jl g#lRm| nQm|ny h#[Qn~vWm

@hk~ty`r\ 17,350 k vQX`lw~vykQn~ smn~vQw @my, uwOrQn~ @hk~ty`r\ 37,762 kQn~ smn~vQw @s`~m`vwQy (@@cw&y) j`wQk uq&`ny smM sh qkONQn~ @hk~ty`r\ 39,322 k~ vQX`l vs~gmRv jwQk uq&`ny smM s^jRvm sm|bn~{ @v|. vs~gmRv sh @s`~m`vwQy awr sb[w`v pvw~v`gnQmQn~, vQ@X~;@yn~m @mm uyn~ @qk awr sAkYmNy vn vn swOn~@g~ sAkYmNQk m`r\gyk~ @ls @mm vnuyn kYQy`krn awr, @mrt pvwQn v#qgw~m prQsr pq~{wQ a`k`ryk~ vn mhv#lQ vQl~lE pY@q~Xvl hQmQk`rw~vyq jlg#lEm| nQm|ny qryQ. vQ@X~;@yn~m Is`n qQg @m`~sm| k`ly a#wOU mhv#lQ nqQy pQt`r gln s$m avs~}`vkqWm em @q@g`dwl` p#wQ@rn jly qr` gnR lbn~@n~ q @mm uq&`ny mgQnQ. jl g#lEm| nQm|ny @ls h#[Qn~@vn~@n~ enQs`y.

pQhQtWm

uwOr#m#q pL`wt ayw~, @p`@L`n~nr#v qQs~wYQk~k@y~ mnm|pQtQy uq&`n@y~ @k~n~qYgw pY@q~XyyQ. qQBRl`gl sh wmn~kdRv pY`@q~XWy @l~km| @k`tQT`Xvlt ayw~vn awr, mhv#lQ vnjWvW shk`r a{&k; blpY@q~Xy yt@w~ pvwW. sRpYkt mnm|pQtQy p`Lm pQhQt` a#w~@w~ uq&`ny wOLy. uwOr# - qkONR qQX`nRgwv gl`yn mhv#lQ gAg`v nQs`q, n#@gnhQr - bthQr qQX`nRgwv v#tW a#wQ mnm|pQtQy p`Lm (qEm|rQy p`Lmq a#wOLw~v) nQs`q qr\XWyv uq&`ny @k`ts~ hwrkt @bqW a#w~@w~ @m|v` uq&`ny m#qQn~ v#tW a#wQ nQs`y.

a`sn~nwm pY{`n ngry @p`@L`n~nr#v (k[Er#@vl) yQ. mnm|pQtQyq aXYQw ngrykQ.

m`yQm|

uq&`n@y~ uwOr# m`yQm @s`~m`vwQy v@n`~q&`n@y~ (1 @k`ts) qkONR m`yQmyQ. n#@gnhQr m`yQm @s`~m`vwQy v@n`~q&`ny, mRwOgl, kr@p`l, mnm|pQtQy (@mm pY@q~X@y~qW qL vX@yn~ @k`tlQ a#L m`yQm @s~ gw~wq mnm|pQtQy ngry q#k~@vn m`r\g sAvr\{n a{Qk`rQ@y~ n`m pRvr#v qk~v` uq&`n sWm`v v#tW a#w.) qUk`n, @s`rQvQl, mgOl~qmn, kUk#@L~ gm|m`n sWm` aslQn~ phLt p#mQN yLQw~ bthQr @qst @g`s~ ptR bQm|wWr#vk~ @ls yk~kO@r\ sQt nRvrgl qk~v` (mhv#lQ g@M~ qkONR ivRr) p#mQN qkONQn~ m`w@l~ @p`@L`n~nr#v qQs~wYQk~ m`yQ@m|qW @mm ptRbQm|wWry h` mhv#lQ gM uq&`n@y~ sWm`v @ls nQm`vt pw~@v|. @mw#n~ sQt uq&`n@y~ bthQr m`yQm v#tW a#w~@w~ vs~gmRv j`wQk uq&`ny qQ@g~, e@hw~ mhv#lQ gM os~@s~y. mhv#lQ g@M~ k`lQAg qRpw~ os~@s~ aBn~gM mhv#lQyt ekwOvn wOA@m`~qr qk~v` p#mQNQ psR vs~gmRv uq&`ny ew#nQn~ nQmvn b#vQn~, jl g#lEm| nQm|n uq&`n@y~ bthQr m`yQm wOA@m`~qrQn~ mhv#lQ g@M~ vm| ivRrQn~ rk;Qw vn`n~wry qk~v` p#mQ@N~. e~ anRv @nUm|v#v, gl~l$l~l, m`nQk~km| ptQtQy, pRqRr\ gm|m`n aslQn~ @prQya`r# a#L qQg~ @g`s~ o|N$gm, wB`l, sAG@b`~{Qgm, sRAg`vQl pY@q~X@yn~ yLQw~ @s`~m`vwQy h` sm|bn~{ @v|.

