ek~sw~ j`wQk pk~;@y~ j`wQk sAvQ{`yk es~. bW. qQs`n`yk
mhw` smg sW. e~. cn~qY@p~Ym qW ayQln~d| pRvw~pw s[h` kL
s`kc|C`vk sQAhl prQvr\wny phw q#k~@v|.

pY. (: vQml~ vWrvAX sh jvQ@p awr a#wQvR @bqWm em pk~;@y~ a#wQvR vQX`lwm @bqWm @ls s#lkQy h#k. wvqErtw~ kQynv` nm| 1971 n~ psR a#wQvR vQX`lm @bqWmyQ. @m| pQLQb[ ob@g~ aqhs kOmk~q?

pQ. (: jnw` vQmRk~wQ @prmR@N~ @bqWm| g#n slk` blq~qW ey 1971 tw~ @pr sQt qk~nt l#bRNR @qyk~. jW.ayQ.dW. {r\m@s~kr, @rjQ@n`~l~d| kO@r\ (bs~n`hQr pL`@w~ vw~mn~ mh a#m#wQ) jvQ@pn~ ivw~v mvRbQm sRrFkW@m| sAvQ{`nyk~ pQhQtRv` gw~w`. @mm vkv`nR@v|qW a@mrQk`nR w`n`pwQ k`r\y`lyt phrqWmk~ sQqE vRv`. @mm phrqWm sQqE k@L~ @mm pQrQs @lsyQ s#l@kn~@n~. em avs~}`@v| jnw` vQmRk~wQ @prmRN kQy` sQtQ@y~ @my jvQ@p t vQr#q~{v kL kOmn~wYNyk~ bvyQ. e@mn~m 1971 k#rFl~l p#v#wQ avs~}`@v|q jvQ@p kN~d`ym| gNn`vkt k#dW gQy`. 1983 jvQ@p whnm| kL avs~}`v vn vQt em @prmR@N~ s`m`jQkyn~ vQX`l pQrQsk~ ivw~v @g`s~ sQtQy`. 1983 n~ psR @mm @bqWm| n#vwW gQy`. It @h~wO vR@y~ em vkv`nR@v| qW em kN~d`ym rhs& @ls ktyRwO kQrWmyQ. asRv qXk@y~ avs`n k`l@y~ wYs~w kQYy` eLQq#k~@vn wOr# @bqWmk~ n#wQv jvQ@p ktyRwO kL`.

1990 vn vQt jvQ@p n#vw @bqWmk~ sQqEvWmt kQsQvk~ iwOr#v wQbR@N~ n#h#. pk~;@y~ pY{`nWn~ sQylE @qn`m e~ vn vQt mQy@g`s~ sQtQy`. ovRn~ awrQn~ @b|rWmt h#kQ vR@y~ @s`~mvAX amrsQAht pmNyQ. ohRt e@s~ @b|rWmt h#kQvR@y~ rtQn~ p#ngQy nQs`yQ. aq iqQrQyt p#mQN sQtQn pQrQs eq` phLm mtQt@m| s`m`jQkyn~. ovRn~ @b`@h`~ @q@nk~ vQ@j~vWr q#kl`vw~ n#wQv a#wQ. @mv#nQ ar\bRq jvQ@pt pmNk~ sWm` vRvk~ @n`@v|. lAk` smsm`j pk~;y, @k`mQyRnQs~tQ pk~;y v#nQ m`k~s~v`qW pk~; sQyl~l wOLm @mv#nQ @bqWm| a#wQvW wQ@bnv`. 1940 gNn~vlqW @b`@h`~myk~m iqQrQ@yn~ sQtQ smsm`j pk~;y kN~d`ym| e@k`Lhkt pmN @bqW gQy`. vQkYmb`hR kr#N`rw~n, v`sR@q~v n`n`yk~k`r v#n~nvRn~ pv` mRlQn~ sQtQ@y~ smsm`j pk~;@y~.

