v| y.

n#vww~ ln~dn@y~ kQAs~ vQq&`lyt @g`s~ (Nsbt.Q jqkk~t# kqb`qb: gNQwy h` @x_wQk vQq&` vQ;y h#q$r$ k~l`k~ vr\; 1948 qW aq`L vQ;yyn~ s[h` pLmR @pL vQq&`@v|qW up`{Qy lb`gw~@w~ y. ohR ln~dn@y~ vQq&Rw~ iAjQ@n~r# pYk`Xnyk~ vR Wjs#bj# ~iQer\jeQ hQ shy kwOvrykO @lst ek~ vn~@n~ vr\; 1949:1950 k`l vkv`nR@v| qW y. @m| s$m ktyRw~wk~ m nQsQ @ls krn aw@r\ m nQr\m`N`w~mk @l~KkykO @ls q @h@wm ktyRwO k@L~ y. psR k@lk cn~qYQk` pNvRd hRvm`r# sAkl~py a#wOLw~ kL $Aer\ e#rr#Qers~k s^#k~hQ nm#wQ nQbn~{nyt amwrv lQyn lq X`s~wYQy nQbn~{n a#wOLw~ kr vr\; 1984 qW ~Qj#be eq qrise ~ Qjs#bes@sj ~meqisqtr\cyh nmQn~ gYn~}yk~ sks~ k@L~ y.

vr\; 1950 vn vQt @vnw~ rFkQy`vk~ krn aw@r\ m @l~Kn kl`v kr@gn gQy q v#dQ klk~ @l~Kn kl`vt mQdAgO kQQ@m| armRNQn~

rFkQy@vn~ ivw~ vR k~l`k~ v^w~wWy @l~KkykO bvt pw~ vQy. ohR eq` gw~ wWrNy g#n vrk~ p#vsR@v| @m| ayRrQnQ. "@p`w~ lQvW@mn~ bd vQyw rFk g#nWm bthQr @l`~k@y~ pv` ewrm| s`r\}k jWv@n`~p`y m`r\gyk~ @n` @v|. v`sn`vt v@g~ m@g~ @p`w~ p`Tky` awr jnpQYy vR nQs` mt a`r\}Qk aphsRw` a#wQ vR@N~ n$. e~w~ e~ vQqQyt ek @l~KkykO ihLt yn aw@r\ wvw~ sQy gNnk~ as`r\}k vW qEk~ pWd` vQ[Qnv`. m` wvmw~ sQwn~@n~ m` iw` v`sn`vn~w vR bvyQ."

k~l`k~ @g~ vQq&` pYbn~{ nvk}` @mn~m @ktQ k}`vl qk~nt l#@bn vQ@X~;w~vy vn~@n~ sm|mw vQq&`w~mk mRl{r\m h` sQq~{Q sQy k}`vs~wOvlt pqnm| kr@gn wQbWm y. sQqE vQy h#kQ qn~n` @q~ pmNk~ h#r @n` a#sR @n` qn~n` @n` qEtR aq~xSw m@n`~ @l`~kykt p`Tky` @gn yn nQr\m`N kQrWmt a`wr\ k~l`k~ uw~s`h gw~@w~ n#w. ohR @g~ @b`@h`~ an`v#kQ s#b$ vR@y~ nQs` vQq&`w~mk pqnmk~ mw sQt nQr\m`N kQrWm nQs`@vnQ. vr\; 1953 qW k~l`k~ vQsQn~ lQyn lq kysk`yqq`.Q $b` nm| nv a`k`r@y~ vQq&` pYbn~{@y~ pL kL an`v#kQ @qkk~ aq s#b$ vW wQ@b|. in~ ekk~ upw~ p`ln @pw~w (Irsey jqberqk cskk: sh a@nk iw` m vQX~v`sq`ykv @knkO @g~ ann&w`v @s`y`gw h#kQ kYmy vn ^x~ vQX~@l~;Ny kQrWm y.