uq&`ny @vw pQvQsWm

pY{`n pQvQsRm| m`r\g @qkk~ a#w. e~ @p`@L`n~nr#v - mdklpRv m`r\gy os~@s~ bs~ r} m`r\g@yn~ sh qEm|rQy os~@s~y. bs~r} m`r\g@y~ p#mQ@Nn vQt

1. @k`LB-kOr#N$gl-qBRl~l-hbrN-mQn~@n~rQy-@p`@L`n~nr#v-mnm|pQtQy. (qEr kQ. mW. 233)

2. mhnRvr sQt qBRl~lt p#mQNq anRr`{pRr @qs sQt k#kQr`v-hbrN m`r\g@y~ hbrNt p#mQNq, wYQkON`ml pY@q~X@y~ sQt hbrNt p#mQNq uq&`nyt p#mQ@Nn pY@v|Xm`r\g v#tW a#w.

3. mdklpR m`r\g@y~ sQt v`lc|@c|n v#lQkn~q hrh` mnm|pQtQyq, mhQyAgn @qs sQt gQr`[Er#@k`~tQ@tQ-@qhQaw~wkN~dQy os~@s~ mnm|pQtQytq LM` vQy h#kQy.

4. qEm|rQy os~@s~ nm| mnm|pQtQy qEm|rQy s~}`ny @h`~ gl~l$l~l qEm|rQy s~}`n pY@v|Xvn s~}`n @ls q#k~@vn~@n~ em qEm|rQy s~}`n awr uq&`ny pQhQt` a#wQ nQs`y.

phsRkm|

wvmw~ mhjnw`v s[h` nQlvX@yn~ vQv^w kr n#wQ v@n`~q&`nykQ. sAc`rk a`kr\XNy qQn`gw~ uq&`nyk~ vRvq, j`wQk uq&`nyk~ kQrW@m|qW @mhQ armRN vW a#w~@w~ vd`w~ uss~ nWwQmy rFkvrNyk~ s[h` @mm vnjWvW rk;Qwy pw~kQrWmy. e@s~m @mm pY@q~X@y~ pvwQn an`rk;Qw bv uq&`ny pYk`Xyt pw~kL mRl~ vkv`nR@v| sQt @m| qk~v` pvwQn~nkQ. mhv#lQ g@Mn~ e@g`d mnm|pQtQy ngryt phLQn~ pY@q~Xvl iw` q#kOm|kU vQl~lE prQsr pq~{wQ, a#ww~, ehQ LM`vWm a`rk;Qw @n`@v|.

uq&`ny swOv uq&`n mRls~}`n k`r\y`lyk~ @h`~ @vnw~ kQsQqE sAc`rkmy phsRkmk~ @mhQ @n`@v|. @p`@L`n~nr#v ngr m{&@y~ pQhQtRv` wQ@bn mnm|pQtQy vnjWvW advQ k`r\y`ly mgQn~ @mhQ prQp`lnmy, kLmn`krNmy h` sArk;N k`r\yyn~ sQqE @k@rn awr, mnm|pQtQ@y~ bWtQtR vnjWvQ k`r\y`lyk~q pQhQtRv` a#w.

uq&`ny wOL pY@v|X m`r\g

@p`@L`n~nr#v - mnm|pQtQy pY{`n m`r\gy uq&`ny m#qQn~ v#tW a#wQ b#vQn~ pY{`n pY@v|Xm`r\gyk~ @s~q ktyRwO kryQ. mnm|pQtQy p`Lm mwt uq&`n@y~ v#dQ @k`tsk~ qr\Xny @v|. e@s~m mhv#lQ nqQy os~@s~q pvwQn~@n~ kqQm pY@v|Xm`r\gykQ. em pRUl~ pY@v|X mg os~@s~ uq&`n@y~ gAg`{`r vn`n~wr a#wOU vnalQn~@g~ sAkYmNQk mA nQrWk;Ny kL h#kQy. @m| h#@rn~nt nQrn~wr m`nv blp$mt lk~v a#wQ vn uynk~ @ls anvsr krw~w p`r (tY#k~tr\ r} m`r\g) rFsk~ uq&`ny wOL nQr\m`Ny vW a#w. @m|v` uq&`ny wOL pY@v|Xm`r\g @ls x`vQwyt g#@n~.

