yk`tvw~ by n#wQ @j`~n~ @k`wl`vl

XWYmw~ @j`~n~ lynl~ @k`wl`vl @hvw~ @j~. a#l~. @k`wl`vl mhw`
mRU rtm h[En~vn~@n~ "sr\ @j`~n~" nmQnQ. yk`tvw~ by n#wQ
n`ykykO @lsw~ kQv| @qyk~ @vns~ @n`kL @knkO @lsw~ iw`
pYsQq~{Qyt pw~vR @mwOm` vt` @gwOn rs kw` sQy gNnkQ.
XWY lAk`@v| @wv#nQ agm#wQvry` vR XWYmw~ @j`~n~ @k`wl`vl mhw`
@q~Xp`lnyt pQvQsQ@y~ 1931 r`j& mn~wYN sx`vt kOr#N$gl a`sny
jygYhNy krmQnQ. ek~sw~ j`wQk pk;@y~ wOn~vn n`yky` vR @k`wl`vl
mhw` pk; mRls~}`ny vR "sQrQ@k`w" @g`dn#MW@m| mRlQky` q vQy.
XWY lAk`vt pY}m vw`vt bQYw`n& mh rFjQn @gn~v` g#nWmt ktyRwO kL
@k`wl`vl mhw` @m| rtt iAgWYsQ agY`N~dRk`rvrykO avX& @n`m#wQ bv
@pn~v`qW sr\ olQvr\ gONwQlk mhw` pY}m sQAhl agY`N~dRk`rvry` vX@yn~
pw~ kr gw~h. 1948 sQt @k`wl`vl mhw` agm#wQ vnwOr#m nQqhs~ qQny
q` ap r@tQ j`wQk @k`dQy smg iAgWYsQ kwQr @k`dQy q esvWm kL awr
@k`wl`vl mhw` agm#wQvW@mn~ psRv em ktyRw~w a@h`~sQ kr qmn lqW.
sRq~qkO @ls a#[ p#L[ iAgWYsQ bsQn~ kw` krmQn~ ovRn~@g~
a`h`rp`n vr\g anRxv kL q @k`wl`vl mhw` a{Qr`j&v`qyt wqQn~ b#t
qEn~ a@ykQ. a`dm|brk`r iAgWYsQ nQl{`rWn~ h` v#vQlQkr#vn~ qN
bQm a#n~n vR @mwOm` wOL sQAhl gwQgON h` vWr kQYy` r`XQykQ.
1981 qW jWvQw@yn~ smRgw~ sr\. @j`~n~ @k`wl`vl mhw` kOr#N$gl
Cn~q @k`tQT`sy s[h` 1931 qW r`j& mn~wYN sx`vt pLmRvrt
iqQrQpw~v jygYhNy k@L~y. ewOm` r`j& mn~wYN sx`vt 1931 vs@r\
iqQrQpw~@vq~qW @b`@h`@qn` ewOm`@g~ jygYhNy @vnR@vn~ kQYy` k@L~
edQwr sQAhlykO @ls ktyRwO kL nQs`y.
em m#wQvrN@y~qW kOr#N$gl a`snyt iqQrQpw~ vR sQylEm a@p~k;kyn~
@gn~vR kOr#N$gl sRqE qQs`pwQvry` wm wmn~ Cn~qy il~ln armRN sh
qQnRv`t psRv krn @q~vl~ g#n pYk`X krn @ls il~lWmk~ k@L~y. @m|
anRv p#mQNQ sQylEm Cn~q`@p~k;k@y`~ sRqE qQs`pwQvry` iqQrQ@yhQ
by`qE gwQ p`mQn~ ythw~ phw~v p#vsR@v| wm` kOr#N$gl qQnR@v`w~
sRqE a`N~dRvt ytw~v pk;p`wv ovRn~ kQyn a`k`ryt ktyRwO krn bvy.
avs`n@y~ aqhs~ iqQrQpw~ kQrWmt idkd s#lsR@n~ @k`wl`vl mhw`ty.
ohR sx`v a#mwO@v| qQs`pwQvry`@gn~ avsry q @n`@gn an~ a@p~k;kyn~t
rvmQnQ. ewOm` q#nRm| qEn~ @q~vlQn~ qQs`pwQvry`t q a@nkOw~ a@p~k;kynt
q qvl~ wr# @pnQNQ. ewOm` kL kw`@v| s`r`AXy vR@y~ @myyQ.
