@qvn @l`~k sAgY`my
avs`n @k`ts
h#m @qyk~m @prmRNt!
h#m @qyk~m @prmRNt_ h#m @qyk~m jy s[h`_ yn uq~@y`~g p`Ty @s`~vQytQ
jnw`v @vw iqQrQpw~ k@L~y. km|kr# pAwQy q, smRh @g`vQ jnw`vq,
bRq~{Qmw~hR q em a`y`cnyt pQLQwOr# vX@yn~ sm`jv`qW nQ;~p`qn
wrg a#wQ kLh. yRq @prmR@N~ vWr kQYy` smg psR x`g@y~ XYmy pQLQb[
vWr kQYy` ekt @vlQNQ. km|hl~ h` p#k~trQvlq a`kr h` pwl~vlq v#dQ@yn~
nQpqvW@m| XYm kN~d`ym| @k`mQyRnQs~tQvr#n~@g~ h` @k`m|@s`@m`l~vr#n~@g~
@m@hyvWm yt@w~ sAvQ{`n krn lqW. "yRq @prmR@N~ stn~ krn~n`k~ @mn~m
v#d kL yRwOy" yn uq~@y`~g p`Ty ovRn~@g~ a`qr\Xy vQy.
wWrN`w~mk stn~
p#sQs~tQv`qWn~@g~ alEw~ pYh`ryk~ smg yRq~{@y~ @qv#nQ vsr a#rFBQN.
qkONR qQgQn~ phr @qn~nt vR swOr# hmRq`v sAK&`@vn~ qs lk~;yk~
vQy. p#sQs~tQ jr\mn~ hmRq` smg ekwOv iw`lQ hmRq`vk~q, r#@m|nQy`nR
hmRq` @qkk~q, hn~@g~rQy`nR hmRq`vk~q @s`~vQytQ @q~Xyt phr
qEn~h. swOr# bly @s`~vQytQ bly @mn~ @qgONykQn~ v#dQvQy. @s`~vQytQ
a`rk~;k pvRr# bQ[ q#mR swOr` @v`l~g`v h` uwOr# @k`@k~sQy`v @qst
@v|g@yn~ gmn~ k@L~y.
r#sQy`nR mh` gAg`v vn @v`l~g`v asl @ewQh`sQk mh` yRq~{y
a`rm|xy vQy. @s`~vQytQ mh @snvQ mN~dly @m| st@n~qW swOr` vQn`X
kr q#mWmt wWrNy k@L~y. pLmRv a`rk~;k stn~ @k`t swOr` @hm|bw~
krv` psR aAXvlQn~ phrqWm s[h` alEw~ @s`~vQytQ yRq~{ @s~n` @y`qv`
swOr# @s~n` vtl` vQn`X kr q#mWmt s#l#s~mk~ pQLQ@yl krn lqW.
s~t`lQn~gY`d| mh` stn @qs mRU @l`~kym bl` sQtQ@y~y. @mhQ
sQqEvR m`r`n~wQk stn anRv yRq~{@y~ jy pr`jy vQs[QNQ. h#m y`ryk~
s[h`m @g`dn#MQl~lk h#m wtQtRvk~ s[h`m m`r`n~wQk stn~ a#vQLQNQ.
@v`l~g`v a`rk~;` kL @s`~vQytQ xt@y`~ swOr# pYh`ry bQ[ n#gW
sQtQyh. 1942 @n`v#m|br\ 19 q` rwO hmRq`v p#sQs~tQ swOrn~t m`rk
phrk~ g#sWy. ps~ qvsk stnkQn~ psR wOn~lk~; wQs~qhsk p#sQs~tQ @s~n`vk~
vt kQrWmt @s`~vQytQ @s~n`@v`~ smw~ vRh. qQnpw` @m| vt kvy kOd`
@vmQn~ swOr` @wrpn~nt vQy. @pbrv`rQ ms mRlqW swOr` ytw~vW@mn~
mh stn @kLvr vQy. @mwrm| vQX`l yRq~{ @s~n`vk~ vt@k`t vQn`X
kQrWm @l`~k iwQh`s@y~ kQsQ qQ@nk @n`vRvkQ.