e~ vn vQt ax&vk`X yRgy eLBW @n` wQbRNR awr kQsQ m mQnQskO ihL avk`Xyt @g`s~ br rhQw ww~w~vyn~ (u#stye#QQb#QQ: aw~q$k wQbR@N~ n#w. e@hw~ qQy yt kQmQqW@m| qW nQqh@s~ clny vn vQt q$@nn ww~w~vyt @b@hvQn~ sm`n ww~w~vyk~ h` vQn~qnyk~ ym| qQ@nk mQnQs`t ihL ax&vk`X@y~ br rhQw ww~w~vyk qW aw~q$kQy h#kQ vn a#w#yQ k~l`k~ mwyk~ @ls pL k@L~ y. psR k@lk mQnQs` ax&vk`Xyt gQy psR k~l`k~ kQyR @lst mQnQs`t ey aw~qkQn~nt h#kQ vQy. qQy yt kQmQqWmt mhw~ r#cQyk~ q$k~vR a`wr\ sW. k~l`k~ os~@tQYlQy`@v| mh` b`{k @k`rl~ pry (Tr#~e i~rrs#r jqr\k r##@: @vw @g`s~ kQmQqWm pQNQs 1954 qW hQm`ly @n_k`@vn~ gmn~ a#rBW y. @mm gm@n~ qW ohR @g~ jWvn rt`v @vns~ kL nv @s`y`g#nWmk~ sQqE vQNQ. e~ XYQ lAk`v y. vr\; 1954 qW hQm`ly n#@vn~ p#y 4kt @k`LB vr`yt p#mQNQ ohR em @ktQ k`ly wOL @k`LB sQQrQ n#rBR@v| y. e~ vn ohR vQt XYW lAk`v g#n as` wQbRN q q$k wQbR@N~ n#w. @m@s~ @k`lBt p` w#bR a`wr\ sW. k~l`k~t @qhQvl sw~w~v uq&`n@y~ shk`r a{&k;vry` @ls ktyRwO kL smRqY jWv vQq&`Z vR @r`d|nQ @j`n~k~l`s~ hmR vQy.

in~psR vr\; 1956 qW n#vw XYW lAk`vt p#mQN qQg nQv`dRvk~ gw kQrW@mn~ anwOr#v a`wr\ sW. k~l`k~ nm| vQq~vw` @g~ nQvhn pRAcQ XYW lAk`v vQy. @r`d|nQ @j`nk~l`s~ sh a`wr\ sW. k~l`k~t wvw~ mQwO@rk~ @m| yRg@y~ qW ek~ vQy. e~ bQYw`n& j`wQk C`y`r$p XQl~pQykO @mn~m cQwYptkr#vkO vR myQk~ vQl~sn~ y. k~l`k~ smg @m| @q@qn` ekwO vW vr\; 1960 qW lAk` @w~ pYc`rk mN~dlyt "lk~ mRhRq yt" (I#b#~ey ey# Q#~ q@ k#hkqb: nm| v`r\w` cQwYptQy nQr\m`N k@L~ y. @m| awr XYQ lAk`@v| pY}m vr\N cQwYptQy vR "rn~mRwOqRv" nQr\m`Ny @kr#@N~ a`wr\ k~l`k~, myQk~ vQl~sn~ sh @r`d|nQ @j`n~k~l`s~ yn wQ@qn` @g~ ekwO@vnQ. in~qQyn~ s`gr@y~ XWY lAk`@v| qkONR @vr@Ln~ kQ.mW qhsk~ ob|@bn~ pQhQtQ mh` r`vN` @k`tRv (Tr#~e i~Q#Q s^##@: avt @k`rl~ pry a`XYQwv kQmQqW@mn~ lw~ aw~q$kWm| psRbQm| kr ;b`s~b {j#~b ~`d#berm# sh ;b`s~b {j#~b or#~Qmr#: yn gYn~} @qk ohR awQn~ lQyvRNQ.