@k`mQyRnQtQs~ pk~;y @m`s~kv| sh pWkQA vX@yn~ @bqW gQy`. n#vw pWkQA pQl k#dW gQ@y~ @r`~hN vQ@j~vWr eyQn~ ivw~v jnw` vQmRk~wQ @prmRN pQhQtRv` g#nWmw~ smgyQ. @mm ww~w~vy in~qQy`@v|w~ qk~nt l#@bnv`. ehQ "in~qQy`nR @k`mQyRnQs~tQ pk~;y" sh "in~qQy`@v| @k`mQyRnQs~tQ pk~;y" (m`k~s~v`qW) @ls @bqW gQy`. nQkrgOv`@v| sQqEvR @qy bln~n. ovRn~ bly lb`w~ psR k#dW gQy`. ILM m#wQvrN@y~ qW ovRn~ pr`jy vRN`.

jvQ@p sAvQ{`ny wOL apt q#kQy h#kQ ek~ @qyk~ wQ@bnv`. vQk^wQ pRq~glykO as~v`x`vQk sAvQ{`nyk~ pQhQtRv` g#nWmt w#w~ kQrWmyQ e~. jvQ@p s`m`jQkyn~t bly lb` g#nWmt @h`~ {ny rFs~ kQrWmt @h`~ swOtQn~ k`ly gw kQrWmt @h`~ avX& n#w#yQ kQy` wmyQ kQyn~@n~. e~w~ p~@l~@t`~ s[hn~ krn~@n~ bly {ny h` swOt lb` g#nWmt a#wQ a`X`v mnR;& lk~;Nyk~ bvyQ. jvQ@p s`m`jQk@y`~ @myt vQr#q~{v @g`s~ as~v`x`vQk pRq~glykO bQhQ kQrWmt uw~s`h kL`. @mm uw~s`hy nQX~Plv gQy`.

s~vx`v{r\myt vQr#q~{v yn pRq~glykO bQhQ kQrWmt w#w~ kQrW@m|qW ohR wmn~@g~ mwv`qvlQn~, b#h#rvWmt uw~s`h gn~nv`. ohRt vQv^wv kL @n`h#kQ @q~ @h`r rh@s~ kQrWmt uw~s`h gn~nv`. jvQ@p mn~wYWvr#n~@g~ v#tRp~ pk~;y vQsQn~ ekwO kr e~ @vnRvt ovRn~t km|kr# v#tRpk~ lb` @qnv`. e@hw~ ovRn~@g~ qr#vn~ yn~@n~ @l`kO @l`kO p`sl~vltyQ. ovRn~@g~ bQrQn~q#vr# v`hn p`vQc|cQ krnv`. ovRn~ sQylE @qn`m jAgm qErk}n p`vQc|cQ krnv`. ovRn~ a`h`r @v|lk~ gn~n yn~@n~ n#vw vrk~ kQynv` nm| @h`[ @h`~tl~vlt. mm gmnk~ yn vQt p`r ayQ@n~ wQ@bn kdvlt yn~@n~ n#h#. m@g~ a`h`r @v|l g#nWmt mm yn~@n~ m{&m pAwQ@y~ s~}`nykt. @b`@h`~ vQt em @h`~tlvlt gQy vQt ehQ @s~vkyn~ mt pvs` wQ@bn @qyk~ wmyQ "jvQ@p ahvl~ mn~wYWvry` @m| k`l` gQy` vQwryQ" kQy`. jvQ@p @mm mn~wYWvr#n~t oy wQ@yn @p`dQ k@d|kt gQhQn~ sRU mRqlkt e~ a`h`r @v|l gn~n pRUvn~ @n~. e@hw~ ovRn~ @w`~r` gn~@n~ m{&m pAwQ@y~ @h`~tlyk~. @m|k wmyQ s~v`x`vQk lk~;Ny.

e~ nQs` mt h#MW yn~@n~ jvQ@p s~v`x`vQk mQnQs~ gwQgONvlQn~ @vns~v ktyRwO kQrWmt yn @k`tsk~ bvyQ. aq apt qk~nt l#@bn~@n~ em ww~w~vyyQ. @k`mQyRnQs~tQv`qy k#dW gQ@y~ a#yQ? ovRn~ pQLQg#nWmt k#m#wQ vR@N~ n#h# v&vs`yky` kQy` @k`tsk~ sQtQn bv. ovRn~ sQw`@gn sQtQ@y~ mRl{ny, km|kr#v` h` idm| yn~n g#n pmNyQ. eyQn~ sQqE vR@y~ @k`mQyRnQs~tQv`qy p@skt vQsQvW {nv`qy hQs esvWmyQ.

