"jnw`v@g~ vQX~v`sy udyQ a`N~dR pvwQn~@n~. aq wQ@yn a`N~dRv @ht @vns~ @vn~n pRUvn~. nmRw~ apt m`w^xSmQyk~ wQbQy yRwOyQ. y@mk~ hQwnv` nm| @m| r@tQ km|kr# pAwQy p`rt a#ql q`n~n e~kt @m| a`N~dRv id @qn~@n~ n#h#. @m| rt p`v` @qn~n apt pRUvn~kmk~ n#h#. upn~ @q~Xy pQLQb[ mWt vd` kl~pn` kL yRwO y#yQ" jn`{QpwQ mhQn~q r`jpk; mhw` p#vsWy.

jn`{QpwQvry` @m| b#v| p#vsR@v| mhjn b#AkO@v| gnR@qnRk`r sh`yk vX@yn~ b[v` gnR l#bR 652 @qnkOt pw~vWm| lQpQ pYq`ny kQrWm nQmQw~@wn~ arlQygh mn~qQr@y~qW I@y~ (21) @prvr#@v| p#vwQ uw~sv@y~qWy.

mhjn b#AkO@v| gnR@qnRk`r sh`yk vX@yn~ wrg vQx`gykQn~ qhsk~ @w`~r` @gn a#wQ awr in~ 652 k~ s[h` I@y~ pw~vWm| lQpQ pYq`ny @krQNQ.

jn`{QpwQvry` @m@s~ q kW@v|y.

@m| rFkQy`vt pw~vWm| lQpQyk~ lb` gn~n` @m`@h`wk~ kQyl` nQkmtvw~ hQwn~n ep`. @my m` qkQn~@n~ v`sn`vn~w gmnk~ yn~n sRq`nm| @vn @vl`vk~ kQylyQ.

mhjn b#AkO@v| @m| wnwOrt pRvw~pw~ q#n~vWmk~ pL kL`m awQ vQX`l pQrQsk~ e~kt ayqEm| kL`. e~ ay awrQn~ 35,000 k~ lQKQw prWk;Nykt v`dQ krvl` eyQn~ 12,373 k~ sm|mRK prWk;Nykt @w`~r` gw~w`. e~ awrQn~ 1000 k~ @w`~r`@gn aq 600 k~ @vw aq mhjn b#AkO@v| pw~vWm| lbnv`. e~ nQs` @m|k v`sn`vn~wyn~ awrt ek~vWmk~ mQsk~ rFkQy`vk~ l#bWmk~ vQwryQ kQyl` hQwn~n ep`.

vQ@X~;@yn~ a@p~ r@tQ vQX`l il~lEmk~ wQ@ynv` mhjn b#AkOv a#wOU r`j& b#AkOvlt a#wOl~vWmt. e~ @m| r@tQ jnw`v wOL @m|v` @k@rhQ wQ@yn vQX~v`sy nQsyQ. mmw~ sQAhl alEw~ avRr#q~qt gnR@qnR krn~@n~ mhjn b#AkOvw~ ek~kyQ. e~kt @h~wOvk~ wQ@ynv`. apQ kQyn~@n~ jnhq h[Enn b#AkOv mhjn b#AkOv kQylyQ.

eq` tW. bW. ilAgrw~n, pQlQp~ gONvr\{n v@g~ @p`qE n`yk@y`~ wmyQ @m| b#AkOv a`rm|x krn~n mRl~ vR@N~. @m| b#AkOv a`rm|x k@L~m @p`qE jnw`v@g~ b#AkOvk~ h#tQytyQ. {Wvryt, @g`vQy`t, kr\m`n~wkr#v`t, @rq~q b#nQym a[Qn @p`dQ mQnQht gnR@qnR krn~n pRUvn~ b#AkOvk~ a#wQkrn~n ovRn~t avX& vRN`.

e~ nQs` aq @vn@k`t @m| r@tQ in~n @g`d@q@nk~ mhjn b#AkO@v| gnR@qnRk`r@y`~. e~ nQs` ob pw~vWm lbn~@n~ mhjnw`v@g~ bl`@p`@r`w~wO wQyn w#nktyQ. sRrk;Qw b@v| m{&s~}`ny v`@g~ w#nkt wmyQ @m| aq rFkQy`v krn~n sRq`nm| @vn~@n~. mhjn b#AkOv apQ rFkgn~n o|n sm|pwk~. mhjn b#AkO@v| pw~vWm| lbn wmRn~n`n~@s~l`t @m| b#AkOv v@g~m rt g#nw~ av@b`~{yk~ wQbQy yRwOyQ.

