prm`NR @b`~m|b@y~ iwQh`sy a`rm|x vnR@y~ vr\; 1896 qWy. pYAX
j`wQk @x_wQk vQq&`ZykO vR @h~n~rQ an~@w`~nQ @bkrl~ yR@r\nQym|
@l`~h@yhQ g#b|vR vQkQrNXWlWw`v @s`y` gw~@w~y. jr\mnQ@y~ upw lq
yR@qv|vkO vR @n`@bl~ sm|m`nl`xW a#l~btQ ayQn~s~tyQn~ vr\; 1905
s`@p~k;w`v`qy iqQrQpw~ k@L~y. iw`lQ j`wQk @x_wQk vQq&`ZykO
vR @n`@bl~ sm|m`nl`xW en~rQ@k`~ fr\mQ vr\; 1942 qW @l`v
pLmRvrt p`lQw n&;~tQk kQYy`q`my s`r\}k @ls a#mrQk`@v| (@m| vn
vQt @m`hR iw`lQ e~k`{QpwQ @bnW@t`~ mRslQnQ vQsQn~ el~l krn lq
mrN wr\jn hmR@v| a#mrQk`vt pl` vQw~ wQbQNQ.) qW iw` s`r\}k @ls
sQqE krn lqW. @dn~m`r\k j`wQk @x_wQk vQq&`ZykO vR nWl~s~ @b`~r\
yR@r\nQym| prm`NRv @qkt pl` awQ vQX`l bl Xk~wQyk~ wm` nQpqv`
gw~ bv @mkl~hQ pYk`X k@L~y. enmRw~ vr\; 1939 qW br\lQn~ nRvr
k~rsr\ vQl~@hlm| a`ywn@y~ @s~vy kL o@w`~ h`n~ h` f~rQtQs~
s~tY`m`n~ nm| vR vQq&`Zyn~ @q~pL nQyw vX@yn~m yR@r\nQym|
prm`NRv p#lWm @h~wO@k`t@gn mRU mhw~ vQqE @l`vm mvQwyt pw~ kLh.
prm`NR @b`~m|by pQLQb[ iwQh`s@y~ wvw~ v#qgw~ qQnyk~ vR@y~
vr\; 1942 s#p~w#m|br\ ms 17 v#nQ qQny. enm|, e@wk~ prm`NR @b`~m|by
pY@m|yk~ : sRwYyk~ h` smWkrNyk~ @ls kdq`sQ @k`Lyk~ mw sthn~v
p#vwQ ey y}`r\}yk~ bvt pw~ krnR vs~ a#mrQk`nR jn`{QpwQvry` vR
f~rHn~k~lQn~ dW. r$s~tQ@vl~tQ wWrNy k@L~y. ehQ pYwQPlyk~ @ls
m$n~ h#tQn~ v&`p^wQy yn nmQn~ rhsQgw sAvQ{`nyk~ pQhQtRv` gn~n`
lqW. ey mRUmnQn~m x`rvR@y~ @ls~lQ a`r\. @gY`~vQs~ nm| vR yRq
hmRq` nQl{`rQvry`ty. ehQ pY{`n vQq&`Zy` vX@yn~ pYkt @x_wQk vQq&`ZykO
vR @r`~btQ @:. opn~hyQmr\ ktyRwO k@L~y. @mhQ ktyRwO @kwrm|
rhsQgw @ls sQqEvRv` q#yQ, kQv@h`w~ vQq&`Zyn~@g~ bQrQn~q$vr#n~tvw~
ey pQLQb[v kQsQvk~ @n`qn~vn @ls ovRnt wr@y~ up@qs~ qW wQbQNQ.
prm`NR @b`~m|by s[h` avX& B:235 ynR@vn~ h#[Qn~@vn sAyRwQy
yR@r\nQym| @l`~h@y~ p#vwQ@y~ 0.7% k~ v#nQ iw` kOd` pYwQXwykQ.
