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wps~sR : xl~lQk @q@qn` @k~X {`wO w#n~pw~ @k`t w#nR q`g#b s~@v|q@g`n~ @@cw&y y#yQ bRr#m v#sQ@y`~ vQX~v`s krwQ. @m| awr l`AkQk @b_q~{yn~ vQX~v`s krn~@n~ wQrQkON`ml@y~ wQrQy`@y~ pQhQtQ hQrQgdR s#y @k~X {`wO @@cw&y bv yQ. e~ bv whvRr# @k@rn sAs~k^w x`;`@vn~ lQyR @sl~ lQpQyk~ ehQ wQ@b|. gQrQkN~dQ @@cw&y wYpRs~sk vl~lQk nm| @v@L[ gny` iqQkL bv em @sl~ lQpQ@y~ s[hn~ @vyQ. av@l`~kQ@w~X~vr h` mAjR XYW @b`~sw~vr#n~ g#n q ehQ vQs~wr wQ@b|. gQrQkN~d s$y g#n mh`vAs@y~ kQsQqE sthnk~ qk~nt @n`m#w. eyt @h~wOv em pRjnWy s~}`ny mh`y`n xQk;Rn~t ayw~ vWm nQs` y#yQ anRm`n kL h#k. e@s~ vRvq pRj`vlQy gYn~}@y~ gQrQhdR s$y g#n vQs~wryk~ q#k~@vyQ.

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@qY`~N bmRN` sr\vZ {`wO @bqn avs~}`@v| ll`t (nLl) {`wOv ml~l rjvr#n~t l#bQNQ. psRv ey mh`k`X&p mh @wrNRvn~@g~ sM prpRr swO vQy. avs`n@y~ ll`t {`wOv x`r vR@N~ mh`@q~v nm#wQ rhw~ @wr nmkty. r#hRNR rt mh`n`g rj sm@y~ m`gm hw~@w`tQT jnpq@y~ kOk~kOt pr\vwyt v#dm kL un~vhn~@s~ ll`t {`wOv a`rk;`v s[h` ehQ vQsR mh`k`l nm#wQ aykOt x`r qW a#w. n#@gnhQr pL`@w~ sQAhl @b_q~{ ur#my pQLQb[ pRj& el~l`vl @m|{`nn~q hQmQyn~@g~ g@v|;N v`r\w`vlQn~ p#h#qQlQ vn~@n~ am|p`@r\ @w`tQtm pY@q~X@y~ kOkOUgl k[Eg#t@y~ ll`t {`wOv sMv` wQbRN bvyQ. ehQ kOd` q`g#bk ntbRn~ qk~nt a#w. gl~wl`vk ntbRn~ q`g#bk~ mw~@w~ sQtRv` wQ@bn q#v#n~w sQ@mn~wQ kOr#sQyk~ apt qkQn~nt l#bR@N~ @w`tQtm pY@q~X@y~qW y. m`gm prpR@r\ pRjnWy vs~wOvk~ vR ll`t {`wOvt avsn~ ur#mkr# vR@N~ k`vn~wQs~s rjRyQ. ohR @s~r#v`vQl mAgl s$y s`qv` ll`t {`wOv ehQ w#n~pw~ kL bv ll`t {`wO vAs@yhQ q#k~@vyQ. k`vn~wQs~s rjR em ktyRwO sQqE kr wQ@bn~@n~ ohR@g~ @s`@h`yRrQy@g~ s~v`mQy` vR @s`~m nRvr gQrQ axy, @s~r#nRvr sQv sh @l`~N nRvr mh`n`g yn pY`@q~XWy rjvr#n~@g~ anRgYh@ynQ. ek~sw~ j`wWn~@g~ sAvQ{`ny vQsQn~ @s~r#v`vQl pY@q~Xy @l`~k ur#m pRj`xSmQyk~ vX@yn~ m$wkqW nm| krn lqW

