@h`~r\tn~w#n~n

h#[Qn~vWm

XYW lAk`@v| 11 v#nQ j`wQk uq&`ny @h`~r\tn~w#n~nyQ. @hk~ty`r\ 3160 kQn~ smn~vQw @my 1969 vs@r\qW s~v`x`vQk rk~;Qwyk~ @ls pYk`Xyt pw~ krn lq awr, 1988 m`r\wO ms 16 v#nQq` j`wQk uq&`nyk~ @ls nm| krnR l#bWy.

@mrt a#wQ j`wQk uq&`n awO@rn~ aq~vQwWym vtQn`km a#wQ vnjWvW rk~;Qw xSmQy vn~@n~q @h`~r\tn~w#n~nyQ. @mhQ a#wQ p`rQsrQk agy, @q~XgONQk h` k`lgONQk s`{k, @@jv vQvQ{w~v agy h` jl @p`~;Qw @mn~m jl`{`r v#qgw~km awQn~q @h`~r\tn~w#n~nt @qv#nQ vn @vnw~ j`wQk v@n`~q&`nyk~q, @vnw~ vnjWvW rk;Qwyk~q, @vnw~ rk~;Qw vn`n~wryk~q @n`m#wQ wrm|y.@mvn~ vn uyn~ @l`v hmRvn~@n~ iw` al~p vX@ynQ. k[Ekr vn`n~wrvl h` @ww~ pwn~vl @l`v @h`[m nQqr\Xnyk~ @ls @h`~r\tn~w#n~n h[En~v` @q~.@mhQ a#w#m| s~}`n h` pY@q~X q#dQ s~vx`v rk~;Qwyk~ vn hk~gl @s~m sArk~;Ny kLyRwO sA@v|qW lk~;N qryQ.

pQhQtWm

m{&m pL`@w~ nRvreLQy qQs~wYQk~kyt ayw~vn awr, nRvreLQy pY`@q~XWy @l~km| @k`tQT`sy ytwt g#@n~. ayw~vn shk`r vnjWvW a{&k; kl`py m{&myQ.nRvreLQy ngryt kQ@l`~mWtr\ 32 k~ qkONR qQgQn~ uq&`ny pQhQtn awr ey m{&m k[Ekr@y~ iw` ihL w#@nk s~}`ngw vW a#w. XYW lAk`@v| v@n`~q&`n awrQn~ ihLQn~m pQhQtQ v@n`~q&`ny @myyQ.

m`yQm|

iw` p#h#qQlQ @ls @vn~ kL h#kQ @x_wQk m`yQm| @h`~r\tn~w#n~@n~ qk~nt n#w. h`w~ps vQhQq a#wQ vn`n~wr awrQn~m m`yQm| gl~ @y`q` @h`~r\tn~w#n~n sWm` m`yQm| @vn~kr a#w. @mm m`yQm|vlQn~ ax&n~wry (enm| uq&`ny) vnjWvW @qp`r\w@m|n~wOv mgQn~ p`lny @k@rn awr, pQtw vn`n~wr p`lny @k@rn~@n~ vn sArk~;N @qp`r\w@m|n~wOv mgQnQ. a#w#m| s~}`nvl m`yQm| qQ@vn~@n~ us~ k[E mRqEn~ mwQnQ. qL vX@yn~ uq&`n@y~ m`yQm| phw prQqQy.

uwOr# m`yQm agY` gM sQt @h`~r\tn~w#n~n : ptQtQ@p`l m`r\gy @wk~q, ew#n~ sQt @w`tRpL kn~q qk~v`q qQ@v|.