uq&`n@y~ @x_wQk lk;N

pY{`n vX@yn~ mhv#lQ gAg`{`r pY@q~Xy ayw~vn b#vQn~, @mhQqW pRUl~v gl`yn (@mhQqW mhv#lQ nqQ@y~ pLl mWtr\ 200 - 300 awr pYm`NykQ) mhv#lQ nqQy uq&`n@y~ pY{`n w#nk~ hQmQkr gnW. e@s~m @mm kl`p@y~qW v#lQ nQ{QvlQn~ bhRl nqQy wOL apYkt qRpw~ gNn`vk~ nQr\m`Ny vW a#w. gAg`{`rvlq em qRpw~vlq gAg`{`rvl qk~nt l#@bn sRvQsl~ gAg`{`r vn@g`mR qk~nt l#@b|. Is`n qQg @m`~sm| pYmRK, mhv#lQ nqQ@y~ v#dQ qQy k[k~ rF@gn yn vr\;` k`lyn~hQqW @n`g#BRr# mhv#lQ nqQy @mhQqW @q@g`dwl` gl`yn b#vQn~ uq&`ny ekm jl`Xyk~ bvt pw~@v|. e@s~m kYm@yn~ jly b#s yq~qW jl g#lEm| nQm|ny ekm @ww~ bQmkQ. @mm kl@y~qW vQl~lEvltq @h`[Qn~ jly ek~ rFs~@v|.

pYkt h` apYkt vQl~lE kQhQpyk~m @mhQ a#w. h[p`n~vQl~lEv h` mnm|pQtQy vQl~lEv mhv#lQ nqQ@y~ qkONR ivR@r\ mnm|pQtQy ngryt phlQn~ pQhQt` wQ@b|. @hk~ty`r\ 25-30 k~ wrm| @mm vQl~lE vQX`ly. @vlAkdRv vQl~lEv h` pRqRr\ vQl~lEvq pYkt vQl~lE @qkkQ. a#w#m| kOd` vQl~lE vQyLQ k`l@y~qW (jRlQ - s#p~w#m|br\) sQ[W pYm`Ny adR vnvQt nWwQvQ@r`~{W @ls pY@q~X@y~ jnw`v e~v` @kw~vwO bvt hrv`gnR qk~nt l#@b|.

v#v|, @p`kONR v#nQ @vnw~ jl pYxv n#w. @prQy a`r# sh @k`tlWy a#L pY{`n a#L m`r\g @qkkQ. uq&`ny wOL k[Eg#t kQsQvk~ n#w. mnm|pQtQy sh h[p`n~vQl~lEv a`sn~nyt qQBRl`gl k[Ev#tQy iw` smWpv h` alAk`rv qk~nt l#@b|.

@ewQh`sQk @w`rwOr#

v#qgw~ @ewQh`sQk @w`rwOr# h` s`{k uq&`n wOLQn~ hmR@n`@v|. mRwOgl pY@q~X@y~ @qv#nQ sh hw~v#nQ sQyvst ayw~ @sl~ lQpQ shQw gl~gOh`vk~ pvwQn bvt h[En`@gn a#w.

awWw @w`rwOr# sh s~}`n

pRUl~ sAvr\{n @y`~jn`kYmyk~ vR mhv#lQ sAvr\{n v&`p`ry @h~wO@vn~ bQhQvR jl`X sh mhv#lQ nqQ@y~ pY{`n jl{`rv @p`~;Ny kQrWm s[h`w~, @mm sAvr\{n ktyRwOvlqW b`{`vt lk~vR vnswOn~@g~ v`ss~}`n sArk;Ny h` n#vw s~}`pny kQrWm s[h`n~ mhv#lQ sAvr\{n v#dsthn yt@w~m vnjWvW rk;Qw j`lyk~ pQhQtRvn~nt evk rjy mgQn~ ktyRwO @krQNQ. m`qEr#oy, vs~gmRv, @s`~m`vwQy, jl g#lEm| nQm|n j`wQk v@n`~q&`nw~, gQrQw@l~ - mQn~@n~rQy s~vx`v rk;Qwyw~ (aq @mhQ @k`ts~ @qkk~ mQn~@n~rQy sh aAgm|m#dQl~l j`wQk uq&`n @ls nm|kr wQ@b|) pYk`Xyt pw~krnR l#bWy. mQn~ jlg#lEm| nQm|ny pY{`n vX@yn~ nm|krnR l#bR@v| mhv#lQ gM pQt`r g#lW@mn~ nQr\m`Ny vn vgOr# prQsr pq~{wQ sh pY@q~Xytm a`@v|NQk vQl~lE prQsr pq~{wQ a`rk;` kr g#nWm s[h`w~ @s`~m`vwQy h` vs~gmRv awr vn mAkdk~ (kqrs`qr- a#wQ kQrWm s[h`w~y. vQX`l prQsryk a#vQq yn vn alQn~ s[h` @mm mAkd sRvQ@X~;@yn~ v#qgw~km| spyyQ.