wQs~smh`r`m q`g#@bhQ ll`t {`wOv nQ{n~ kr wQ@bn bvt q vQX~v`syk~ pvwQyQ. eyt @h~wOv ll`t {`wOv @s~r#nRvrt v#dm vWmt @pr wQs~smh`r`m@y~ mN~dpyk w#n~pw~ kr wQbWmyQ. wQs~smh`r`m s$@y~ k#NWm| krn vQt hmRvRNR @g`dn#MQlQ ntbRn~ em mN~dp@y~ ntbRn~ y#yQ a#w#m| vQq~vw~hR anRm`n krwQ. 1960 vs@r\ kQrQ[Qoy vn l#h#bkQn~ hmRvR @sl~lQpQyk~ sm|bn~{ pRr`vQq&` v`r\w`vk~ 1969 vs@r\ nQkOw~ kr a#w. em @sl~lQpQy ps~vn ksRp~ rjR@g~ pRw~ mQhQ[E a$p`Nn~ vQsQn~ pQhQtRvn lq~qkQ. ehQ s[hn~ vn prQqQ k`vn~wQs~s rjR wQs~smh`r`m @@cw&y iqQkr wQ@bn~@n~ @pr bRqEvr#n~ wOn~ nm@g~ {`wSn~ nQ{n~ kL wn~hQ ap@g~ @g_wm qsbl{`rWn~ vhn~@s~@g~ ytQ vm| hkO qn~w {`wOv w#n~pw~ kQrW@mnQ. @sl~ lQpQ@y~ q$k~@vn~@n~ mQhQ[E a$p` eyt idm| pRj` kQrW@m| pRvwyQ.

"a$p` mQhQn~qE vQsQn~ @pr wOn~ bRqEn~q` nQn~qE wn~hQ @m ap @g`yRm| qsbRl~ ytQvm| qLq` vs` mg wOm|bRkr wOn~sQy @ws#tQ pQrQ@v ww~ lkr\ @k`m| k`vn~wQs~ rq~hR wm` wnm| @ww~ kOr# @qv| wQsrm| rq~ mh @v@hr\" h`s~km| wQ@bn bvt pYsQq~{ @s`~m`vwW mh q`g#@bhQ bRqErqEn~@g~ qkONR qLq`v v#d sQtQn bv @b_q~{yn~@g~ vQX~v`syyQ. em q`g#b iqQkrvn lq~@q~ @s~r#nRvr gQrQ axy rjR vQsQnQ. @s`~m` @q~vQy sh rjR v#[Em| pQqEm| kQrWm s[h` q`g#bk~ iqQkrv`@gn ehQ w#n~pw~ kQrWmt sr\vZ {`wO lb` @qn~n#yQ xQk;Rn~@gn~ il~l` a#w. evQt arQtQT xQk;R prpR@r\ mhQn~q mh@wr#n~ LM wQbRNR qk;QN qn~w {`wOv rjRt prQw&`g kr a#w. @s`~m`vwQ q`g#@bhQ em qLq`v w#n~pw~ @kr#NQ. bRqErqEn~@g~ nQy {`wOv qWGv`pW s$@yhQ nQ{n~ kr a#w#yQ vQX~v`syk~ q pvwQyQ. lk~qQvt v#dmkL bRqErqEn~ vQ@v|k sRv@yn~ v#d sQtQn vQt sQr#@rn~ bQm v#tRNR qhdQy bQ[E mRwO a#t bvt pw~vRNQ. em xSmQy mRwQyAgN nm| vQy. in~qk @qvQy` e~v` w#n~pw~ @k`t w#nR s$y mRwQyAgnyyQ. r#vn~m#lQ s$@yhQ h` axygQrQ q`g#@b| sr\vZ {`wO vQX`l pYm`Nyk~ w#n~pw~ @kr#N bv mh`vAX@yn~ h` }RpvAX@yn~ @hLQ@vyQ. qEtRg#mRNR rjR mQrQsv#tQ q`g#b s$qE@v| sr\vZ {`wSn~ shQw kOn~w`yR{y w#n~pw~ kQrW@mnQ. X`rWrQk {`wO pmNk~ @n`v bRqErqEn~@g~ p`rQ@x`~gQk vs~wSn~ w#n~pw~ kr w#nR q`g#b| q wQ@b|. axygQrQ }Rp@y~ bRqErqEn~@g~ k`y bn~{ny @hvw~ ptW {`wOv wQ@bn bv vAs kw`vn~hQ s[hn~ @vyQ. bRqErqEn~@g~ p`wY {`wOv mhnRvr qLq` m#qEr a`XQYw s~}`nyk a#w yn~n l`AkQkyn~ wOL pvwQn vQX~v`sykQ.

