1947:1972 k#bQntQtR@v| sQtQ uw~wr
mn~wWWY
mN~dl@y~ a#w~@w`~
1947 sQt 1972 m#yQ 22 qQn qk~v` a@p~ v&vs~}`q`yky wOL sQy
a`{Qpw& bly pwOrvmQn~ wQbRNR uw~wr mn~wWY mN~dly @n`@h`w~ @s@ntQ
mn~wWY mN~dly n#w~nm| @s@ntQ sx`v g#n aq m`{& mgQn~ @h`~ @p`qE
@q~Xn sm|mn~wYN mgQn~ @h`~ kQy#@vn~@n~ n#w. @q~Xp`ln vQq&`v
vQ;y ugn~vn h` i@gn gn~n` gOr# sQsRvr# pmNk~ p`r\lQ@m|n~wO
iwQh`sy vQ;y {`r`vt aq`Lv uw~wr mn~wWY mN~dly g#n q kwQk` krwQ.
e@hw~ 1947:1972 qk~v` sm`j @q~Xp`ln a`r\}Qk sh sAs~w^kQk
aAXyn~ g#n s`kc|C` @k@rn avs~}`vk p`r\lQ@m|n~wOv nQ@y`~jny
kQrWmt @s@ntQ sx`@vn~ pw~vR sxQkvr#n~ g#n kw`bh krwQ. e~
sxQkvr#n~ nQ@y`~jny k@L~ k#bQntQ mN~dlyyQ. sRvQ@X~;v s[hn~ kL@h`w~
1947:1970 qk~v` p#v#wQ k#bQntQ mN~dlyn~hQ a{QkrN vQ;yy p#vr#@N~
uw~wr mn~wWY mN~dl@y~ sxQk@ykOt y. p`r\lQ@m|n~wO@v| mhjn nQ@y`~jQwykOt
a{QkrN vQ;yy p#vrW@mn~ ym| ym| @@nwQk ar\bRq @g`dn#MW a{QkrN@y~
s~v`{Wnw~vyt pUqE sh b`{` kQrWm| a#wQ @vw#yQ s#kyk~ pY`}mQk
sQvQl~ sm`jy wOL q s~}`pQwv wQbQNQ. ekl a#w~w vX@yn~m a{QkrN@y~
s~v`{Wnw~vy sQyyt sQyyk~ @k@s~ @vww~ 95% k~ pmNvw~ p#v#wQ vg @q~Xp`ln
h` sm`j @k;~wYyn~hQ vQq~vw~hR pvswQ.
apQ pLmRv bhRwry@g~ mwk@yn~ aq a$w~ vW a#wQ uw~wr mn~wWY
mN~dly a`rm|x vW@m| @q~Xp`ln vtpQt`v g#n q#nRvw~ @vmR. @m| s[h`
a{QnWwQZ pYvWn gw~kwOvr db|lQv|. e~. a@b|sQAh mhw` lQyR XWY
lAk`@v| @s`~l~brQ a`N~dR kYmy @p`@w~ q#k~@vn kr#NR up@y`~gQ kr
gnQmR.
1944 s#p~w#m|br\ m`s@y~qW a`N~dRkYm pYwQsAs~krN slk` b#lWmt
@s`~l~brQ @k`mQsm pw~ kr evn lqW. @s`~l~brQ s`mQvry`@g~
sx`pwQw~v@yn~ yRw~ vR @k`mQs@mhQ @ssR s`m`jQkyn~ h#tQyt @j~.a#f~.rWs~.