n#@gnhQr m`yQm @w`tRpL kn~q sQt @h`~r\tn~w#n~n : ohQy pY{`n m`r\g@y~ 33 v#nQ s#wpRm| kNRv qk~v` @v|. qkONR m`yQm ohQy m`r\g@y~ sQt m{&m h` u_v pL`w~ m`yQm| os~@s~ sbrgmRv pL`w~ m`yQm hmRvn @wk~q ew#n~ ptn~ mhnRvr : nRvreLQy qQs~wYQk~ m`yQm hmRvn @wk~ gmn~ kryQ. bthQr m`yQm mhnRvr : nRvreLQy qQs~wYQk~ m`yQm os~@s~ kQrQgl~@p`w~w k[E mRqEn hrh` agY` gM

@wk~ n#vw sm|bn~{ @v|.

uq&`ny @vw pQvQsWm

pY{`n m`r\g wOnkQ, enm|.

1. nRvreLQ : a@B|@vl : ptQtQ@p`l @h`~r\tn~w#n~n (kQ. mW. 32)

2. hpRw@l~ @h`~ v#lQmd sQt : @b`rln~q ohQy : @h`~r\tn~w#n~n (kQ. mW. 38)

3. nRvreLQy : hk~gl : @r\n~q@p`l : a@B|@vl : ptQtQ@p`l : @h`~r\tn~w#n~n (kQ. mW. 38)

wlv`k#@l~ : a`grpwn : dygm : @b`~pw~wl`v sQt p` gmnQn~ p#mQNQy h#kQ vn mMk~ q @v|.

phsRkm|

uq&`n wOL pY@v|X m`r\g

ptQtQ@p`l h` ohQy uq&`n pY@v|Xvl sQt m{&@y~ pQhQt` a#wQ uq&`n mRls~}`n k`r\y`ly qk~v` s#wpRm| 7 : 8 k iw` @h`[Qn~ s#ksR r}v`hn {`vn m`r\gykQ. enmRw~ tQktQpw~ g#nW@mn~ anwOr#v uq&`n@y~ a#wOLw y` yRw~@w~ p` gmnQnQ. e~ s[h` @h`[ vnmA @pw~ j`lyk~ pQhQtyQ. @h`~r\tn~w#n~@n~ pYkt kOd` @l`~k`n~wy sh mh` @l`~k`n~wy qQ@vn kQ@l`~mWtr\ 06 k~ pmN vn vn mA @pw, anQw~ psQn~ @b|kr\s~a#l~l hrh` p#mQ@Nn kQ@l`~mWtr\ 07 k~ pmN vn vn mA @pw h` v^w~w`k`r @ls sm|bn~{ @v|.

uq&`n mRls~}`n@y~ sQt kQrQgl~@p`w~w k[E mRqEn qk~v` wvw~ vn mA @p@wkQ. ehQ qQg kQ. mW. 07 k~ pmN @v|. mWLM vnmA @pw @w`tRpL kn~q qk~v` qQ@v|. ehQ qEr kQ@l`~mWtr\ 2.5 kQ. w#nQwl`, k[E b$vRm| vlQn~ @mn~m eLQmhn~ h` vnvqElE wOLQn~q @mm vnmA @pw~ smn~vQw @v|.

uq&`n@y~ @x_wQk lk;N

ihL k[Ekr prQsr pq~{wQykQ. xS vQ;mw`vn~ h` k`lgONQk @q~XgONQk vQ;mw`vn~q v#dQy. v@n`~q&`ny mWtr\ 1800 : 2389 awr us pYm`Nyk vQhQ@q~. usQn~ v#dQm s~}`ny mWtr\ 2389 k~ us#wQ kQrQgl~@p`w~w k[E mRqEnyQ. @my XYW lAk`@v| @qv#nQ usm k[E mRqEnyQ. mWtr\ 2357 k~ us XYW lAk`@v| @wv#nQ usm k[E mRqEnq pQhQt` a#w~@w~ @mhQy. e~ h#r#NR@k`t sms~wyk~ @ls w#nQwl` a`k`r@y~ xSmQykQn~ uq&`ny smn~vQw vn awr ehQ us mWtr\ 2100 k~ pmN @v|. e@hw~ @mrt pYktm a`g`{y q pQhQt` a#w~@w~ @mhQy. "@l`~k`n~wy" @ls h[En~vn @my @k`ts~ @qkkQn~ smn~vQw @v|. mh` @l`~k`n~wy g#BRrQn~ v#dQm s~}`nyyQ. mWtr\ 884 k~ vn ey h` mWtr\ 27 k~ us#wQ kOd` @l`~k`n~wy yn a`g`{ bLA@g`d (rw~npRr qQs~wYQk~k@y~) nn~@p~rQyl~ vwOy`y qk~v` qQ@v|.