"mm kOr#N$glt Cn~qy il~ln~@n prqQn~n @n`@vyQ qQnn~ntyQ. mm
qQnRv gmn~ krn~@n qQs`pwQ vX@yn~ in~n nRB eLvl qmn ekyQ. uB
vQwrk~ @n`@vyQ r@tQm in~n sRqE h#wQkry ap rtQn~ pn~nl qmn~n
ktyRwO krnv`. nRBl Cn~qy il~ln~@n sRq~qn~t vRvmn` vQqQyt p`lny
krn~n nm| nRBl a#yQ? uBlt vd` @h`[t mRn~ e~ tQk kryQ. sRqE
qQs`pwQvry` @pn~v` p#vsWy. e~ nQs` m@g~ prm`r\}yw~, armRNw~
sRqE a{Qr`j&v`q@yn~ m@g~ rt @b|r` g#nWmyQ" sRqE qQs`pwQ@g~
rFs~vWm ewnQn~ avsn~ vQy. Cn~q@yn~ qQnR@v| sr\ @j`~n~ @k`wl`vl
mhw`y. ewOm` jygYhNy kr sRqE qQs`pwQvry` eLv` q#mRv`q#yQ @n`qnQmR.
nmRw~ em kw`@vn~ avRr#qE vQsQwOnkt psRv ewOm` lAk`@v| sQtQ
sRqE agY`N~dRk`r @s`~l~brQ s`mQ eLv` q#mR bv nm| qnQmR. eyQn~
sQqE vR@y~ 1796 qW sr\ @fd|rQk~ @n`~r\w~@gn~ a#rBRn a`N~dRk`r
n`m`vlQy nQqhsQn~ psRv agY`N~dRk`r vW. @s`~l~brQ s`mQ@gn~ avsn~
kQrWmy.
@k`wl`vl mhw` g#n kvRr# @k`@h`m kQyRvq lQyRvq ewOm` LM
wQbRN sQylEm kQYy` a{Qr`j&v`qyt e@rhQv sQqEvRNR e~v` bv s[hn~
kQrWm ewOm`t krn @g_rvykQ. 1947 qWw~ 1952 qWw~ 1956 qWw~ @q`dm|gs~ln~q
a`sn@y~ mn~wWYvry` @ls m#wQ sbyt a` sr\ @j`~n~ @k`wl`vl mhw`
@p`@L`n~nr#v @g`vQ jnpq v&`p`r a`rm|x kQrW@m|qW sQqE k@L~ pR@r`~g`mW
@m@hvrkQ.
1931 qW r`j& mn~wYN sx`v s[h` kOr#N$gl a`snyt iqQrQpw~ vR
sr\. @j`~n~ @k`wl`vl mhw`t jy pw` sQAhl kvQ kQr#L sMr`vt ehQ
kr\w^ @k~. vW. bW. aqQk`rm| mhw` lQyn lq kvQ pn~wQykQ @m|.