s~t`lQn~gY`d| ngry vWr ngryk~ @ls pYk`X k#rQNQ. @s`~vQytQ
xtyn~, @l`~k jnw`v imhw~ k^wZw`vkQn~ yRwOv sQhQ krwQ. @X~Y;~T
@q~X@pY~mW yRq~{@y~ h` mRUmhw~ @qv#nQ @l`~k mh` yRq~{@y~ irNm
h`w~psQn~m @vns~ k@L~ @v`l~g`@v| mh stn~vlqW @s`~vQytQ rwO
hmRq` lb`gw~ vQXQ;~t jy vQsQnQ.
@v`l~g`@v| jr\mn~ hmRq`vn~t m`r`n~wQk phrk~ gs` jy l#bR @s`~vQytQ
hmRq`@v`~ anQkOw~ @prmRNR vlq ev#nQm pYh`ryn~ el~l kLh. uwOr#
@k`@k~sQy`@vn~ jr\mn~ p#sQs~tQvr#n~ pn~n` qmn lqW. @lnQn~gY`dy
vtkr sQtQ jr\mn~ p#sQs~tQvr#n~t phrqW ovRn~ eLv` q#mRh. @s`~vQytQ
@q~X@yn~ vQX`l vX@yn~ swOr` pn~n` q#mW@m| mh` v&`p`ryk~ a`rm|x
vQy.
@s`~vQytQ @snvQ mN~dly swOr`@g~ s#l#s~m q#n gw~@w~y. kOr\s~k~
asl mh yRq~{yk~ a`rm|x vQy. iwQh`s@y~ @m@wk~ a#wQvR vQX`lwm
yRq~{y ey vQy. @qpk~;@y~m @m| s[h` awQ vQX`l sAK&`vk~ yRq~{ t#AkQq,
ahs~y`n` q, k`lwOvk~kOq @yqvRh. anxQbvnWy @s`~vQytQ a`rk~;k
pvRr#vlt phrqWmt ptn~gw~ jr\mn~ bl @s~n`vl bly sQ[QNQ. jr\mn~
pYh`ry bQ[ q#mR @s`~vQytQ @s~n` wWrN`w~mk pYwQ pYh`r el~l kLh.
q~nWpr\ nqQ@yn~ e@wrt jr\mn~ @s~n` pn~n` q#mR @s`~vQytQ rwO
hmRq` @q`n~b`s~ @p@qsq, q~nWpr\ g@Mn~ n#@gnhQr uk~ryQnyq, 1943
@n`v#m|br\ mRlqW kQv| ngryq mRq` gw~h.
@s`~vQytQ yRq~{ hmRq`vl jy nQs` swOr` al~l`@gn sQtQ @p@qs~vl
p`tQsn~ @hvw~ @q~X@p~YmW grQl~l` xt@y`~ wm pYh`ry wQyRNR kLh.
1941 qW swOr` al~l`gw~ @p@qs~vl sAvQ{`ny vRNR @m| @q~X@pY~mW
xt kN~d`ym| swOr`@g~ psR x`gyt phrqW mhw~ al`x h`nQ kLh.
@c@k`s~@l`@v|kQy`v, @p`~ln~wy, pYAXy, iw`lQy, yR@g`s~l`vQy`v,
gYWsQy, @bl~jQym, o|ln~qy a`qW rtvl @q~X@pY~mW grQl~l` xt
kN~d`ym| smg ekwOv stn~ kQrWmt, e~ rtvlt @gnynR l#bR @s`~vQytQ
yRq~{ hQrkr#vn~@gn~ @b`@h`~ @q@nk~ iqQrQpw~ vRh.