vr\; 1957 qW @s`~vQytQ @q~Xy s~pRtQnQk~ :1 nm| @l`~k@y~ pY}m k^wQ~Ym cn~qYk`v gOvn~ gw kQrWmw~ smg nv ax&vk`X yRgy a#rBQNQQ. @m| smg m a`wr\ sW. k~l`k~ @g~ jWvQwy q @vns~ vQy. e~ vsr gNn`vk~ pRr` ohR sQy gYn~}vlQn~ @q~XnvlQn~ ax&vk`X gmn~ g#n kQyR an`v#kQ ohR kW s#tQ@yn~ m s#b$ vWmt ptn~ gw~ @hyQnQ. @myQn~ a`wr\ k~l`k~t wQbRNR j`w&n~wr pQLQg#nWm vd`w~ wWv|r vQy.

vQq&`v jnpYQy kQrWm vQ@X~;@yn~ m ax&vk`X h` w`rk` vQq&`v pQLQb[ @p`qE jnw`v q$nRvw~ kQrWmt kL @m@hy @vnR@vn~ vr\; 1962 qW ek~sw~ j`wWn~ @g~ a{&`pnQk vQq&`w~mk h` sAs~k^wQk a`ywny @hvw~ yR@ns~@k`~@vn~ a`wr\ sW. k~l`k~ mhw`t k`lQAg sm|m`ny pQrQnmn lqQ. in~psR vr\; 1989 qW bQYw`n& mh rFjQn @gn~ sWIbW (k$I: sm|m`nyw~ 1986 qW XYW lAk`@v| evkt jn`{QpwQ vR @j~. a`r\. jyvr\{n mhw` awQn~ vQq&`@j`~wQ sm|m`ny q pQrQn#mQNQ.

@myQn~ ohR vd`w~ agy krn sm|m`nyk~ vn~@n~ vr\; 1989 qW @l`~k@y~ vQvQ{ j`wWn~t ayw~ ax&vk`Xg`mWn~ ekwO vW pQQhQtRv` gw~ ax&vk`X g@v|;kyn~ @g~ sAgmy (~QQqjs~esqb q@ Wc~j# $Ackqr\esqb: mgQn~ ehQ pY}m vQ@X~; sm|m`ny y. @mhQ qW psR k@lk ax&vk`Xg`mWn~ vR pRq~glyn~ kQy` a#w~@w~ wmn~ @m| ww~w~vyt @gn e~mt a`wr\ k~l`k~ lQyR vQq&` pYbn~{ @b@hvQn~ ivhl~ vR bv y. vr\; 1975 qW sm|mw krgn~n` nWwQykt anRv ohRt XWY lAk`@v| pY}m sm|m`n @n~v`sQky` (s^#Qs`#bes~k tm#Qe: @ls XWY lAk`@v| vQsWmt avsr l#bW y.

vQq&`v @k@rhQ @mn~m kl`v @k@rhQ q mhw~ a`qryk~ q$k~vR a`wr\ k~l`k~ @ln`d| vRl~f~ vQsQn~ rcn` krn lq oy# Dskk~t# sb ey# nmbtk# nm| nv k}`v a#sR@rn~ a`c`r\y @ls~tr\ @jm|s~ vQsQn~ a{&k;Ny krn lq b#q~@qgm cQwYptQ@y~ iAgQYsQ j`wQk ndRk`r@ykO @g~ crQwy m#nvQn~ nQr$pNy k@L~ y.

vr\; 1980 h` 1984 yn k`lvl a`wr\ sW. k~l`k~ r$pv`hQnW nQ;~p`qn kWpykt hvRl~ vQy. ohR @g~ m "a`wr\ sW. k~l`k~ @g~ aq~xSw @l`~ky" (PhQe#rsqmQ uqrk` q@ ~reymr kg kk~rn#: nm| r$pv`hQnW v#dsthn~ m`l`v @b@hvQn~ s`r\}k vR awr "amRwO bl pQLQb[ @l`~ky" (~reymr kk~rn#.Q uqrk` q@ Wer\bt# Cqa#rQ: r$pv`hQnW v#dsthn~ m`l`v vd`w~ pYsQQq~{ vQy.