a#f~. @:. b@r`~ yn ay ktyRwO kLh. a`N~dRkYm vQX`rqykO vR sr\
ayQ@v`~ @jnQAg~s~ vQsQn~ sks~ kr wQbR "InQy` a#m#wQvr#n~@g~ @ktRm|pw"
@s`~l~brQ @k`mQsm vQsQn~ eh#m ptQn~m pQLQgw~@w~ y. @s@n~tQ
sx`v nmQn~ q~vWwQy mn~wYN sx`vk~ pQhQtRvQy yRwO b#v| @k`mQsm
kQy` sQtQ@y~ y. sRUj`wWWn~@g~ ayQwQv`sQkm| rkQnR s[h` ey
upk`rQ @vwQyQ ovRhR kl~pn` kLh. 1946 lAk`N~dRkYm v&vs~}`@v| 20
v#nQ vgn~wQ@yn~ uw~wr mn~wWY mN~dl@y~w~ nQ@y`~jQw mn~wWY mN~dl@y~w~
gNpRr\Ny g#n kr#NR s[hn~ @v|.
em v&vs~}`@vhQ wOn~v#nQ @k`ts "v&vs~}`q`yk mN~dly" swO blwl
h[En~v` @q~. @mm @k`tst 7:39 qk~v` vn vgn~wQ a#wOLw~ vW a#w.
qQvyQ@n~ p`r\lQ@m|n~wOv mhrj wOmQy@gn~ q uw~wr mn~wWY
mN~dly sh nQ@y`~jQw mn~wWY mN~dly nmQn~ pQLQ@vLQn~ h[En~vnR
lbn mn~wWY mN~dl @qkkQn~ smn~vQw bv b#v| hw~v#nQ vgn~wQy s[hn~
kryQ.
uw~wr mn~wWY mN~dly qQvyQ@n~ p`r\lQ@m|n~wO@vhQ anQv`r\y @k`tsk~
b#v|, v&vs~}`@v| 7 v#nQ vgn~wQy anRv @pnW yyQ. lAk`N~dRkYm v&vs~}`@vhQl`
uw~wr mn~wWY mN~dly lbn ww~w~vyw~ emgQn~ @mrt p`r\lQ@m|n~wO@v|
s~v`{Qpw&y sWm`vR ayRr#w~ nQqhs~ pn@w~ vgn~wQ mgQn~ @p@n~.
nQqhs~ pn@w~ 8 sQt 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 21,
23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34 yn vgn~wQQvl uw~wr mn~wWY
mN~dly pQLQb[ ww~w~vy p#h#qQlQ kr a#w.
s`m`n&@yn~ uw~wr mn~wWY mN~dly s#l@knR@y~ "q~vQwWWy v&vs~}`q`yky"
h#tQyt y.
ayQ@v`~ @jnQAs~ vQsQn~ sks~ krn lq "InQy`" a#mwQvr#n~@g~ @ktRm|p@whQ
l` q~vQwWy v&vs~}` q`ykyk~ pQhQtRvQy yRwOm y#yQ s[hn~ @n`vR@y~
y. e~ g#n nQs#k wWrNyk~ qW @n` wQbQNQ. e@hw~ @s`~l~brQ @k`mQsm
uw~wr mn~wWY mN~dlyw~ avX&m y#yQ kQy` sQtQ@y~ y. ehQ pYwQPlyk~
vX@yn~ uw~wr mn~wWY mN~dlyk~ pQhQtRvQNQ.
uw~wr mn~wWY mN~dlyk~ pQhQtRvW@mn~ @s`~l~brQ @k`mQsm bl`@p`@r`w~wO
vR armRNR sQyl~l sm|pRr\N@yn~m as`r\}k vR bv p#h#qQlQ kr#NkQ.
ey a`qQ kl~pQw vRw~ anvX&vRw~ a`ywnyk~ bvt pw~ vQy. mhjnw`v
vQsQn~m @kLQn~m pYwQk~@;~p krnR l#bR pr`jQw @q~Xp`lkyn~@g~
nm|bRv g#t gs` g#nWmt wQbRNR ekm w#n uw~wr mn~wWY mN~dlyyQ.
a{QnWwQZ db|lQv|. yR. e~. a@b|sQAh mhw` aqhs~ qk~vn a`k`ryt
uw~wr mn~wWY mN~dly smn~vQw vW a#w~@w~ @m| a`k`ryt y.