@m| b#AkOv 1980 qXk@y~ vQkON` q`n~n eq` wQbRN a`N~dRv uw~s`h kL`. eq` hQtpR mRql~ a#m#wQwOm` kQv|v` mhjn b#AkOv bA@k`@l`w~ kQyl`. e~k wmyQ r`j& a`ywn @p_q~glWkrNy krn~n o|n vRN`m kQyn~@n~. p`dRvt qEvnv` kQyl`. mhjn b#AkOvtw~ krn~n h#qE@v| e~k. qEm|rQyt krn~n h#qE@vw~ e~k. eq` ek en~jQmk~ @gn~nR@v| n#h#. @k`~c|cQ @ptQtQyk~ @gn~nR@v| n#h#. bs~ g`s~wO @k`c|cr v#dQ vRNw~ qEm|rQy g`s~wO v#dQ k@L~ n#h#. g`s~wO ay k@L~ kQ@l`~ mWtrykt Xw 12 k~ @vn~n. @m|kt @h~wOvk~ wQbRN`. e@hm k@L~ @m|v` bAk@L`w~@vl` kd`v#tRNt ps~@s~ vQkONl` q`n~n. v`sn`vkt @m|v`@y~ hQtpR @s~vk@y`~ h` v^w~wWy smQwQ vgkWmkQn~ ktyRwO kL`. r@tQ jnw`v wmn~@g~ b#AkOv

rFkgn~n unn~qE@vl` v#d krn jnw`vw~ ek~k aw~v#l~ b#[gw~w nQs` @m| b#AkOv vQkONn~n b#rQ vRN`.

eq` wQbRNR v^w~wWy smQwQ @m| b#AkO a`rk;` krn~n @l`kO @m@hvrk~ kL`. aq pw~vWm| lbn wmRn~n`n~@s~l` wOLw~ j`wQk sm|pw~ h#tQyt wQ@yn @m| a`ywn g#n e~ v@g~ a`qryk~ a#wQ@vn~n o|n$.

mm vQX~v`s krnv` @s~vk@y`~ v^w~wWy smQwQvlt b#@[n~n o|@n~ kQyl`. h#b#yQ e~ v^w~wWy smQwQ vgkW@mn~ ktyRwO krn v^w~wWy smQwQyk~ @vn~n o|@n~. wmn~@g~ ayQwQv`sQkm|, r@tQ @q~pL rFkgn~n, v^w~wWy ayQwQv`sQkm| qQn`gn~n stn~ krn~n o|@n~. e~k ovRn~@g~ vgkWmk~, ayQwQyk~.

nmRw~ smhr#n~ aq @myQn~ wr\jnyk~ krn~n hqnv`. v^w~wWy smQwQ stnk~ wr\jnyk~ @vn~n b$. @q~pL vQn`X krl` q`n stnk~ @vn~n b$.

apQ am`r#@vn~ @g`dq`n lAgm bs~vlt a#N wQynv`. lAk`@v| v#dQm mRqlk~ qEm|rQy @qp`r\w@m|n~wOvt @vn~ k@L~ psRgQy ayv#@yn~. apQ am`r#@vn~ @g`dgn~n hqn qEm|rQy, vr\jny mRv`@vn~ @prLn~n hqnv`. @wl~ t#AkQyt gl~ q`nv`. psRgQy qv@s~ q#k~k` mQnQs~sRn~ e@g`d @m@g`d yn kUwr hQrN @w`tRp@l~ p`lm| p`r#@v| k@B| kpnv`. @m| v^w~wWy smQwQvl wQbRN yhpw~ cQn~wny a#wQ ay krn v#dq? @m| vQqQyt vr\jny krn ek @m| a`ywn pQtrtt vQkONl` k`b`sQnQy` krn ekt sm`nyQ. @m| vQn`Xk`rW kYmy @vns~ vQy yRwOyQ.