@k`mQyRnQtQs~v`qy wrgk`rWw~vy pQLQgn~@n~ n#h#. wrgk`rWw~vyk~ n#wQv k`r\yk;mw`vk~ a#wQ vn~@n~ n#h#. jnw` vQmRk~wQ @prmRN kQyn~@n~ as~v`x`vQk mQnQskO a#wQ kQrWmt pYyw~n qrn sAvQ{`nyk~. @s`~v`n~ Pl lb` wQbRNw~ @h`[ jvQ@p s`m`jQk@yk~ vWmt pRUvn~ kmk~ n#h#. s`r\}k jvQ@p s`m`jQkykO vQy yRwO nm| ohR an`g`mW Plytvw~ pw~vW sQtQy yRwOyQ. jvQ@p bl`@p`@r`w~wO vn p`rQXOq~{w`v @b_q~{ sAGy` vhn~@s~l` wOLvw~ q#kQy h#kQ @qyk~ @n`@v|.

pY. (: e@s~ nm| @mhQqW nQv#rFqQ kN~d`ym vWrvAX kN~d`ym @n`@v|q? ob kw` krn s~v`x`vQk mQnQs`t ovRn~ smWp @n`@v|q?

pQ. (: n#h#. mm qkQn~@n~ @qpQrQsm v#rFqQ bvyQ. ovRn~ @q@g`l~@l`~m kw` krn~@n~ @r`~g lk~;N g#n pmNyQ. q#n~ bln~n jvQ@pn~ @vn~v gQy nn~qn gONwQlk pvsn~@n~ kQ@mk~q kQyl`. ohR kQyn~@n~ {nv`qyt vQr#q~{v arglyk~ kQrWmt pY}m a{Qr`j& vQ@r`~{W arglyk~ sQqEvQy yRwO bvyQ. ohR kw` krn @m| a{Qr`j&v`qy @m`kk~q? in~qQy`v a@p~ rt al~l` g#nWmt env`q? e@s~ n#w@h`w~ @n`~r\@v| r`j& @mhQ p#mQNQ@y~ a@p~ @wl~ bl`@gn kQy`q? @m|v` ok~@k`m m`nsQk @r`~g.

@n`~r\@v| rt aq @wl~ nQ;~p`qny krn pY{`nwm rtvl~ vQs~sk @wl~ g@v|Xny kL rtk~. e@mn~m @l`~k@y~ a#wQ {nvw~m rtk~. e~kpRq~gl a`q`ym a#mrQk`nR @d`lr\ h#thwrq`hk~ (64,000) ey a#mrQk`vtw~ vd` v#dQyQ. enQs` ovRn~ XYW lAk`vt a#s gs`@gn sQtQnv` y#yQ kQyn kw`v pQs~sR@vn~ kQyn kw`vk~. a{Qr`j& vQ@r`~{W, {nv`qW vQ@r`~{W a`qW sQyl~l un~mw~wk kw`.

@s`~mvAX amrsQAh @mrt jnw`vt kQyn~@n~ s`m`n& qQvQ @p@vwk~ gwkrn @lsyQ. n#w@h`w~ wps~ qQvQyk~ gwkrn @lsyQ. e@hw~ ohR@g~ qr#vn~ a{&`pny lbn~@n~ vQ@q~X rtvl. ovRn~ @h`[t knv`. bW.em|.db|lQv|. r}vl gmn~ krnv`. @h`[ nQv`svl v#j@Bnv`. e@hw~ @mhQqW ovRn~ krn~@n~ qEp~pw~ pY`@q~XWy sx` s`m`jQky`@g~ v#tRp pv` pk~;yt g#nWmyQ. @mm kr#NR nQs` wmyQ vWrvAX v#n~nvRn~ k#sQ@n`~ hQmQyn~@gn~ pv` mRql~ lb` g#nWmt @pLBW sQtQn~@n~. vWrvAX@g~ bQrQy v`hnyk~ p`vQc|cQ krnv`. km|kr# v#tRpkQn~ v`hnyk~ ndw~wO kL h#kQq? @mm kN~d`ym| @qkm v#rFqQyQ. psRgQyq`k iw` ls~sn k`tRn~ cQwYyk~ pLvRN`. e~ wmyQ amrsQAh kkOUv` vWrvAX kkOUv`t @klQn~ yn @ls kWm. jvQ@p kQyn w`@l~ mQnQsRn~ bQhQ kQrWmt h#kQy`vk~ n#h#. @s`~mvAX eAgln~w@y~ gw krn~@n~ ln~dn@y~ jWvw~ vn mQnQsRn~@g~ ww~w~v@yn~. @m| mQnQsRn~ awr wQ@bn pYX~ny wmyQ ovRn~ s~v`x`vQk mQnQs` h[En` @n`g#nWm. @m| @qpQrQsm uw~s`h gn~@n~ as~v`x`vQk mQnQskO bQhQ kQrWmtyQ.