s@w`s~vm uwOm| sQAhl q#yqQnRv
uss~ vR vWr kQw~ sQr#rk~w#nRv
vQ@qs~ qnq @n`vQwr wOwQ bs~bQnRv
@v@ss~ apt sQhQ@vn kLgONanRv
lk~ iwQh`@s aq r#vnkO@rn~qQ@ln
vQk~mn~ p$v sQAhl vWr@yk~vn
lk~ jnw` @k`wl`vl m#wQkLN
ek~vn~ @qtR pRw` iqE prhQwrF[En
@n`kL#l~ sQhl j`wQk gwQ rF[Q sRpb`
lynl~ @k`wl`vl m#wQwOm mhb`
sRvQsl~ @l`v#d vdmQn~ lk~qQ@vhQ@n`b`
mnkl~ sQrQn~ s#r@q~ nQqEkQn~msRb`
awQgr# @s~n`n`yk wOm @mn~qsRr#
@n`ayRr# iqEv j`wQk v#d vdnsr#
m#wQvQr# @mlk~ p`ln rq sbtgr#
pQvQwOr# sRqEs~@sk ynR kQy@nmR nQ@b`r#
@m`nvt sRqn yRwOkm| kL@h`w~ @m@nhQ
asRnt @s@b| kOr#N$gl pRrv@rhQ
@mm#wQt vd` nQsQ? n#w_ n#w_ ey sQ@whQ
@m`nvt wb` cn~@q~ @qmR @qmR s#rhQ
em sMr`@vhQm e~. jW. a#d|mn~ @p@r\r` nm| mhw~mykO "kOr#N$gl
a`snyt ekm sRqEs~s` mhjn @s~vk qEp~pw`@g~ kl&`N mQwY @j~.
a#l~. @k`wl`vl m#wQwOm` ynR@vn~ lQyn phw s[hn~ kvQ pn~wQy @k`wl`vl
crQwy @qs s`m`n& jnw`v wb` a#wQ vQX~v`sy h` @g_rvy @m`nvt p#h#qQlQ@v|q?
vW @l`l~ nQwQ qQyRN @mrm` vdnsr#
@b`~ a#l~m@yn~ yRw~ q$ gwQ rF[Q nQ@b`r#
@j~. a#l~. m#wQ[E @k`wl`vl iw`gr#
@l`~wOl~ s#m s#pw~ l#b s#rq sRmhr#
pwL lk~qQ@vhQ kQwOrFs~ v#q uqEl
vQwrnR sQrQy p$ @n`k#L#l~ wOmRl
@k`wl`vl nmt anRr#w~ vn pRvl
hQwvw~ m#wQwOmNQ kr#N` gON#wQ qL
rtw~ sQy smy q#y qQyRNRvt @v@ss~
sQww~ ky vqn nQrwOr# @y`qn @n`ls~
vQyw~ @mob v#nQ prhQw nQrw s@w`s~
mhw~vr# qElbmy lk~ mvt uss~
nQrwOr# mhMO aqhs~ anRv @l`bh#r
@n`vQwr srN vn asrN qntwQr
gr#wr mhw~m`_ ob gON krsmr
@mayRr k@vn~ vnnt @n`h#k pQvQwOr
@n`vQwr mhMO gON gN sRs#qEn sRpb`
m#wQvr lk~ qnt v#d vdmQn~ s@s`b`
sQwyRr @y@hn~ sQy vstw~ v#dQysRb`
sRpvr sQrQn~ qQn jy qq ev|sRlb`
s#n@sn mA w#nR @hL qnt @n`vQwr
mhjnw` m#wQ[E ob pQywOm`yRr
gwQgON adR nRn m#wQ @mob gr#wr
apmN sRqEs~@sk : rq sbt @n`vQwr
sr#vW yLQw~ nQqhs~ sRvy vQ[Qnt
kr#N` ly#wQ @k`wl`vl m#wQ[E@st
kOr#N$gl asRn @vw rq sb`vt
kr#NkQ iw` v#qgw~ yv@nmR evQt
awWw ap @q~Xp`ln Cn~q stn~vlqW kvQy avQyk~ @k`t sRqEs~sn~t
sRqEsR w#n~vlt p#mQNWmt awhQw qEn~ kvQ@y`~ ap r@tQ hQM @n`vWy.
smhr# wm nmQn~m kvQ lQyR awr smhr# nm sMv` armRN vQwrk~
iqQrQpw~ krn lqW. kOr#N$gl kQvQsr nmQn~ wvw~ a@yk~ sQAhl kvQ
kQr#L sMr`vt sr\ @j`~n~ @k`wl`vl mhw`t jy pw` lQyn lq kvQ
pn~wQyk~ q a#w. e~ kvQ pn~wQy q @m@s~ pL vW a#w.