eb#vQn~ vr\; 1945 m#q x`gy vn vQt nQpqvWmt s#lsRm| kr wQbRNR
prm`NR @b`~m|b wQYw~vy s[h` avX& vR@y~ eyQn~ r`w~wl~ 100 kt
m[k~ adR pYm`NykQ. @mm mRU v&`p^wQy s[h` a#s~w@m|n~wOgw mRU
mRql vR@y~ @d`lr\ vQsQ @k`~tQy (200,000,000) kQ. e@s~m @mm
v&`p^wQy s[h` @y`qvn lq mRU @s~vkyn~ sAK&`v 537,000 kQ. @myQn~
mRl~ @p@L~ @s~vkyn~ (aAX pY{`nWn~) 500 @qnkO h#r an~ sQyl~@l`~m
@mhQ avs`n pYwQPly kOmk~q#yQ kQy` @n`qw~h.
e~ anRv, B:235 sAyRwQy @vn~ krgnR vs~ h` p~lE@t`~nQym|
nQpqv`gnR vs~ vQX`l kr\m`n~w X`l` @qkk~ @tnsQ h` nQv|@y`~r\k~
yn jnpqvl pQhQtRvn lqW. @m|v` wOL sQy gNn~ vQq&`Z@y`~ qQv`
r`wQY @n`bl` sQy pr\@y~;N ktyRwOvl nQrw vRh. ehQ avs`n pYwQPly
vR@y~ vr\; 1945 jRnQ m`sy vn vQt yR@r\nQym| @b`~m|by @p`dQ Lmy`
(Kseek# Iqh: yn nmQn~q, p~lE@t`~nQym| @b`~m|by wr mQnQs` (w~e
P~b: yn nmQn~q nQpqvWmyQ.
@m| awr, f~rHn~k~lWn~ dW. r$s~@vl~tQ jn`{QpwQvry`@g~ hqQsQ
ax`v@yn~ ik~bQwQv a#mrQk`@v| nv jn`{QpwQvry` vX@yn~ h#rW t^^mn~
vr\; 1945 a@p~Yl~ ms 12 v#nQ qQn @w~rW pw~ vQy. @m`hR nv
jn`{QpwQvry` vX@yn~ v#d x`r@gn @qswQyk~ pmN gw vnwOr#m prm`NR
@b`~m|by nQpqvW@m| v&`p^wQy pQLQb[v kQsQqE @w`rwOrk~ ohRt q#ng#nWmt
@n`l#bQNQ. emgQn~ @mm v&`p^wQ@y~ rhs& bv @k@s~q#yQ kQy` m#nvQn~
p#h#qQlQ @v|.
vr\; 1933 sQt 1939 qk~v` k`l vkv`nRv a#@d`l~f~ hQtQlr\@g~
e~k`{QpwQ p`lny yt@w~ jr\mnQy @x_wQk vX@yn~ XWGY qQyRNRvk~ l#bWy.
s~vs~wQk slkON shQw {jy @b`@h`~ rtvl~vl @LlqEnQ. s$m jr\m`nRvkO
wOLm axQm`ny @s~m vQX~v`sy @g`dn#MQNQ.
pLmR@vnQ @l`~k yRq~{@yn~ (kQY.v. 1914:1916) sQy rtt ahQmQ
vR pY@q~X yLQqE aw~pw~ krg#nWm hQtQlr\@g~ pLmR pQyvr vQy. n`sQ
hmRq`@v`~ (p`bl:gOvn~:n`vQk) os~tQYy`v, @c@k`~s~@l`~vQkQy`v :
@p`~ln~wy : @dn~m`r\ky : @n`~r\@v| : lk;~m|br\g~ : o|ln~qy : @bl~jQym
: yR@g`~s~@l`~vQy`v : gWYsQy yn`qW rtvl~ a`kYmNy kLh. eb#vQn~
@m@ls n#gW en jr\m`nR a{Qr`j&y smgQn~ iw`lQy h` jp`ny q ekwO
vQy.