bQYw`n& iAjQ@n~r#vkO vn @pp~ 1898 vr\;@y~ x`rw@y~ xs~wQ qQs~wQYk~k@y~ pQp~pY`v` nm#wQ s~}`n@y~ sQqEkL k#NWmkQn~ sr\vZ {`wO krVRvk~ hmRvQy. kpQlvs~wO pRr@y~ bRqErjRn~@g~ Z`wWn~t l#bRN sr\vZ {`wO bv ehQ s[hn~ kr a#w. @mm {`wOvlQn~ @k`tsk~ lb`@qn @ls XWY lAk`v a#wOU @b_q~{ rtvl~ gNn`vk~ il~l` sQtQ@y~y. bQYw`n& nQ@y`~jQw m`ks~ kr\sn~ vQsQn~ sQym| r@tQ ps~vn r`m rjRt pmNk~ @qn lq sr\vZ {`wO b#A@k`k~ vtQ s@k~tQ @@cw&@y~ w#n~pw~ kr a#w. x`rw@y~ XWY @n~r# agm#wQvry` @p_q~glQkv sr\ @j`~n~ @k`wl`vl agm#wQvry`t qEn~ sr\vZ {`wO kWpyk~ XWY l`AkQk pYxS pvRlk~ swOv wQ@bn bvt @w`rwOrk~ apt q$ngn~nt l#bRNQ. 1898 k#NWm| kL w#nt a`sn~n@y~ wQbW 1972 vr\;@y~qW n#vww~ sr\vZ {`wO 20 k~ shQw b[Enk~ l#bRNQ. @j~. a`r\. jyvr\{n p`ln k`l@y~ kpQl vs~wO {`wO v#[ pRq` g#nWmt @b_q~{yn~t avs~}`v uq`vQy.

in~qWy pRr`vQq&` @qp`r\w@m|n~wO@v| s~pRnr\ vQsQn~ 1909 @p~;`@v`~r\ qEm|rQy s~}`nyk~ asl sQqEkrn lq k#NWmk qW sr\vZ {`wO shQw sQlQn~dr`k`r krVRvk~ hmRvW a#w. @mm @s`y` g#nWm nQs` mRU @l`vm vQX~myt pw~vR bv 1910 a@p~Yl~ 10 qQn nQv|@y`~r\k~ tyQm|s~ pwYy v`r\w` kr wQ@b|. bRqEr#vk~ h` @b`~sw~ pQLQm @qkk~ shQw em sr\vZ {`wO krVR@v| us aMl~ hwkQ. ey wQbR@N~ glQn~ w#nR b[Enky. gWYk kl` lk;N shQw ey kNQ;~k rj smyt ayw~ nQr\m`NykQ. mQn~@t`~ a`qQp`qvry` vQsQn~ em sr\vZ {`wO bRr#myt prQw&`g krn lqW.