prhQwk`mW @j~. a#l~. @k`wl`vl mhw~m`,
sww rt q#y smy pQLQb[ @n`@sl~ vQy h#kQ a`lyk~a#wQ
nQhwm`nQ nQym yRwOkm qEtR w#@n~qW n#@mn sQrQn#wQ
anw sQrQpQrQ kOr#N$gl~ pRr nQv#sQ mhwOn~ vQsQn~ nRvN#wQ
phw qk~vn kr#NR vQms` bl` sQhQyt g#nRm yhpwQ
@v@hs vW mQl mRql~ vQyqm| @k`t w#@nv| rn~ vll~lkys
e@ls vtQn` angQ p#h#pw~ j`wQ m#NQkk~ @yqE@v`w~mQs
@q a#s rvtn b`l imQ@tQ;n~ glk~ b#n~qE@v`w~ ehQ@q`s
n#Ns @y`mR@k`t blnR in~ rFv@tn~@n ob h#r kvRq qQykOs
e@mn~ ymkt sRqEs~@sk~ sQtQyqW ohR @qs blbl`
@vnQw~ @knkOt ewnwOr pw~ k@L`w~ @b`r#vt rFvtQl`
wmn~ rjyt hQvU pw~kr gw~w p@rvQn~ @mn~mRl`
@vmQn~ @kLvr mhw~ v#nsWmtm p#mQ@NwQ ek@hL`
y@mk~ kQsQym| @h`[k~ nrkk~ krn kl wm @m`Ly@v@hs`
@k`@wk~ qErvw~ kmk~ n#h# h#kQ wrm| e~ g#n @h`[Qn~vQms`
a@nk~ @knkOt a#qk~ kOqyk~ kQynR b#rQnm| e@s~sks`
ymk~ kL@h`w~ ehQ nQym pl obt lbw#k @n`vls`
eyQn yRwOkm anRv bl@w`w~ kOr#N#gl@yn~ m#wQ sb`vt
sQtQn ay@gn~ nQym j`wQk @lyQn~ pQrQ uwO@mk~ y#vWmt
sQwn @k@nhQm h#m @qn`@g~ sQwt v#t@hn~@n~m ek vQt
@s`bn wOm| gON n#NwQ @k`wl`vl m#wQ[E s[myyQ nQsQ@k`t
Lqr#v`tw~ mhl~l`tw~ nQhwm`nQ gwQy @pn~vn
mQwOr# amQwOr# k`t k`tw~ ekm kr#N` gO@Nn~spQr#N
isRr#mw~ ay g#nw~ asrNyn~ g#nw~ @vnsk~@n`qk~vn
mhr# uwOm` kvRq? @k`wl`vl mhw~m` mQsk~s@s`bn
avt vQhQ@qn swOr# pvnQn~ @n`@sl~@vn q$ a`lyk~a#wQ
rtt @s~vy kQrW@m| pLpRr#qE @p`qE jny`t hQwa#wQ
@l`vt m`h#MQ vtQn @m@hyk~ sq`lW@mhQ bly nQwQa#wQ
swOt vW @qnR ob@g cn~qy m#wQ[E @k`wl`vlt gr#a#wQ
vsr 77 k~ ip#rFNQ @mm kvQ pn~wQ wvw~ qXk gNn`vk~ jn hqvw~
wOL pvwQnR a#w. eyt kqQm @w`~w#n~nkQ "qQvyQn" pRvw~p@w~ @q~Xp`ln@y~
@m@wk~ kw`v. ip#rFNQ @p`w~pw~vl rF[W k`vn~t @v|yn~t pmNk~ ur#m
@n`vW awWw j`wQk s#mr#m| ekwO krn~nn~t @mm p#rFNQ @q~Xp`ln @w`rwOr#
rs kv| pq mhMO vs~wOvk~ vn bv m@g~ h#MWmyQ.