@l`~k`n~wy qv@s~ v#dQ @v|l`vk~ mQhQqE@mn~ v#sW pvwW. kOd` a#lQ kQhQpyk~ p#vwQyq mWtr\ 20 : 25 k~ pmN us @b|kr\s~ a#l~l @mhQ pYkt vRvkQ.

@mhQ v`r\;Qk vr\;`pwny mQ. mW. 2500 kQ. s`m`n& v`r\;Qk u;~Nw~vy @sn~tQ@gY~tQ aAXk 13 kQ. @qs#m|br\ : @pbrv`rQ k`l@y~ r`wYQy iw` sWwl a{Qk @v|. em k`l@y~ uq$sn ml~wOhWn q#kgw h#kQy. @mm k`l@y~ qQv` k`ly a{Qk av| rX~mQ@yn~ yRk~wy. uNRsRm|y. nQrQwqQg h` Is`n qQg @m`~sm| vr\;` @q@kn~m v#sQ l#bn awr, jnv`rQ : a@pY~l~ qk~v` vQyLQ k`lyk~ shQwy. iwQrQ k`ly pRr`vt v#sQ a#q v#@tQ. uq&`n@y~ qQy qhr awr @blQhRl~oy pY{`n w#nk~ gnW. wrmk vQX`l @mm oy p`r, cQmQnQ @p`kONR, a`N~dRk`ry`@g~ @p`kON v#nQ wrmk~ vQX`l @p`kON kQhQpyk~m nQr\m`Ny kryQ. kQrQgl~@p`w~@w~ gQNQ@k`N qQg b$vR@mn~ @blQhRl~oy ptn~gn~n` awr vL@v| gMt ekwO @v|. nQrQwqQg b$vR@mn~ ptn~ gn~n` bgvn~wl` oy k`sl~ rW os~@s~ k#lNQ gMt ekwO@v|. b#rn~ @r`k~hQ uwOr# b$vRm qQyqhr` agY`oy os~@s~ mhv#lQ gM s`qyQ. @w`tRpL kn~qq sRvQsl~ jl`{`r pY@q~XykQ.

awWw @w`rwOr#

1831 : 1837 awr k`l@y~ @mrt bQYw`n& a`N~dRk`ry`vR sr\ @r`btQ @h`~r\tn~@g~ nmQn~ @mm w#nQwl` pY@q~Xy @h`~r\tn~w#n~n (Horton plain) @ls nm|kr a#ww~, awWw sQAhly` @mm pY@q~Xy h[En~v` a#w~@w~ "mheLQy", "m#NQk~ @p`kON" "mhw#n~n" yn nm| vlQnQ. w^N xSmQ shQw vQX`l eLQmhn~ pY@q~Xy yn~n mheLQy yn~@n~ ar\}yyQ.