@s`~vQytQ @q~X@yn~ swOr` plv`h#rWm
@s`~vQytQ @q~Xy lb`gw~ yRq~{my jygYhN @l`~ky @k@rhQ s$@hn
blp$mk~ a#wQ k@L~y. 1943 avs`n@y~ qW @t@hr`n~hQ (ir`n@y~
agnRvr) @s`~vQytQ sm`jv`qW jnrjy, a#@mrQk` h` bQYw`n&@y~
a`N~dRvl pY{`nWn~@g~ rFs~vWmk~ p#v#w~vQNQ. bQYw`n&:@s`~vQytQ:a#mrQkn~
mQwOr# hvR@l~ @p`qE pYwQpw~wQyq, yRq~{@yn~ psR @m| rtvl
s`mRhQk sh@y`~gWw`v pQLQb[ pYwQpw~wQq adAgO pYk`Xnyk~ @m|
s`kc|C`@vn~ psR nQkOw~ krn lqW.
1943 qW a#wQv wQyRNR stn~vlQn~ psR 1944 mRl~ hyms wOLqW rwO
hmRq`v @lnQn~gY`d| asl sQtQ jr\mn~ @s~n`vn~t m`r`n~wQk phrk~
gs` kQ@l`~mWtr\ sQy gNnk~ a$wt ovRn~ pn~n` q#m|@m|y. q~nWpr\
nqQyt bthQrQn~ uk~ryQn@y~ k[vRr#l` @gn sQtQ swOr# hmRq` vQn`X
@k`t kYQmQy`v mRqv` gw~@w~y.
1944 gQm|h`n@y~ qW rwO hmRq`v mRU @prmRN pRr`m vQsQr#NR
pYh`ryn~ gsmQn~ iqQrQyt gQ@y~y. @lnQn~gY`dyt uwOrQn~ jr\mn~ h`
pQn~ln~w yRq~{ @s~n` smRlG`wny kr qmn lqW. pQn~ln~wy yRq~{@yn~
ivw~ vQy. m{&m @prmR@N~ qr#NR pYh`ryk~ a`rm|x kL rwO hmRq`v
@b@l`~r#sQy`vq lQwO@v|nQy`@vn~ @k`tsk~ q mRq`@gn anwOr#v l#tQvQy`v
sh es~@w`~nQy`vq mRq` gw~@w~y. 1944 srw~ smy vn vQt, uk~ryQny
h` @m`l~q`vQy`vq mRq` gn~n` lqW.
1944 rwO hmRq`@v| pYh`ry nQs` vtvR jr\mn~ @s~n` qhs~ gNnQn~
sQr x`ryt pw~vRh. klkt @pr hQtQlr\v`qW a`kYmNQk@y`~ @m`s~kv|
ngry sQy#sQn~ q#k g#nW@m| sQhQny qEth. ovRn~@g~ em sQhQny s#b$
kr g#nWmt avs~}`vk~ sls~vn lqW. 1944 jRlQ 17 q` jr\mn~ yRq
xtyn~ h#tqhsk~ pmN @s`~vQytQ mRrk`vl~ yt@w~ @m`s~kv| ngr@y~
m`vw~ os~@s~ @gn yn lqW.
1944 qW @s`~vQytQ sAgm@y~ @q~X sWm`vlQn~ ob|bt a`kYmNQkyn~
pLv`h#rWmt pQLQvn~ vQy. hQrb`ryt pw~vRNR jr\mn~ xtyQn~@g~ gNn
asRlk~;ykQ. jr\mn~ k`lwOvk~kO 1,90,000 q ahs~ y`n` 62,000 k~q,
yRq~{ t#AkQ 55,000 k~q vQn`X krn lqW. p#sQs~tQ a{Qr`j&v`qW
a`kYmNQkyn~ pn~n` q#mR @s`~vQytQ jnw`v sQy sm`jv`qW sm`j kYm@y~
anxQxvnWy bly iw` @h`[Qn~ op~pR kLh.