pY. (: vWrvAX@g~ p#w~@wn~ bln vQt pk~;@yn~ pn~n` q#mWm ohRt a`XQr\v`qyk~ @n~q? q#n~vw~ ohRt wm jWvQwyt pY@y`~jnvw~k`rW @qyk~ kr g#nWmt h#kQ vnv` @n`@v|q?

pQ. (: @myt @pr @c`~qn` @b`@h`~myk~m wQbR@N~ vWrvAXt e@rhQvyQ. ohR gw k@L~ jvQ@p a@nkOw~ mn~wYWvr#n~t vd` @vns~ jWvQwyk~. ohR@g~ vQv`hy pv` ohR krgw~@w~ ohR@g~ pRq~glQk aqhsk~ mwyQ. a@nkOw~ @b`@h`~ @qn` vQv`h vW sQtQn~@n~ pk~;@y~ pRr\Nk`lWn s`m`jQk`vn~ smgyQ. h[En~@nw~wQ g#n apt asn~nt l#@bn~@n~ kOmk~q? r`wQY@y~ qW ohR smg nQq` gw~ww~ qvl~t v#d krn~@n~ tQl~vQn~ sQl~v` sh jnw` vQmRk~wQ @prmR@N~ a@nkOw~ n`ykyn~ smgyQ. wm s~v`mQ pRr#;y`@gn~ nQqhs~v a$ pk~;y smg sb[w` pvw~vnv`.

vWrvAX e@s~ @n`@v|. ohR e~jn~sQ w#p#l~hlk~ pvw~v`@gn y$@m| v&`p`rQk ktyRwOvlw~ @yqW sQtQnv`. iw` m$wkqW vWrvAX@g~ hQ@s~ gl~vn @jl~ g#n, ohR x`vQw krn jAgm qErk}ny g#n, ohR@g~ bQrQy g#n, bQrQy@g~ v`hny g#n @c`~qn` el~l vRN`. e@hw~ @mv#nQ @c`~qn` tQl~vQn~ sQl~v`t @h`~ anRr kOm`r qQs`n`ykt e@rhQv el~l vW n#h#. eq` p#v#wQ pRvw~pw~ s`kc|C`@v|qW vWrvAX @vnR@vn~ kw` kL pQysQrQ vQ@j~n`ykt vQr#q~{v @mv#nQm @c`~qn` wQ@bnv`. enQs` "@mn~n nQym sRqE kN~d`ym" y#yQ kQv h#kQ kN~d`ymk~ n#h#. ovRn~t vQr#q~{v pv` @c`~qn` wQ@bnv`.

nn~qn gONwQlk "qQvyQn" pRvw~pwt kL sm|mRK s`kc|C`vkqW pk~;y wOL vQ@v|cny h` s~vyA vQ@v|cn sQqEkrn avs~}`vn~hQqW vQ@v|cnvlQn~ adk~m el~l vn~@n~ vWrvAXt e@rhQv bvyQ. gONwQlk wvqErtw~ pvsn~@n~ e@s~ sQqE vn~@n~ ohR k`r\yk;m v#d krn nQs` bvyQ. e@hw~ anRr kOm`r qQs`n`ykt vQr#q~{v ev#nQ vQ@v|cn el~l vn~@n~ n#h#.

pY. (: s~v`x`vQk mQnQs`t smWp kN~d`ym vWrvAX kN~d`ym @n`@v|q? mn~q ovRn~ pk~;y vQsQn~ pnv` a#wQ @rgOl`sQvlQn~ nQqhs~ vWmt uw~s`h krn nQs`.