vr\; 1979 qW @m`rtRv vQX~vvQq&`l@y~ upkOlpwQvry` vX@yn~ pw~ vR @mwOm` vr\; 2002 qk~v` ehQ ktyRwO k@L~ y. e~ awr vr\; 1989 sQt vsr 3k k`l sWm`vk~ qk~v` j`w&n~wr ax&vk`X srsvQ@y~ kOlpwQ vX@yn~ q ktyRwO k@L~ y. vr\; 1962 qW pmN pQt@k`tR@v| s`p~pR sv`rQyk @yqW sQtQy qW @ktQ ulEvs~sk @m| hwr rQyn~ pRq~gly` @g~ hQs g#tWm nQs` psR k@lk htgw~ pX~c`w~ @p`~lQ@y`~ shlk;Ny (CqQe cqksq Qhb`rqp#: @h~wO vR b#vQn~ a#vQqW@m| aphsRw`vk~ kYm@yn~ vr\{ny vW avsn~ k`l sWm`@v| qW @r`~q pRtRvk~ a`{`r@yn~ gmn~ bQmn~ y`mt sQqE vQy.

a`wr\ sW. k~l`k~ mQy yn vQt wnQkd qQvQyk~ gw kLw~ vr\; 1953 qW m#rQlQn~ @m|fQl~d| nm| k`n~w`v smg vQv`h vW sQtQ@y~ y. vr\; 1964 qW sRhq qQk~ks`qykQn~ e~ sm|bn~{y avsn~ vRvw~ a#y a#@g~ nmt vQv`hk nm vR k~l`k~ yn~n x`vQwy aw~ @n` hL bvw~ ohR vQsQn~ vr\; 1978 qW rcn` krn lq oy# ds#a @rqp W#r#b`si nm| ar\{ a`w~m crQw k}`@v| s[hn~ @vyQ. vr\; 1956 qW XWY lAk`vt p#mQN @g_rvnWy sm|m`n pRrv#sQykO @ls vsr 2008 m`r\wO 19 vn qQn @wk~ qQvQ @gv` mQy yn vQt ohR vsr 90k a`yR k`lyk~ sm|pRr\N kr wQbRNQ. e~ vn vQt XWY lAk`@v| qQvQ @gv` wQbR k`ly vsr 52kQ. @mm vsr 52k k`ly wOL XWY lAk`@v| vQq&` h` w`k;N qQyRNRvt ohR itR k@L~ anRp@m|y @s~v`vkQ. @mm @s~v`v pQLQbQBR krn @h`[ m sA@k~wy @m`rtR@v| pQhQtRv` a#wQ nvWn w`k;Ny pQLQbq a`wr\ sW. k~l`k~ m{&s~}`nyyQ. @mm a`ywny pQhQtRvW@m| pQtRps sQtQ q$v#n~w bl@v|gy a`wr\ sW. k~l`k~ y.

@mwOm`t cn~qYQk` pNQvRd hRv`mr# sAkl~py iqQrQpw~ kQrWm @vnR@vn~ vr\; 1982 qW @l`~ pYkt m`r\@k`~nQ sm|m`ny l#bRNQ. @mm sm|m`ny smg l#bRNR a#@mrQk`nR @d`lr\ 50000k mRql~ w&`gy ewOm` sQy pY@y`~jnyt @n` @gn @m`rtR@v| a`wr\ sW. k~l`k~ m{&s~}`ny pQQhQtRvWmt prQw&`g k@L~ XWY lAk`@v| m upn~ j`wQm`mkykO prQq~@qnQ.

vr\; 1989 qW bQYw`n& mh rFjQn @vwQn~ nyQtQ n`my l#bW@mn~ psR ewOm` XWYmw~ a`c`r\y a`wr\ sW. k~l`k~ nm| vQy. X`rWrQk aphsRw` wQbRN q e~ sQyl~lt m sRbv`qWv mRhRN @qmQn~ jy@gn XWY lAk`vtw~, mRU mhw~ mQnQs~ sAhwQytw~ anRp@m|y @s~vyk~ itR kL XWYmw~ a`wr\ sW. k~l`k~ psRgQy 19v#nQ qQn mQy yn @wk~ @k`LB b`n~s~ @p@q@s~ aAk 25 qrN @ls~lQ nQv@s~ pqQAcQ v sQtQ@y~ y.