jp`n@y~ km`kOr` en~gkOjQ pY@q~X@y~ qn~w {`wOvk~ wQ@bn bv asn~nt l#@b|. 1285 vs@r\ iqQ@kr#NR em pn~sl h#[Qn~@vn~@n~ X`rQqn~ (Wy~r:s`#b: nmQnQ. 1966 qW tQ@bt@yn~ in~qQy`vt @g@nn lq sr\vZ qn~w {`wOvk~ 1998 a@p~Yl~ ms w`yQv`n@y~ @p`~k~vn~s`n~ pn~slt v#dm @kr#NQ. em qn~w {`wOv k~vn~g` @q`~r\jQ rQn~@p`~@;~ nm#wQ l`m`vry` swOv wQbRNkQ. 1998 @pbrv`rQ ms sQqEvRN bQhQsRNR gOvn~ anwOr# @qkk~ nQs` sA@v|gyt pw~ w`yQv`n @b_q~{ jnw`vt qn~w {`wOv l#bWm a`XQr\v`qykQ. qsqhsk~ pmN pQrQs m#q qn~w {`wSn~ vhn~@s~t pY}m pRj`v sQqEkrn lq~@q~ w`yQv`n@y~ agm#wQvry` vQsQnQ. in~qQy`@v| sQt qn~w {`wOv v#dmvn awrwOr p#y kWpyk~ b#A@k`k~ gOvn~ @w`tRp@l~ pYqr\Xny @krQNQ. @byQjQn~ ngr@y~ lQn~g~vn~ pn~s@l~ q p#rFNQ qn~w {`wOvk~ wQ@b|. qXk kWpykt @pr @mm qLq` vhn~@s~ mhnRvr v#d sQtQn qLq` vhn~@s~ smg ek mN~dpyk wb` pYqr\Xny kQrW@m| aqhsQn~ rF@gn a`vw~, as~gQrQ ml~vwO mhn`hQmQvr# eyt avsr @n`qEn~h. eyt @h~wOv evkt cWn@y~ p#v#wQ @b_q~{ vQ@r`~{W @k`mQyRnQs~tQ p`lny @k@rhQ apYs`qy h` avQX~v`syyQ.

pkQs~w`n@y~ @k_wOk`g`ryk a`rk;` shQwv wQ@bn knQ;~k rj sm@y~ sr\vZ {`wO krVRvk~ q$nt vsr wOnkt @pr awQpRj& mhn`hQmQvr#n~ a#wOU @b_q~{ nQ@y`~jQw pQrQsk~ iqQrQ@y~ vQv^w krn lqW. un~vhn~@s~l` pvsn~@n~ ey qn~w {`wOvk~ vQy h#kQ bvyQ. em avs~}`vt shx`gQ vR @j~. bW. qQs`n`yk, mh`c`r\yvry` gn~{`r @q~Xyt l#bRNR qn~w {`wOv vQy h#kQ bv pvsyQ. bAglQ@q~X@y~ bY`h~mN pvRlkt ayw~ qWpAkr XWY Z`n nm#wQ hQmQnmk~ ps~v#nQ sQyv@s~ n`ln~q` vQX~vvQq&`l@y~ mh`y`n @b_q~{ sm|pYq`y h#q#r#@v|y. anwOr#v un~vhn~@s~ ig#n~vWm| s[h` tQ@btQ rtt gQyh. awW;~ qWpAkr nmQn~ un~vhn~@s~ @g_rvyt p`wY vQy. bAglQ@q~X@y~ wQ@bn~@n~ un~vhn~@s~t tQ@btQ @q~X@yn~ l#bRNR sr\vZ @k~X {`wO bv vQX~v`s @k@r\. m`qm|@p~ @s~n`n`yk`r`myt v#dm krvR@y~ em @k~X {`wOvlQn~ @k`tsk~ vQy h#k.

cWn@y~ hQyRAs`n~ sh p`hQyn~ hQmQvr#n~ in~qQy`vt p#mQ@Nn vQt sr\vZ {`wO shQw pRjnWy s~}`n r`XQyk~ qEtR bv v`r\w` kr a#w. @b_q~{yn~ bRqErqEn~ @vnR@vn~ q`g#bk~ iqQkrn vQt sr\vZ {`wO nQ{`ny anQv`r\y@yn~ sQqEvn~nkQ. sr\vZ {`wO qk~nt l#bWm nQs` bRqErj`Nn~ vhn~@s~ s#b#vQn~m @l`v vQsR X`s~w^vrykO bv sn`} @vyQ. e@hw~ kQsQqE s`{kyk~ @n`m#wQ sr\vZ {`wO phLvWm @h~wO@vn~ @b_q~{yn~@g~ vQX~v`sy bQ@[yQ. nmRw~ kQsQym| @qyk~ pQLQb[v kr#NR vQmsW@mn~ @w`rv ey pYwQk~@;~p kL @n`h#k.