@m|v` j`wQyt ahQmQ krn ekyQ @m|vyQn~ sQq~{ @vn~@n~. rt @vnR@vn~ v#d krn jnw`v rFkgw~w @m| a`ywn vQn`X @vn ekyQ. vr\jny wr\jnyk~ kr gn~n @h`[ n$. vr\jny mRvhw~ kdRvk~ bvt pw~kr gn~n o|@n~, e~k @m`t krn~@n~ n#wQv. e~kyQ vgkWmkQn~ yRk~w vR v^w~wWy smQwQyk yRwOkm.

apQ v#d krn jnw`v@g~ @g_rvy h#mvQtm a`rk;` krnv`. e~ nQsyQ aq wmRn~n`n~@s~l`t @g_rvNWy vQqQht pw~vWmk~ lb` @qn~n pRUvn~@vl` wQ@yn~@n~. apQ r`j& aAXy @g`dnMnv`.

aq lk; 11 1·2 k~ r`j& aAX@y~ in~nv`. r#pQyl~ 100 k~ v#dQ k@L`w~ mQlQynyk~ v#y@vnv`. aq k`r\yk;m r`j& aAXyk~ h#qQl` wQ@ynv`.

up`{Q{`rWn~t rFkQy`vk~ lb` qEn~@n~ n#h#. up`{Q{`rW rFkQy` n#wOv eq` stn~ kL`. e~ qvs~vl mt mwkyQ pw~wrvl pL@vnv` up`{Qy wQy`@gn ksQp~pR @prnv` kQyl` wQbRN`. up`{Q{`rQ@y`~ rs~s` n#wQ nQs` ksQp~pR @prnv`. pQn~wSrw~ ek~kyQ pw~w@r\ pL vR@N~. aq @m| ww~w~vy @vns~ @vl`. vQX~vvQq&`lyt yn qr#@vk~ eLQyt en@k`t rFkQy`vk~ @qn~n pRUvn~ rtk~ apQ hql` wQ@ynv`. vQX~vvQq&`l@yn~ eLQyt en@k`t rs~s`vk~ @qn~n pRUvn~ rtk~ a#wQ @vyQ kQyl` kvRr#vw~ hQwO@v| n$. nmRw~ aq iwQh`s@y~ rFkQy` vQyRk~wQy adRm k`lyyQ apQ @gvn~@n~. rFkQy` vQyRk~wQy sQyyt h@w~ i[n~ ph qk~v` adR krl` wQ@ynv`.

@m|v` krn~n pRUvn~ v#dk~ kQyl` vQX~v`s k@L~ n$. nmRw~ apQ kQypR @q~ krn a`N~dRvk~. eq` apQ e~kWy rtk~ @g`dnMnv` kQv|vm e~kt k$ g#sRv`. e~kWy rtk~ kQv|vm pRqEm vRN`. smhr# hQwOv` wYs~wv`qWn~t uwOr h` n#@gnhQr lQyl` qWl` ivryQ kQyl`. wYs~wv`qQy`v kvq`vw~ a`yR{ bl@yn~ @ml~l krn~n b$ kQylyQ hQwO@v|. apQ n#@gnhQr qQnl` uwOrtw~ gQy`. n#@gnhQr nQqhs~ krgw~w ek hRM`k~ ayt amwkyQ. apQ n#@gnhQr nQqhs~ kr gw~w` vQwrk~ @n@v| m#wQvrN pvw~vl` pL`w~ p`ln m#wQvrNyw~ It ps~@s~ pL`w~ sx` m#wQvrNyw~ pvw~vl` jnw` nQ@y`~jQwyn~ pw~ krl` pY{`n a#m#wQvr@ykOw~ pw~ krl` wQ@ynv`.