@s`~vQytQ rwO hmRq`vn~@g~ vQmRk~wQk`mW v&`p`ry
yR@r`~p@y~ p#sQs~tQv`qW vhl~ kYmyt hsRvW sQtQ @q~X@pY~mWhR
@s`~vQytQ hmRq`vn~@g~ jygY`hW pYh`ry nQs` mhw~ @s~ swOtR vRh.
yR@g`s~l`vQy`v, a#l~@b|nQy`v, gYWsQy, @p`~ln~wy, @c@k`s~@l`~@v|kQy`v
pYAXy a`qW rtvl j`wQk vQmRk~wQ v&`p`r @p`qEjn stn~ bvt prQvr\wny
vQy. @m|v`@y~ n`ykw~vy gw~@w~ e~ e~ rtvl @k`mQyRnQs~tQ pk~;
vQsQnQ. yRq~{@y~ qW p#sQs~tQv`qW jr\mnQy pYmRK hvRl pr`jy
kQrWm s[h`w~, p#sQs~tQv`qW a`N~dRv pr`jy kQrWm s[h`w~, @k`mQyRnQs~tQv`qWn~@g~
n`ykw~v@yn~ @q~X@pY~mQ@y`~ stn~ k@L`~y.
rwO hmRq`@v| vQXQ;~t jy nQs` bQYw`n&@y`~ h` a#mrQk` ek~sw~
jnpq@y~ p`lk@y`~ k#LBRNh. p#sQs~tQ jr\mn~ hmRq` wnQvm
smRlG`wny @k`t mRUmhw~ yR@r`~pym mRq` g#nWmt @s`~vQytQ sAgmy
smw~ bv p#h#qQlQv @pnQNQ. pYj`wn~wYv`qy h` pYgwQy s[h` stnt
bQYw`n&@y~ h` a#mrQk` ek~sw~ jnpq@y~ p`lk pAwQ @qv#nQ @prmRN
vQv^w kQrWm avRr#qE wOnk~ wQs~@s~ kl~ q#m|mq avs`n@y~qW ey vQv^w
kLh. 1944 jRnQ m`s@y~qW iAgYQsQ h` a#mrQkn~ yRq~{ hmRq` pYAXyt
@g`d b#s~@s~y. mQtQykt h` kQnQhQrykt m#qQvR ww~w~vykt jr\mnQy
mRN p$@v|y. jygYhN@y~ pY{`n bl@v|gy vR@y~ @s`~vQytQ sAgmyyQ.
1944 m#q x`g@y~ qW @s`~vQytQ hmRq` yR@r`~py mRq` g#nW@m| mh`
v&`p`ry a#rFBWy. @k`mQyRnQs~tQ pk~;y sh @s`~vQytQ a`N~dRv em
v&`p`r@y~ armRNR @m@s~ p#h#qQlQ k@L~y.
p#sQs~tQv`qW p`lny vQn`X @k`t yR@r`~p@y~ rtvlt h` jnw`vt
sQy s~v`{Wnw~vy qQn` g#nWmt a`{`r kQrWm.
wmn~ k#m#wQ a`N~dR h` sm`j kYmyk~ @w`~r` g#nWmt vQmRk~wQy
l#bR jnw`vt sm|pRr\N nQqhs lb`qWm.
yRq~{y ptn~ g#nW@m| v#rFqQkr#vn~t h` pY{`n yRq~{`pr`{
k`ryn~t qVRvm|qWm.
n#vw vrk~ a`kYmNQk yRq~{yk~ ptn~ g#nWmt jr\mnQyt id @n`w#bWm.
yRq~{@yn~ psR yR@r`~pWy jnw`v awr qWr\Gk`lWn sh@y`~gWw`vyk~
a#wQ kQrWm.