mnm|pQtQ@y~ pQhQtQ jlg#lEm| nQm|n j`wQk uq&`ny wOL a#wQ sRvQ@X~;W s~}`n @ls pRUl~ mhv#lQ nqQyw~, mhv#lQ g@M~ awO gAg`vk~ vn aBn~ gM mhv#lQyt ekwOvn wOA@m`~qrw~, mhv#lQ g@M~ pQhQtQ kOd` qRpw~ smRhyw~ (k`lQAg qRpw~ @ls h#[Qn~@vn qRpw~ uq&`n@y~ qkONR qQg x`g@y~ vs~gmRv uq&`nyt ayw~ @k`t@s~ pQhQt` a#w.) vQl~lE kQhQpyw~ s~vx`vQk v#qgw~ s~}`n @ls gwh#kQy. @mhQqW vQ@X~;@yn~ s[hn~ kL yRwOv a#w~@w~ wOA@m`~qrQn~ mhv#lQy sQpgn~n` aBn~ gAg`v ehQ en gm@n~qW @mrt v`rQ sAs~k^wQ@y~ a`rm|xky` @ls ehQ p#mQ@Nn bvyQ. enm|, aqtw~ gQrQw@l~, mQn~@n~rQy, kvRdRl~l, kn~w@l~ yn pY{`n v#v| s[h` jly @gnymQn~ b#[W vsx rjR@g~ a#lh#r amR@Nn~q, mh` pr`kYm smRqYy s[h` jly @gnymQn~ b#[W mh` pr`kYmb`hR rjR@g~ aAgm|m#VQl~l amR@Nn~q phs lb` p#mQ@Nn aBn~ g@M~ wOA@m`~qr s#b#vQn~m jl g#lRm| nQm|ny vr\Nvw~ kryQ. @m| h#@rn~nt XYW lAk`@v| qEm|rQy m`r\gy sh mh`m`r\gy ek~v gmn~ krn wnQp`lm| @q@kn~ ekk~q, lAk`@v| qQgOm p`Lmq vR mnm|pQtQy p`Lm pQhQtQ@y~ @mm v@n`~q&`ny wOLy, (vr\wm`n@y~ ehQ mh`m`r\g p`Lmk~ @vnm iqQv a#w.)

@m| h#@rn~nt qQBRl`gl uq&`ny a`sn~n@y~m a#wQ sAv`rk a`kr\;Ny qQn`gw~ p`rQsrQk vX@yn~q v#qgw~ a`gmQk s~}`nykQ.

X`k vQvQ{w~vy

@mhQ pY{`n prQsr pq~{wQ a`k`r hwrkQ. vQyLQ mQXY sq`hrQw vn`n~wr, ktR p[Er# shQw l[E k#l$, gAg`{`r vn`n~wr h` vQl~lE prQsr pq~{wQ e~v`y. mWt amwrv gl~pr a`XYQw X`k pYj`, w^NpQtQ h` vgOr#my v#nQ prQsr pq~{wQq v`r\w`@v|.

vQyLQ mQXY sq`hrQw vn`n~wr wOL bRr#w, plE, vWr, kUvr, mQl~l, @v|v#l~, qB, qQvRl~ myQl, qmRNR v#nQ X`k qk~nt l#@b|. gAg`{`rvl kOBRk~ bhRlv q#kgw h#kQ awr mW, wQBQrQ v#nQ X`kq qk~nt l#@b|. w^N h` ktR p[Er# shQw l[E k#L$vl myQl, ermQNQy`, kSrtQy`, @v|v#l~ v#nQ X`k qk~nt l#@b|. vgOr# sh vQl~lE prQsr pq~{wQvl jlj p#L$tQ bhRly. o|U, @nUm|, m`@nl~, kOmRqE, @kktQy, jpn~jbr, s#l~vWnQy`, qQy @g`~v` v#nQ jl@y~ p`@vn h` nQmg~n X`k qk~nt l#@b|. pn~vr\g h` w^Nvr\g rFsk~ vQl~lE prQsrvlq w^N pQtQtnQvlq q#kgw h#kQy. h#vn~ pn~, wOA irQy`, v#nQ a`kYmNQk X`k ghnq e~ awr @v|.