aq smhr#n~t @m|v` @p~n~@n~ n$. aq e~ mQnQs~sRn~@g~ sQn` mRhRNR @p~n~@n~ n$. apQ @m| avRr#q~qk~ wOL vQX`l sAvr\{nyk~ a#wQ kL` n#@gnhQrt p`rvl~,p`lm|, vQqElQy lb`qEn~n. e~ vQwrk~ @n@v| avw#n~ vRvn~ pqQAcQ krvn ek @l`~@k~ @k`@h~tw~ vd` ik~mnQn~ n#@gnhQr pL`@w~ apQ sQqEkL`. e~ v@g~m rt nQqhs~ kr g#nW@m| stn apQ a`rm|x kL`. uwO@r\ jWvw~vn, kQlQ@n`c|cQ@y~, mRlwQv|vl jWvw~ vn ahQAsk @qmL jnw`v@g~ nQqhs, ovRn~@g~ pYj`wn~wYv`qW ayQwQy, nQqh@s~ jWvw~ vW@m| ayQwQy lb`qW@m| v#dpQLQ@vLk~ apQ a`rm|x krl` wQ@ynv`. apQ e~ gmn @v|g@yn~ iqQrQyt ymQn~ in~nv`. wYs~wv`qy mr\qny krn~n v#dQ klk~ yn~@n~ n$. hRMk~ ayt @m| gmn g#n, a@p~ hmRq`@v| vQjygYhN g#n swOtk~ n#h#. ovRn~t avX& qkO@N~ klbl a#wQ krl` @m| gmn nvw~vn~n. @m|v` vQkON@gn kn~n. @m|v` @n@v| avX& @vn~@n~. smhr#n~ wmn~@g~ m`w^ xSmQy p`v` @qnv`.

apQw~ vQr#q~{ pk;@y~ hQtQy`. apQw~ v#rqQvlqW k$ g#hRv`. e~w~ rt p`v` qEn~@n~ n$. r@tQ sAvr\{nyt l#@bn @q~vl~ nwr krn~n ktyRwO k@L~ n#h#. rtt l#@bn a`{`r nwr krn~n uw~s`h k@L~ n#h#. jnw`v@g~ vQX~v`sy ud wmyQ a`N~dRvk~ pvwQn~@n~. aq wQ@yn a`N~dRv @n@v| @ht wQ@yn~@n~. e~w~ apt m`w^ xSmQyk~ wQ@yn~n o|@n~. y@mk~ hQwnv` nm| @m| r@tQ km|kr# pn~wQy mh mgt a#ql` q`n~n e~kt @m| a`N~dRv sRq`nm| n#h#. @m| rt p`v` @qn~n apt pRUvn~kmk~ n#h#. @myt vd` kl~pn` krn~n o|@n~ wmn~ upn~ rt g#n. @q~Xp`lny e~ k`ly a`vm krn~n pRUvn~.

apQ @m| iqQrQyt yn gm@n~qW sAvr\{ny, ytQwl phsRkm|, p`rvl~, vQqElQy, gm @g`dn#MW@m| v#dpQLQ@vL e~ h#m @qyk~m itR krnv`. psRgQy k`@l~ sAvr\{ny sWm` vR@N~ @k`LBt vQwryQ. sQyyt 95 k~ mRql~ @vn~ k@L~ @k`LB p`rvl~ hqn~n. apQ @m|v` @vns~ kL`. apQ sAvr\{ny gmt @gn gQy`.

aq @m| pw~vWm| lb`qW@m|qW mm kQv|v` mRU lAk`vm ek e~kkyk~ vQqQht gn~n ep`. vQx`g wQyl` gn~n kQyl` kQv|v`. n#w~nm| @k`LBQn~ pw~vWm| argn~nv` tQk klk~ gQyhm m`r#vWm| il~lnv`. e~k v^w~wWy smQwQvlt pYX~nyk~. aptw~ pYX~nyk~ e~k. @k`LBt m`r#vWm| il~lnv`. m`nR;Qk pYX~n a#wQ@vnv`.

2005 pw~vWm| 07 yQ hm|bn~@w`tt qWl` wQbR@N~. pRrp~p`dR 49 k~ wQbRN`. wQYkON`mlyt qWl` wQbR@N~ 01 yQ. apQ wQYkON`mlyt pw~vWm| 27 k~ @qnv`. anRr`{pRryt 96 k~ @qnv`. bln~n @vns. @m|v` @b@qn~n o|@n~. ek pL`wkt ek qQs~wQYk~kykt sAvr\{ny sWm` @vn~n b$ g@m| wr#Nyn~ awt yn~n o|@n~. apQ vQX~v`s krnv` a@nk~ h#m a`ywnykQn~m e~k itR@vyQ kQyl`.