@s`~vQytQ sAgmy pYk`X kL vQmRk~wQ argl st@n~ v#dpQLQ@vLhQ
m`nv hQwk`mW jnw`v anRmw kLh.
rwO hmRq` gQy h#m rtkm, vQmRk~wQk`mW hmRq`vk~ @ls jnw`v iw`
unn~qE@vn~ ey pQLQgw~h. mh`q~vWp p@h~ v#dkrn jnw`v@g~ smgQy
pQLQbQBR krn ps~ @k`n~ rwO wr#v p#L[ sQtQ @s`~vQytQ xtyQn~
qEtR yR@r`~pWy rtvl v#dkrn jnw`v mQnQs~ sAhwQyt @@vr krn j`wQ@x~qv`qW
vR p#sQs~tQ pWdn@y~ @vns iw` @h`[Qn~ vth` gw~h.
@p`~ln~w yRq~{ hmRq` smg ekwOvR @s`~vQytQ yRq~{ hmRq` jr\mn~
a`kYmNQkyn~ @p`~ln~w@yn~ pn~n` q#mRh. 1944 a@g`~s~wO m`s@y~qW
@s`~vQytQ yRq~{ hmRq` swOr`t phr @qmQn~ r#@m|nQy`vt a#wOlE vR
vQt r#@m|nQy`nR @k`mQyRnQs~tQ pk~;@y~ n`ykw~vy yt@w~ sQylE @q~X@pY~mWhR
k#rFlQ gs` p#sQs~tQv`qW rjy @prl` q#mRh. r#@m|nQy`v jr\mn~ yRq~{
hvR@ln~ a$w~ vQy. p#sQs~tQv`qW r`j`N~dR @prL` q#mWmt bl~@g~rQy`nR
jnw`vt pRUvn~ vQy. bl~@g~rQy`nR jnw` @prmR@N~ a`N~dRv jr\mnQyt
vQr#q~{v yRq~{ pYk`X k@L~y. 1941 vsn~w@y~qW jr\mnQy yR@g`~s~l`vQy`v
al~l`gw~ vQgsm ert @k`mQyRnQs~tQ pk~sy blsm|pn~n @q~X@pY~mW
grQl~l` v&`p`ry~k ptn~ gw~@w~y. mRUmhw~ yRq~{ k`ly wOLqW jr\mn~
h` iw`lQ yRq~{ hmRq`vlQn~ @k`tsk~ wmn~ @vwt a#q g#nWmt yR@g`s~l`vQy`nR
@q~X@pY~mQ grQl~l` xt@y`~ smw~ vRh. @s`~vQytQ h` yR@g`s~l`vQy`nR
@q~X@pY~mQ yRq~{ hmRq` ek~v yR@g`s~l`vQy`nR agnRvr @bl~gY`d|
ngry mRq` gw~@w`~y. @s`~vQytQ rwO hmRq`vl jy pY@y`~jnyt gw~
a#l~@b|nQy`nR jnw`v p#sQs~tQv`qWn~ wm rtQn~ pn~n` q#mRh. @s`~vQytQ
rwO hmRq`v hn~@g~rQy`vq, @c@k`s~@l`@v|kQy`@vn~ h` o|s~tQYy`@vn~
adk~q mRq`@gn p#sQs~tQv`qW@gn~ wm rtvl~ mRq` g#nWmt @n`~r\@v|
h` @dn~m`r\k@y~ jnw`vt a`{`r qEn~h.
hQtQlr\v`qWn~ vQsQn~ g$s~ k`mrvl qm` qslk~; gNnk~ jnw`v mr`
qmn lqh. @s`~vQytQ yRq~{ hmRq` @m| mQnWmr# hQr k[vRr# al~l` gw~@w`~y.
g$s~ k`mrvlt yv` mr`qmnR l#bR @s`~vQytQ v#sQyn~@g~ sAK&`v
hwLQs~ lk~;ykQ. @vnw~ qs lk~; gNnk~ jnw`v e@lsm mr` q#mWmt
sRq`nm| kr wQbQNQ. hQtQlr\@g~ vhl~ v{ k[vRr#vl "@l`~k@y~ sQylE
rtvlt ayw~ sQrkr#@v`~ sQtQyq, @s`~vQytQ yRq~{ hmRq` hQr k[vRr#
al~l`@gn, ovRn~@g~ jWvQw @b|r` gw~h.