@mrt bQYw`n& p`ln smyt ayw~ 1830 qXk@y~ qQnyk @mm pY@q~X@y~ qd @kLQ@y~ nQrwv sQtQ iAgYWsQ hmRq`@v| kpQw`n~ vQlQym| fQ;r\ h` kr\nl~ a#l~btQ @v`tQsn~ @qpLt @mm agn` xSmQy q#k gn~nt l#bW@mn~ ey ekl a`N~dRk`ry` vR @r`btQ @h`~r\tn~t v`r\w` kQrW@mn~ psR, @h@wm qQnk~ sbrgmR@v| r@tQ mhw~wy` mRNg#sWmt yn gm@n~qW @m| os~@s~ gmn~ kr a#w. @mhQ sRn~qrw~v@yn~ vXW vR a`N~dRk`rvry` wm`@g~ nmQn~ @my nm|@k`t a#w. ew#n~ ptn~ @my vwOk`r sRq~qn~@g~ qd bQmk~ bvt pw~vWy. ekl @mhQ @g`~nRn~ pmNk~ @n`v alQ a#wOn~q, @k`tQyn~q bhRlv v`sy kr a#w. @mhQ qdym vQ@n`~qy pQNQs sh kYWd`vk~ @ls pvw~v`@gn @g`s~ a#w. ehQ pYmRKw`v @gn a#w~@w~ s#mR@vl~ @b|kr\, @w`~ms~ f`r\, @m|jr\ @r`~jr\s~ v#n~nvRn~y. iw` vQX`l vX@yn~ alQ a#wOn~ mr` qm` a#wQ ovRn~@gn~ a#w#@mkO wm vWrw~vy @p`w~pw~vltq nM` a#w. @m|jr\ @r`jr\s~ nm#w~w` pmNk~ @mrt alQ a#wOn~ 1400 kt v#dQ gNnk~ @vdQ wb` mr` qm` a#w. 1900 qW pmN @w`~ms~ f`r\ vQsQn~ @mhQ qdyk~kr#vn~@g~ sm`j X`l`vk~q bQhQ kL awr psRv "f`r\ in~" @ls h#[Qn~vR @my aq nvWkrNy kr sAc`rk @w`rwOr# m{&s~}`ny sh k`r\y`l sAkWr\Ny @ls x`vQwyt gnR lbyQ.

iAgYWsQ p`ln sm@y~qW ivk~ bvk~ n#wQv ap r@tQ k[Ekr pY@q~X, @w~ vg`v s[h` @y`q` gw~ awr, uq~xQq vQq&`Z sr\ @j~m|s~ hRkr\@g~ up@qs~ prQqQ ihL jl`{`r a`rk~;`v s[h` 1873 qW adQ 5000 t (mWtr\ 1524) v#dQ us~ bQm| @hLQ @p@hlQ kQrWm a`N~dRv vQsQn~ nvw` q#mWm @h~wO@vn~ @h`~r\tn~w#n~n vQn`X@yn~ @b|rW a#w.

1940 qXk@y~ ohQy h` gQnQhQrQy vwO p`lky`v sQtQ sr\ @j~m|s~ a#n~dr\sn~ vQsQn~ a#n~dr\sn~ @l`j~ nmQn~ nQvs~nyk~ nQr\m`Ny @k`t a#wQ awr, ehQ p#mQNWm s[h` @b`rln~q pY@q~X@yn~ aX~vyQn~ @gny` h#kQ m`r\gyk~ q wn` a#w. aq gQnQhQrQy sAc`rk nQvhn eq` a#n~dr\sn~ nQvhnyQ. 1950 qXk@y~qW @h`~r\tn~w#n~n hrh` ptQtQ@p`l qk~v` m`r\gyk~ wn` a#w. 1961 qW rjy mgQn~ @mm pY@q~X@y~ vQX`l bWj ar\w`pl~ @g`vQpLk~ pvw~v`@gn ynlqW. vQX`l w^N bQm| eLQ @p@hLQ @k`t al vv` a#wQ awr sQqEvn p`rQsrQk h`nQy s#lkQl~lt @gn ey 1977 qW vs` qmnR l#bWy. e~ awrwOr 1969 qW ihL vn`n~wr s~vx`v rk~;Qwyk~ bvt pw~kr wQbR awr 1988 qW j`wQk uq&`nyk~ bvt nWwQ@yn~ uss~ krnR l#bWy.