@m|v` pQLQb[ av@b`~{@yn~ apQ ktyRwO krn~n o|@n~. apQ pYj`wn~wYv`qy a`rk;` krnv`. q$n~ pL`w~ sx` 02 k m#wQvrN wQ@ynv`. wvw~ pL`w~ sx` @qkk wQyn~n s#lsRm| krl` wQ@ynv`. o|nnm| @m|v` ok~@k`m ekt wQyn~nw~ pRUvn~. e~v` e~ @vl`@v| h#tQyt krnv`. kvRr#vw~ kQv|v`t e~v` awpsR krn~@n~ n#h#. apQ pYj`wn~wYv`qy rFk gn~n o|@n~.

mt mwkyQ apQw~ gQhQn~ pQktQA kL`. k[EU g$s~ k$v`. a#s~ v`tQtR g`@n~ gQy`. apQ @p`lQsQyt @b`@h`m p#h#qQlQv kQyl` wQ@ynv` sQvQl~ nWwQ kdn v&`p`rvlt shy @qn~n ep` kQyl`. e@hm n#w~nm| @vnw~ ayRwO kQYy`vlt sm|bn~{ @vn~n a`rk;k aAXvlt pRUvn~ kmk~ n#h# kQyl`. a`rk;`v @qn ekyQ sQvQl~ nWwQ kdn~n shx`gQ @vn ekyQ kr#NR @qkk~. sQvQl~ nWwQ kdn~n, e@hm n#w~nm| k`t hrQ ghn~n, ktvRtQ kdn~n wmn~t a`rk;`v s[h` lb`qW a#wQ a`rk;k aAX @y`q` gn~n ep`. e~k apQ @q~Xp`ln n`ykyn~t p#h#qQlQv kQyn~n o|@n~. sQvQl~ nWwQ k#dR@v`w~ vgkQyn~n @vyQ.

wmRn~n`n~@s~l`t sRb pwmQn~ @m| rt @g`dnMn~n aq pw~vWm| lbn wmRn~n`n~@s~l`@gn~ mhjn b#AkOvt vQwrk~ @n@v| rtt itRvQy yRwOkm| itR kryQ kQyn vQX~v`sy wbmQn~ wmn~t a{&`pny qEn~ rtt brk~ @n`vW Nyk~ @n`vW ktyRwO krn~n obt Xk~wQy @@{r\yy l@b|v`yQ pY`r\}n` krnv`.

@q~XWy a`q`ym| h` r`j& mRl& a#m#wQ rAjQw~ sQyBl`pQtQy mhw`(: aq ob sRvQ@X~; vrmk~ lbn pQrQsk~. b#AkO @s~vyt en ek ewrm| phsR n$. b#AkO gnR@qnRk`r sh`ykyn~ h#tQyt @m| pQrQs b[v` gnR l#bR@v| wrg vQx`gyk~ pvw~v` iw`mw~ vQnQvQq x`vykQn~ yRwOvyQ. jn`{QpwQwOm`@g~ mhQn~q cQn~wn v#dpQLQ@vLt @pr wQbR yLQ pRbRqmR XWY lAk` v#dpQLQ@vL yt@w~ b#AkO pRq~glWkrNy kQrWm s[h` b#AkOvl Xk~wQy adRkrn~n pQyvr gw~w`. e@hw~ jn`{QpwQwOm` blyt pw~v e~ ww~w~vy @vns~ kr r`j& b#AkO @s~vy Xk~wQmw~ kQrWmt pQyvr gw~w`. em nQs` aq qhsk~ r`j& b#AkOvt b[v` gnR lbnv`.

aq pw~vWm| lbn ayt wm pY@q~X@y~m @s~vy kQrWmt avs~}`v s#l@snv`. mhjn b#AkO@v| aq pw~vWm| lbn @mm pQrQst b#AkO phsRkm| @n`lbn jnw`v awrt em phsRkm| @gn y$@m| vgkWm p#v@rnv`. e~ v`@g~m r`j& b#AkO a`rk;` kQrW@m| vgkWmw~ @y_vn o@b| vgkWmyQ. obt Xk~wQmw~ gmnk~ yn~n Xk~wQy l#@b|v`.