@qv#nQ @l`~k yRq~{y wOL jp`ny sQy a{Qr`j&y @g`dnMnR vs~
in~qEnWsQy`v : @k`rQy`v : bRr#my : m#@l~sQy`v : sQAgp~pRr#v :
@h`A@k`A @q~Xy : pQlQpWny yn`qW rtvl~ a`kYmNy krnR vs~ sQy
hmRq`v @m@hyvmQn~ sQtQ@y~y. eb#vQn~ a#mrQk`v pYmRK mQwY p`k;Qk
rtvl e~k`yn armRN vR@y~ jp`ny @k@s~ @h`~ pr`jy kL yRwOy yn~nyQ.
vr\; 1945 a@p~Yl~ m`sy uq`vw~m jr\mnQy pr`j@y~ eLQpw~w mw
sQtQ@y~y. vr\; 1945 a@p~Yl~ ms 30 v#nQ qQn a#@d`l~f~ hQtQlr\
sQy qQvQ ns` gw~@w~y. vr\; 1945 m#yQ ms 08 v#nQ qQn jr\mnQy @k`n~@q~sQ
vQrhQwv ytw~ vQy. e~ smgm mRU @l`~kym sQy aNsk ytwt g#nW@m|
e~k`yn armRNQn~ kQYy` kL hQtQlr\@g~ q, jr\m`nR a{Qr`j&@y~ q
avs`ny snQtRhn~ vQy.
@m| vn vQt jp`n@y~ pY{`n qRpw~ swr enm|, @h`n~;R : kQyR;R :
;Q@k`~kO : @h`kyQ@d`~ yn qRpw~ swr a`kYmNy krnR vs~ sRk;~m yRq
s#l#s~mk~ kQYy`vt n#@gmQn~ wQbQNQ.
vr\; 1945 a@p~Yl~ m`s@y~ kpQw`n~ kr\tQs~ lW@b| @g~ yt@w~ p#vwQ
20 v#nQ a#mrQk`nR gOvn~ hmRq` @s~n`Aky @m| s[h` @m@hyRm|
kQYy`w~mk kr wQbQNQ. mrQy`n` qRp@w~ pQhQt` wQbRNR gOvn~ k[vR@r\
sQt bW:29 sRpr\ @p`tYs~ (I:29 Wmc#r@qrer#QQ: vr\g@y~ gOvn~ y`n`
mgQn~ jp`nyt @b`~m|b @hLWm arBn lqW. m#g~nWsQym| h` @jlQ bvt
hrvn lq @ptYl~ @y`q`@gn s`qn lq gQnQ @b`~m|b @m| s[h` g#nQNQ.
@mm @b`~m|b pYh`r@yn~ @t`~kQ@y`~ ngrv`sWhR 97,000 k~ pmN mrNyt
pw~ vRh. wvw~ 125,000 k~ pmN qr#NR wOv`l l#bRh. e@s~m,
1200,000 kt pmN un~hQtQw#n~ ahQmQ vRh.
vr\; 1945 m#yQ m`sy uq`vw~m a#mrQk`nR hmRq`v vQsQn~ n@g`~y`
: @k`~@b| h` os`k` yn ngrvlt @n`kdv` @b`~m|b @hLn lqW.
vr\; 1945 jRnQ ms 22 v#nQ qQn okQn`v` qRp@whQ k[vRr# l`
sQtQ jpn~ p`bl hmRq` @s~n`Akyk~ qr#NR stnkQn~ ik~bQwQv ytw~
krg#nWmt a#mrQk`nR hmRq`@v`~ smw~ vRh. @mm @m@hyRm s[h` ovRnt
pRr` qQn 93 k~ pmN gw vQy. ehQqW a#mrQk`nR hmRq` xt@y`~ 12,500
k~ pmN qQvQ pQqRh. wvw~ 50,000 k pmN pQrQsk~ qr#NR wOv`l l#bRh.
ehQqW jpn~ hmRq`vt sQqEvR h`nQy iw` brpwl vQy. jpn~ hmRq` xt@y`~
120,000 k~ pmN qQvQ pQqRh. s`m`n& v#sQ@y`~ 42,000 k~ pmN mr#
v#L[ gw~h.