@ewQh`sQk @w`rwOr# h` s~}`n

pY`g~ @ewQh`sQk @w`rwOr# anRv @m@s`lQwQk~ (Mesolithic) yRg@y~ m`nv jn`v`syk~v mheLQy p#v#wQ bvt s`{k a#w. k#lNQy vQX~vvQq&`ly vQsQn~ krn lq pr\@y~;N anRv vW, wQrQMO, b`r\lQvl pr`g @p`sQl @mhQqW hmRvW a#w. wQrQMO h` b`r\lQ pQLQb[ mwv`q a#ww~ vW pQLQb[ vQX~v`s a$w awWwy qk~v` qQ@v|. e@mn~m bLA@g`d m`nvy`t ayw~ k;RqY gl~ a`yR{ @mhQqW h[En`@gn a#w.

@h`~r\tn~ w#n~nt p#mQ@Nn sAc`rkyn~t uq&`ny wOLqW kOd` @l`~k`n~wy, mh` @l`~k`n~wy, @b|kr\s~ a#l~l, arAgy` @p`kON (Arrenga pool) cQmQnQ @p`kON a`N~dRk`ry`@g~ @p`kON, kQrQgl~@p`w~w, @w`tRpLkn~q yn`qQy n#rBWmt y` h#kQ awr, uq&`ny wOL sQt pQqEr#wl`gl, smnl kn~q v#nQ us~ k[E XQKr bl` g#nWmt avs~}`v a#w. e~ h#@rn~nt @h`~r\tn~w#n~nt p#mQ@Nn gm@n~qW a@B|@vl, hk~gl h` g#l~@v|s~l$n~d| uq&`n, @sn~tQ k~@ly`r\s~, @d@v`n~, @b`~BRr#a#l~l qQy a#lQq, @gYgrQv#v, kn~@q~ a#l jl`Xy v#nQ jl`Xq q#kgw h#kQy.

@@jv vQvQ{w~vy

r#k~ @g`mRv h` X`k vQvQ{w~vy

v@n`~q&`n@y~ sms~w xSmQ pYm`N@yn~ @hk~ty`r\ 2000 k~m pwn~ xSmQyyQ. iwQrQ @hk~ty`r\ 1160 k~ up nQvr\wn sq`hrQw k[Ekr vn`n~wr a`k`r @v|. @mm prQsr pq~{wQ @qk iw` p#h#qQlQ wnQ @r\K`vkQn~ @vn~ @v|. pwn~ awr jlj prQsr pq~{wQ pvwW.

vn`n~wr vQyn mWtr\ 20 k~ qk~v` ihLt v#@d|. kWn, qB, mQXY vn`n~wr@y~ vl~ kOr#[E, mhrw~ml~, @p`l~ktRgs~, v#nQ vQX`l X`k bhRl awr, gQnQ@h`t (gs~ pr\N`Ag) v#nQ X`kq bhRly. ytQ@r`~pNy awr prQN`Ag rFsk~ q#kgw h#kQy. @nlE X`kyq bhRly. vn`n~wry wOL pmNk~ @n`v w#n~@n~q mhrw~ml~vlt amwrv sWw`@p~r, bQnr, @b`~vQtQy`, v#l~kpRr# v#nQ X`K` @h`[Qn~ v#@d|. @m|v`@y~ ml~ vQksQw vR kl vn`n~wry iw` vr\Nvw~y. gs~ mw v#@dn X`k (apQ X`k) @mhQ qk~nt l#@bn @@jv vQvQ{w~vy v#dQ X`k awrt g#@n~. nQrwOr#v mQhQqEm| vL`@vn~ v#sWyn (vl`kOU vn`n~wr) @mm vn`n~wr@y~ @ww gwQy iw` v#dQy. qQlWr, lyQkn, @p[p`sQ, hrQw a#l~gW, mh`r`vN rFvRl, o|kQd| vr\g bhRly. mhh#dy`, kOd` h#dy` v#nQ prQN`Ag apQX`kq bhRlv hmR @v|. anQkOw~ o_;{ X`k awr, k[El#s~s, q`r#hrQq`, ng`m#r$al, @k`l~ln~, h`wv`rQy, vl~ @g`tR@k`L, sWw` lRnR, kOd` sRqn`, mh sRqn` v#nQ X`k qk~nt l#@b|.