sw~w~v vQvQ{w~vy

k;Qrp`yQn~ awrQn~ bhRlv h` sRLxv q#kgw h#kQ sw~vy` alQy`y. mRv`, @g`~n`, @k`tQy`, vLs`, kOUhrk` v#nQ vQX`l k;Qrp`yQn~q v#lQmRv`, vl~u_r`, nrQy`, vl~h`v`, iw~w$v`, kbl~l$v`, @h`~wBRv`, ugOdRv`, ur#l$v` v#nQ kOd` k;Wrp`yQn~q, @mhQ v`r\w`vn nmRw~ nQrn~wr@yn~ uq&`nywOL rF[W @n`sQtQn~@n~ anQkOw~ vn`n~wr awrq sAcrNy krn nQs`y. e@s~m avt jn`kWr\N bv vn`n~wry mQnQs~ phsQn~ b`{`vn~t lk~vWm sArk;N kYm@v|qyn~t sQqEvn b`{` @h~wO@vn~ @mvn~ k;Wrp`yQn~ v`r\w`vWm adRy.

urgOn~ awrQn~ vQyLQ kl`pWy @v@sn sQylE sr\pyQn~ h` sQv|p` urg@y`~q rFsk~ @mhQqW v`r\w`@v|. pQBRrn~ @mn~m kQBRln~q e~ awr @v|. @mhQ @v@sn kQBRln~ XrWr pYm`Ny awQn~ iw` vQX`l h` q#v#n~w @v|. mhv#lQ nqQ@y~ h` vQl~lE wOLq vgOr# wOLq nQrwOr#v hmR@v|.

mhv#lQ nqQy a`XYQwv m`AX xk;k pk;Wn~ bhRlv hmR@v|. bmRNR pQy` ukOs~s`, v#v| r`j`lQy`, sr\p ukOs~s`, @k`N~d r`j`lQy` e~ awr pY{`ny. bmRNR pQy`ukOs~sn~ bhRly.

anQkOw~ jl`XYQw kOr#l~ln~ @b`@h`myk~ v`r\w`vn~@n~ vQl~lE prQsr pq~{wQ wOLy. sRqE @k`kOn~, kOd` qQyk`v`, in~qQy`nR mh qQyk`v`, krv#l~ @k`k`, a#Bl @k`k`, aU@k`k`, @k`rvk~k`, rw~krml~ kQrl`, kh krml~ kQrl`, s#vRl~ @p[ qQys$n` o@lvQy`, qm| kQwl` v#nQ jlj pk;QhR @m@s~ aq&`ny wOLqW hmR@vwQ.

uq&`n@y~ vw~mn~ ww~w~vy h` g#tlE

mQnQs~ kYQy`k`rkm|vlQn~ b`{`vn~t lk~vR sh prQsr h`nQyt lk~vR @mvn~ v@n`~q&`nyk~ @vn n#wQ wrm|y. mnm|pQtQ@y~ v#lQ@g`d q#mWm bhRlvm sQqEvR s~}`ny jl g#lEm| nQm|n j`wQk uq&`nyyQ. vnjWvW @qp`r\w@m|n~wOvtq p`lny krgw @n`h#kQ ayRrQn~ @q~Xp`ln bl{`rQk`rQy mgQn~ @m@hyvn v#l@g`d q#mWmw~, sn~nq~{ pQrQs~ vQsQn~ sQqE krnR lbn v#lQ @g`d q#mWmw~ nQs` uq&`ny h`nQyt lk~v a#wQ awr vn swOn~@g~ cr\y`vn~t ey q#dQ blp$mk~ el~l kr wQ@b|.

e@s~m, qr k#pWm, q#v @hlWm vn~ vn apr`{ @myQn~ v`r\w` @v|. uq&`n@y~ idm| aw~pw~kr g#nWmq wr\jn awr @v|. gQnQ w#bWm qdym| kQrWm| v#nQ apr`{ pQLQb[vq i[hQt asn~nt l#@b|. sn~nq~{ kN~d`ym|vlt uq&`n@y~ a#w#m| @k`ts~ nwOvWm @h~wO@vn~ vnjWvW nQl{`rWn~t r`jk`rW ktyRwO s[h` b`{k el~lvW a#w.

(vQ@X~; s~wOwQy vnjWvW sArk;N @qp`r\w@m|n~wOvt sh rk;Qw pY@q~X kLmn`krN sh vnjWvW sArk;N v&`p^wQyt.)

jgw~ kNh#ra`rc|cQ