a#mrQk`v sQy pLmR prm`NR @b`~m|by vr\; 1945 jRlQ ms 16 v#nQ
qQn @p.v. 5.30 t nv @mk~sQ@k`~ jnpq@y~ al~ @m`@g`~@d`~ gOvn~
k[vRrt nRqErQn~ pQhQtQ k`n~w`rykqW pRpRr#v` hrQn lqW. prm`NR @b`~m|by
pRpRr#v` hrQn lq s~}`n@y~ sQt s#wpRm| 10 k~ pmN qErQn~ vR vQ@X~;
a`rk;k kOtQyk~ wOL sQtQ o|pn~hyQm pYmRK vQq&`Zyn~ (@mm
avs~}`vt vQ@X~; a`r`{Qwyn~ @ls a#l~br\tQ ayQn~tyQn~ h` en~rQ@k`~
fr\mQ shx`gQ vRh.) ht sQy klE p#h#wQ av| kN~N`dQ wOLQn~ q#kgw
h#kQ vR@y~ mh` @p`@L`v gQgOm| @qmQn~ ahst n#gQ vQX`l gQnQ @b`~lykQ.
in~ vQhQqENR a`@l`~k@yn~ mRU pL`wm e~k`@l`~k vQy. a`@l`~kyk~ @n`m#wQ
vR e~ hQmQqQrQ uq$sn mh qv`lk~ @mn~ iw` p#h#qQlQv qr\Xn p}yt @gn
a`@v|y. ahs @p`@L`v km|p` krn vQX`l gQgOr#mk~ a#wQ kL @mm
pQpRr#m awQ wQyRNR pWdn wrAgyk~ mRU pL`w pRr` vQsRr#v` h#rQ@y~y.
@myQn~ vQhQqENR qEm| k[ hw~wk~ pQpW gQy` @s~y. @my gOvn sQs`r`
p#wQr yn kl~hQ ehQ ihL sWm`v @p`@L`@v| sQt adQ 40000 k~ pmN
ust n#gONQ. @mm pQpRr#m oxo @t`n~ 15000:20000 k~ awr sAK&`vk~
vQy.
(@mm avs~}`@v|qW o|pn~hyQmr\ ht xgvw~ gWw` nm| vR hQn~qE
pRjnWy k`v&@yhQ s[hn~ p`T @qkk~ mwkyt n#MONQ. enm| @qvQyn~ vhn~@s~@g~
qWp~wQy hQr# qhsk~ ekvr ah@s~ p`yn kl~hQ a#wQvn qWp~wQyt sm`ny
yn~ny. mm @l`~ky vQn`X krn mrNy @vmQ yn~nyQ.)
@mm pQpRr#mw~ smgm nv @mk~sQ@k`~ jnpqv`sWhR mvQwyt pw~ vRh.
psRq` pRvw~pw~vl @m@s~ s[hn~ vQy.
I@y~ uq$sn al~@m`@g`~@d`~ gOvn~ k[vRrt nRqErQn~ pQhQtQ avQ
a`yR{ gbd`vk~ gQnQ @gn pQpQrW @g`s~ a#wQ bvw~, eyQn~ n#gONR
vQX`l hV s#wpRm| 225 k~ pmN vyB @qsQn~ pQhQtQ gl~f~ pY@q~Xyt
pv` a#sRNR bv v`r\w` @v|.
: nv @mk~sQ@k`~ tyQm|s~ pRvw~pw
(@m| vn vQt a#mrQk`nR a`N~dRv vQsQn~ yRq pRvw~ v`rNyk~ pnv`
wQbQNQ. eb#vQn~ @m| pRvw mhjnw`v@gn~ rhsk~ @s~ vsn~ krlWmt qrn
lq s`r\}k pYyw~nykQ @m|.)
qQn kQhQpyk~ @gvW gQy ik~bQwQv prm`NR @b`~m|b@yn~ sQqEvQy
h#kQ vQkQrN h`nQy adRvW gQy kl~hQ vQq&`Z kN~d`ym prm`NR @b`~m|by
pRpRr` gQy w#nt gQyh. evQt ovRnt q#kgw h#kQ vR@y~ prm`NR @b`~m|by
w#n~pw~ kr wQbRNR adQ 30 k~ pmN us#wQ v`@n~ atQt`ly sm|pRr\N@yn~m
v`;~pvW mWtr\ 35:40 qk~v` g#BRrFwQ a`v`tyk~ ew#n s#qW wQbRNR
bvyQ. a`v`ty wOLw~ e~ avtw~ s$@hn qErk~ yn @wk~ prm`NR @b`~m|b@y~
a#wQvR wq uNRsRm nQs` k`n~w`r@y~ v#lQ uNRvW @k`L p`t vWqEr# k#blQ
bvt pw~v wQbQNQ. aw~hq` b#lWm sQwOv`tw~ vd` sQy qhs~ gONykQn~
s`r\}k bv vQq&`Z@y`~ nQgmny kLh. @ls~lQ a`r\. @gY`vQs~ sQy qQn
@p`@whQ @m@s~ lQy` w#bWy. "e~ hRqkl` kwrQn~ n#MONR hQr# sQyyk~
pryn a`@l`~k {`r`vw~, qr#NR pQpRr#m| hVw~ prm`NR yRg@y~ uq`v @l`vt
kQy` p$@v|y."