w#n~@n~ pY{`n @k`ts a#w~@w~ w^N vr\gy. gvrm`n nmQn~ vQsl~ p[Er# w^N vr\gyk~ p#wQrW v#@d|. @g`~nRn~ iw` pYQykrn kQkO nmQn~ w^N vr\gyk~q ehQ pvwW. ey @g`vQpL mgQn~ h[En~v` qEn~ vQ@X~;ykQ. wOw~wQrQ, kOr# uN, w#n~@n~ @k`LNQ vX@yn~ q#kgw h#kQy.

jlj prQsrvl @kktQy p#L$tQy bhRl vn awr hyQdQYl~l`, kOmRqE v#nQ X`kq a#w. rw~@nlEm| @p`kONR wOL v#dW a#w.

sw~w~v vQvQ{w~vy

uq&`n@y~ qk~nt l#b@n vQX`lwm k;Wrp`yW sw~vy` @g`~n`y. s#lkQy yRwO @g`~n ghnyk~ uq&`ny wOL @v@s~. XYW lAk`nR qQvQy` @hvw~ @k`tQy`q s#lkQy yRwO pQrQsk~ @mhQqW v`r\w` @v|. vQ@X~;@yn~m r`wYQ k`l@y~qW @k`tQyn~ q#k g#nW@m| avs~}`v a#w. awWw@y~qW @mhQ alQ : a#wOn~ bhRlv sQt a#wQ nmRw~ iAgYWsWn~@g~ @vdQ w#bWm| nQs` un~ sm|pRr\N@yn~m v[vW @h`~ pl` @g`s~ wQ@b|.

k;Wrp`yWn~ awr v#lQ mRv`, mWmQn~n`, vLs~ v[Er`, qVR@l~n`, bLl~ qQvQy`, vl~ u_r`, h`v`, uNhpRUv`, @h`~wBRv`, ugOdRv`, h[En~ qQvQy`, qQy bl~l`, mRgtQy` sh mWyn~ vQ@X~; v`r\w` @v|. XYW lAk`vt a`@v|NQk urgOn~ awr kM@v|n aAktRs~s`, k[Ekr kOr# @b`~qQlQm`, @w`LvQsQwOr# ktRs~s` v`r\w` @v|. smnlEn~, kSrn~ @vnw~ k^mQ swOn~ rFsk~ @mhQqW v`r\w` vn awr ovRn~ @b`@h`~ @qnkO vr\Nvw~y. @h`~r\tn~w#n~n kOr#l~ln~t p`r`qWsykQ. e~ awr a`@v|NQk h` wr\jnnyt lk~vR kOr#l~ln~q rFskQ. @q~XWy kOr#lE vr\g 87 k~ pmNq, sAkYmNQkyn~ 11 k~ pmN q v`r\w` @v|. lAk` pWw kn~ @k`N~dy`, lAk` sQw$sQy`, lAk` arAgy`, a[Er# nQl~ m#sQm`r`, lAk` vLQkOkOL`. hbn~ kOkOL`, myQl @g`y`, k#hQ@bl~l` v#nQ a`@v|nQkyQn~ rFsk~ @mhQ bhRlv @v@sn awr @p`qE kOr#l~ln~ bhRlv @mhQqW hmR@v|. uxyjWvWn~ h` mw~s&@y`~q @mhQqW v`r\w` vn awr, h[En~v`qEn~ tYvRtQ mw~s&y` @mhQ qQy k[Er# wOL h` @p`kONR wOL jWvw~ @v|.

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