@mhQ mn~wWYn~ 30 n~ 15 k~ pw~ krnR lbn~@n~ agY`N~dRk`rwOm`
vQsQnQ. agY`N~dRk`r wOm` vR klW bQYw`n& rFjQn@g~ nQ@y`~jQwy`
y. @mm 15 pw~kQrW@m| bly agm#wQwOm` awvR bv sm|pYq`yyQ. v&vs~}`q`yk
mN~dlyk sxQkyn~@gn~ hrQ adk~ pw~ kQrWmt rFjQn@g~ nQ@y`~jQwy`t
avsr a#wQ w#n wQ@bn nQqhsw~ mhjnw`vt ayQwQ v&vs~}`q`yk blyw~ @m`kk~q#yQ
pYX~n kL yRwOy. agm#wQ pw~ krn~@n~ wmn~@g~ sgyn~ bv rhsk~
@n`@v|. agY`N~dRk`rwOmn~ vQsQn~ uw~wr mn~wWY mN~dl@y~ 15 k~ pw~
kr gw~ ayRr# v&vs~}`@v| 10 v#nQ vgn~wQ@y~ 3 v#nQ @C~q@y~ s[hn~
@vyQ.
v#qgw~ mhjn @s~v@yhQ @yqENhyQ w#n@w`h~ a{&`pny, nWwQy, @@vq&
kr\my, iAjQ@n~r# v#d sh b#AkO v#d q a#wOLw~v v^w~wWn~ v`NQj
ktyRwO kr\m`n~w @h`~ k^;Qkr\m`n~w @h`~ k^;Qk`r\mQk v#d vQ;y@yhQ
vQXQ;~tw~vy l#bRhyQ wm` vQX~v`s krn pRq~glyn~ pw~ kQrWmt
agY`N~dRk`rwOm` @vr q#rQy yRwOy."
@qvn v&vs~}`q`yk mN~dlyt 1970 vn @wk~ nQkmtvw~ km|kr#vkO @w~rW
pw~ @n`vR bv apt iwQh`sy ugn~v` a#w. r@tQ bhRwr jnw`v@g~ jWv@n`~p`y
vR k^;Qkr\m @k;~wYy aLl` @g`vQn`ykykO pw~ @n`vR vg uw~wr
mn~wWY mN~dl iwQh`sy wOL qk~nt @n`vW y. @k`mQsm bl`@p`@r`w~wO
vR a`k`ryt sRU j`wWn~@g~ ayQwQv`sQkm| q a`rk~;` @n`vWy.
iwQrQ 15 @qn` pw~ krgn~n` lq~@q~ nQ@y`~jQw mn~wWY mN~dly
vQsQn~ sm`nRp`wQk Cn~q kYmy anRvy. a`N~dR pk~;yt v#dQ pQrQskOw~
vQr#q~{ pk~;yt sRU pQrQskOw~ pw~ kr g#nWmk~ sQqEvQy. kOmn
ayRrkQn~ pw~ vRvq uw~wr mn~wWYhR mhjn nQ@y`~jQw@y`~ @n`@vwQ.
sRU v&vs~}`q`yk blyk~ @h`~ p#vrWm pYj`wn~wY vQ@r`~{W kQYy`vk~
bv esm@yhQ m#qQhw~ @q~Xp`ln vQq~vw~hR p#v#sRh.
em ww~w~vy wOL 1947:1972 m#yQ 22 qk~v` p#v#wQ k#bQntQ
mN~dlyn~hQ uw~wr mn~wWY mN~dl nQ@y`~jQwyn~ q#r$ vQ;yyn~ h`
vgkWm| g#n apQ q#nRvw~ @vmR. It @h~wOv @ls ap qkQn~@n~ nQqhs
lb` gwvRNR h#t vsr wOL vsr vQsQphk~m a@p~ v&vs~}`q`yky wOL
pYj`wn~wY vQ@r`~{W kQYy`vn~ s~}`pQwv p#v#wQ bvk~ @n`@v|q? vQ@X~;@yn~m
a{QkrN vQ;yy sm|bn~{@yn~ @kwrm| brpwL @q`~;yk~ sQqE vW wQbR@N~q?
uw~wr mn~wWWY mN~dly pQLQb[ mRlQk @w`rwOr#vlqW db|lQyR. e~.
a@b|sQAh mhw` lQyR "XWY lAk`@v| @s`~l~brQ a`N~dR kYmy" @p`@w~
aqhs~ up@y`~gQ kr gw~ bv av{`rN@yn~ pvsmR.