1945 jnv`rQ m#q hrQ@y~qW @s`~vQytQ yRq~{ hmRq`v avs`n
pYh`ry a#rFBWy. em hmRq`vl blgwO pYh`ryt o@r`w~wO qWmt jr\mn~
yRq~{ hmRq` asmw~ vRh.
1945 a@p~Y~l~ m`s@y~ qW p#sQs~tQv`qW jr\mnQ@y~ agnRvr vn br\lQny
al~l` g#nW@m| mh` pYh`ry @s`~vQytQ hmRq` vQsQn~ arBn lqW. em
ngry al~l` g#nWm s[h` qvs~ 10 wQs~@s~ q#dQ stnk~ kQrWmt
sQqEvQy. ngry al~l`gw~ @s~vQytQ rwO hmRq`v ryQk~s~t$ky (jr\mn~
p`r\lQ@m|n~wOv) mw vQjygYhN@y~ rwO {jy esvRh. @s`~vQytQ bl @s~n`
hQtQlr\@g~ hmRq` vt k@L`~y. p#sQs~tQv`qy vQn`X vR@yn~ jr\mnQy
@k`n~@q~sQ vQrhQwv ytw~ vQy. mhjn a{QkrNy vQsQn~ p#sQs~tQv`qW
n`ykyn~t brpwl qVRvm| pmRNRvn lqW. 2 vn @l`~k sAgY`m@y~ qW @l`~v#sQyn~
@k`~tQ phk@g~ jWvQw ahQmQ vQy. in~ @k`~tQ 2 k~ @s`~vQytQ v#sQyn~y.
jr\mnQ@y~ ytw~vWmw~ smgm yR@r`~p@y~ yRq~{y avsn~ vQy.
1945 jRlQ m`s@y~ qW @s`~vQytQ sm`jv`qW jnrj sAgm@y~, a@mrQk`
ek~sw~ jnpq@y~ bQYw`n&@y~ a`N~dRvl n`yk@y`~ jr\mnQ@y~ @p`tQs~d$m|
nRvr s`kc|C`vk~ pvw~v` jr\mnQy n#vw kQsQ qQ@nk @l`vt wr\jny @n`krn
bv shwQk kQrWmt ktyRwO krn bv @p`s~d$d| gQvQsRmkQn~ p#vsRh.
jpn~ a{Qr`j&v`qWn~ pr`jy kr ik~mNQn~ yRq~{y avsn~ @k`t s`my
whvRr# kQrWmq @s`~vQytQ a`N~dRv sQy yRwOkm @ls slkn bv wm
mQwOr# rtvlt p#vsWy.
a@g`~s~wO ms mRlqW @s`~vQytQ sAgmy jp`nyt vQr#q~{v yRq~{
pYk`X k@L~y. @s`~vQytQ hmRq` jpn~ hmRq`vnt m`r`n~wQk phrk~ g#sRh.
in~ tQk klkt psR jp`ny ytw~vQy. h`r @k`~tQyk jnghnyk~ v`sy krn
cWn@y~ Is`n qQg @p@qs mRq`gw~ @s`~vQytQ hmRq` jpn~ hmRq` pn~n`
q#mRh. avRr#qE 14 k~ wQs~@s~ cWn@yn~ wO@nn~ @q`@k`tsk~ ovRhR
al~l`@gn sQtQyh. @s`~vQytQ hmRq` awQn~ jpn~ hmRq` vQn`XvWm nQs`
cWn vQp~lvy wvw~ qQyRNR vW jygYhn@yn~ @kLvr vWmt @h~wOvQy.
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