pQ. (: n#h#. ovRn~ eyQn~ mQqW n#h#. nn~qn gONwQlk v@g~m jvQ@p k#dW gQy @mm pQrQsq uw~s`h krn~@n~ sr\v sm|pRr\N mQnQskO bQhQ kQrW@m| mQ}&`v mwyQ. @m| kN~d`ym| @qk iqQrQ@y~qW kOLl~ k` gn~n` vQt apt @b`@h`~ @q~ q#n g#nWmt l#@b|vQ. nn~qn gONwQlk q#ntmw~ pYk`X kr a#w~@w~ pk~; mRls~}`ny iqQkQrWm s[h` @vn~kr a#wQ mRql~vlQn~ vQX`l @k`tsk~ vAc` kr a#wQ bvyQ. e@hw~ @m| @k`ts~ @qkm sQtQn~@n~ m`k~s~v`qy kQyn sQhQn@y~. @s`~vQytQ r#sQy`vt v#rFqE@N~ @k`w#nq kQy` @s`y` b#lWmt @m`vRn~ uw~s`h gn~@n~ n#h#. n#w@h`w~ m`k~s~ @h`~ @lnQn~t v#rFqE@N~ @k`w#nq kQy` @s`y` b#lWmt uw~s`h gn~@n~ n#h#.

pY. (: jvQ@p @mm @bqWm ob wOL a#wQ kr a#w~@w~ mhw~ vQ@n`~qyk~ bvyQ @pnW yn~@n~.

pQ. (: ey vQ@n`~qyk~ @n`@vyQ. mt kng`tR vWrvAX ohRt @vn @q~ g#n @n`sQwWm g#nyQ. wm`t @vn~n yn @q~ g#n ohR bQ[k~vw~ q#n sQtQy` nm| m@g~ p`r\lQ@m|n~wO asRn n#wQ kQrWmt pAgOk`rykO @n`vn~nt id wQbRN`. m` p`r\lQ@m|n~wO@vn~ ivw~ kQrWmt wOdR qEn~ pYX~ny n#gO@v| ohR.

pY(: jvQ@pn~ pQts~wrv vWrvAXt vd`w~ @h`[ an`gwyk~ wQ@b| kQy` obt sQ@wn~@n~ n#w~q?

pQ(: ey rF[W wQ@bn~@n~ vWrvAX bl`@p`@r`w~wO vn an`gwy kOmk~q yn~n mwyQ. a{Qr`j&v`qW ek~sw~ jnpqy h` @n`~r\@v| yn rtvlQn~ rt a`rk~;` kr g#nWmt avX&w`v iqQrQyt qmmQn~ ohRt a#m#wQ wnwOrk~ lb`@gn XYW lAk` nQqhs~ pk~;yt ek~vQy h#kQyQ. e@hw~ eq` ohR p`r\lQ@m|n~wO@v|qW pYk`X kL a`k`ryt ohR k#pvW sQtQn~@n~ wm pAwQyt sm`jv`qyt n#w@h`w~ vQ@j~vWr@g~ mwv`qyn~t nm| ohRt aq sQtQn jvQ@p e~k`{QpwQvr#n~t vQr#q~{v stn~ kQrWmt sQqE@vnv`. emgQn~ pk~;y pYwQsAs~krNy kQrWmt sQqE @vnv`. n#w@h`w~ psRgQy k`l@y~ ohR pYk`X kL sQyl~l awh#r qm` rjyt sm|bn~{ vQy h#kQyQ. e v#nQ wWrNyk~ gw@h`w~ ohR@g~ bQrQy @b`@h`~ @s~ swOtR vnv` a#wQ. a#yt v`hn @qkk~m p`vQc|cQ kQrWmt idkd l#@bnv` a#wQ. e@s~ n#w~nm| ohRt sQqE vn~@n~ eAgln~w@y~ qW ek jWvQwykOw~, XYW lAk`@v| wvw~ jWvQwykOw~ gw krn ay smg stn~ v#qWmty. e~ hrh` pk~; mRls~}`ny @g`dn#MWmt a#wQ mRql~ @s`rkm| kL vAcnQkyn~ rtt @hLQkQrWmyQ.