1947:1952 p`ln k`ly wOL uw~wr mn~wWWWY mN~dly nQ@y`~jny kL
sr\ llQw~ r`jpk~; (a{QkrN), sr\ olQvr\ gONwQlk (s~v@q~X ktyRwO
sh gY`m sAvr\{n pQLQb[) k#bQntQ a#m#wQ{Rr q#r$h.
1952:1956 p#v#wQ k#bQntQ mN~dl@yhQ sr\ llQw~ r`jpk~; a{QkrN
am`w& {Rrytm pw~vQy. sr\ olQvr\ gONwQlk dd|lQ @s~n`n`yk rj@y~
a`h`r sh k^;Qkr\m am`w& {Rry isQlWy. 1953 mh` hr\w`l@yn~ psR
sr\ @j`~n~ @k`wl`vl agm#wQvry`@g~ k#bQntQ mN~dl@yhQQ s~v@q~X
ktyRwO vQ;yyt anRyRk~w @krQNQ.
1956:59 bN~d`rn`yk rj@y~ a{QkrN a#m#wQ {Rryt uw~wr mn~wWY
a#m|. db|lQv|. a`r\. q sQl~v` mhw` pw~ @krQNQ. XWY.l.nQp@y~ sm
@l~km| {Rry q#r$ e~.pW. jysRrQy mhw` s~v@q~X ktyRwO x`r a#m#wQ
{Rryt pw~ @krQNQ.
1959 : 60 m`r\wO qhn`yk rj@y~ a#m#wQ mN~dly uw~wr mn~wWYYvr#n~
vn v#ln~tyQn~ jyvQkYm (a{QkrN), srw~ vQ@jsQAh (pYsQq~{ v#d h`
gmn` gmn) @ln`d| jysRn~qr (pL`w~ p`ln) nQ@y`~jny kLh.
60 m`r\wO 20 jRlQ 20 qk~v` dd|lQ @s~n`n`yk mhw`@g~ x`rk`r
rj@y~ a#m#wQvr#n~ @ls ed|mn~d| @j kO@r\ (a{QkrN), a#m|.vW.pW.
pWrQs~ (@vL[ sh v`NQj) uw~wr mn~wWY mN~dly nQ@y`~jny krmQn~
pw~vRh.
1960 jRlQ sQt 1965 qk~v` p`ln k`l@y~ mRl~m av{Q@y~ agm#wQ {Rryt
sQrQm`@v`~ bN~d`rn`yk mhw~mQy pw~vR@y~ @s@n~tQ sx`v nQ@y`~jny
krmQnQ. uw~wr mn~wWY s$m|. vW.dW. pYn`n~qE (a{QkrN) sh e~. pW.
jysRrQy (s~v@q~X ktyRwO) {Rr isQlRh. aw~wngl~l Cn~q @k`tQT`X@y~
p#v#wQ awOr# m#wQvrN@yn~ sQrQm`@v`~ bN~d`rn`yk m#wQnQy p`r\lQ@m|n~wOvt
pw~vRv`y. @l`~k@y~ pLmRvrt k`n~w`vk~ : agm#wQ{Rryt pQvQs
a#w~@w~ q lAk`@v| uw~wr mn~wWWY mN~dly wOLQnQ. e~ @ewQh`sQk @l`~k
v`r\w`vkQ.
1965:70 dd|lQ @s~n`n`yk p`ln yRgOyyQ. uw~wr mn~wYN sx`v nQ@y`~jny
krmQn~ a#m|. wQr#@cl~vm| (pL`w~ p`ln) sh e~.es~. vQ@:m`n~n (a{QkrN)
a#m#wQ{Rrvlt pw~vRh.
1970 smgQ @prmRNR rj@y~ sW. kOm`rsRrQyr\ (w#p#l~ sh vQqElQ
sA@q~X), @:.em|. jym`n~n (a{QkrN) a#m#wQ{Rrvlt pw~vR@y~ @s@ntQ
sx`@v| nQ@y`~jn@ynQQ. nv a`N~dRkYm v&vs~}`@vn~ XWY lAk`v jn
rjyk~ bvt s~}`pQwvWmw~ smg @s@ntQ sx`v @n`@h`w~ uw~wr mn~wWWY
mN~dly a@h`~sQ @krQNQ.
1956 m.e.@p. blyt pw~vW@mn~ psR pY}m vrt a`yRr\@v|q @@vq&vr#n~
uw~wr mn~wYN sx`vt nQ@y`~jny krmQn~ a`yRr\@v|q @@vq& jW.pW.
vQkYm`rc|cQ mhw` q sQAhl gOr#vr#n~ nQ@y`~jny krmQn~ e~. dW. jy@s~kr
mhw` q pw~kQrWm @ewQh`sQk sQq~{Qyk~ @ls sthn~ @v|. e~ smgm @h`~tl~
km|kr#vkO vX@yn~ v^w~wQy smQwQ @k;~wYyt pQvQsQQ sms~w lAk`
km|kr# smQwQQ sm|@m|ln@y~ sx`pwQ dW.jW. vQlQym| mhw` 1970 qW
uw~wr mn~wWY mN~dlyt pw~ @krQNQ. eyq @s@ntQ sx` iwQh`s@y~ @ewQh`sQk
sRvQ@X~; sthnk~ vX@yn~ s[hn~ @v|.
@s`~l~brQ @k`mQsm @s@ntQ sx`v s~}`pQw kQrW@mn~ pY{`n kr#NR
hwrk~ bl`@p`@r`w~wO vQy. enm| : sRU j`wWWn~@g~ ayQwWn~ a`rk~;`
kQrWm, hqQsQ v&vs~}` p#nvWm v#L#k~vWm, r@tQ vQXQ;~t bRq~{QmwOn~
v&vs~q`yk k`r\yyt shx`gQ kr g#nWm, bRq~{Qmw~ vQv`qyk~ p#v#w~vWm
ynRyQ.
mRql~ pnwk~ m`syk~ pm` kL h#kQvWm sh mRql~ @n`vn pnwk~
hym`syk~ pm` kL h#kQvWm q uw~wr mn~wWWY mN~dly swO vR v&vs}`q`yk
blykQ. nQymQw k`ly gwvW@mn~ psR em pnw~ nWwQ bvt pw~vQy. 1957
qW am`w& pQlQp~ gONvr\{n mhw` iqQrQpw~ kL kOBRRr# pnw~ @ktRm|pw
pm` kL` pmNk~ @n`v mwO vR kOmn~wYNyk vkY pYwQPlyn~ wOLQn~ XWY
lAk`@v| pLmRv#nQ vrt agm#wQvrykO q G`wnyt lk~ vQy.
em apkWr\kWr\wQyt pw~ sQq~{Qyt m`vw sks~ vR@y~ uw~wr mn~wWY
mN~dl@yn~ bv asw&yk~ @n`@v|.
@s@ntQ mn~wWY mN~dly aq v#nQ k`lyk p#v#wQ@y~ nm| pvw~n`
sm`j @q~Xp`ln psRbQm wOL p`w`l n`ykyn~ sh r`j& qR;kyn~ q
vAcnQkyn~ q ewOL v#jBW mRU rtm iw` ik~mnQn~ vQn`X krn vg rhsk~
@n`@v|. e~ smgm uw~wr mn~wWY mN~dly vQn` a`c`r\yvr#n~@g~, @q~Xm`n&,
@q~Xbn~{R, ptQtm|k`ryn~@g~, r`j& @n`vn sAvQ{`nvl bk pN~dQwyn~@g~
l#gOm|hlk~ vn~nt q id wQbQNQ.