a#mrQk`v, bQYw`n&, r#sQy`v yn mQwY p`r\X~vQk blvwOn~ wQ@qn`@g~
mRlQkw~v@yn~ vr\; 1945 jRlQ ms 16 v#nQ qQn @p`tQs~d$m|
sm|mn~wYNy pvw~vn lqW. eqQn uq$sn nv @mk~sQ@k`~ jnpq@y~qW
aw~hq` bln lq pLmR prm`NR @b`~m|b@y~ s`r\}kw~vy pQLQb[ vR pRvw
a#mrQk`nR jn`{QpwQvry` vR t^^mn~ q#ngn~n` lq~@q~ @mm smRUvt
shx`gQ @vmQn~ sQtQyqWy. mhw~ @s~ uq~q`myt pw~ vR ohR e~ pRvw @ssR
n`ykyn~ ht q q#n~vWy. evQt a#mrQk`v eyQn~ pY@y`~jny gnR a#w#yQ
kQy` r#sQy`nR n`yky` vR @j`~Xp~ s~t`lQn~ kW@v|y. bQYw`n& agm#wQvry`
vR vQn~sn~tQ cr\cQl~ sQy sRb p#wOm| ek~ k@L~y. sm|mn~wYNy
avs`n@y~qW @p`tQs~d$m| pYk`Xy eLQqk~vn lqW. emgQn~ jp`ny @k`n~@q~sQ
vQrhQwv ytw~ vQy yRwO bvw~, @n`e@s~ nm| prm`NR @b`~m|by @hLn
bvw~ kQy#vQNQ. enmRw~, jp`n agm#wQvry` vR @k`@n`@y~ @mm pYk`Xy
wr@y~ pYwQ@k;~p k@L~y.
vr\; 1945 jRlQ ms 31 v#nQ qQn a#mrQk`nR jn`{QpwQvry` vR t^^mn~
yR@r\nQym| @b`~m|by jp`n@y~ @h`n~;R qRp@whQ vR hQ@r`~;Qm`
ngryt @hLWmt nQl avsry lb`qEn~@n~y. @l`~k iwQh`s@y~ qr#NRwm @b`~m|by
apQ @s`y` gw~@wmRyQ kQy` eqQn @h@wm sQy qQn @p`@whQ lQy` w#bR@v|y.
vr\; 1945 gQm|h`n smy kYm kYm@yn~ @gvW yw~m hQ@r`~;Qm`v @@qv@y~
kOrQr# srqm axQmRK@yhQ sQtQ@y~y. bthQr:n#@gnhQr qQX`vnt
vQhQqENR gQnQ k@p`lE (@m|v` jp`ny vQsQn~ yRq upkYmyk~ @ls
x`vQw krn lqW.) a#wQ krnR vs~ @g`dn#MQlQ vQX`l sAK&`vk~ kd`
bQm qm` @p`Lvt smwl` kr wQbRNR b#vQn~ un~hQtQ w#n~ ahQmQ vR@v`~
bhRl vRh. eb#vQn~ a#w#@mk~ hQw`mw`m ngr@y~ pQtmA vW sQt a#wQ
awr, @b`@h`~ @qn` jp`n rjy vQsQn~ b#h#r @kr#@Nn~ mRU jnghny
y`n~wmQn~ 200000 k~ pmN (@qv#nQ @l`~k yRq~{yt @pr @mhQ mRU
jnghny 400,000 k~ pmN) vQy. ngr m{&@yhQ pQhQt` wQbRNR vr\g s#wpRm|
4 k pmN pY@q~Xyk vR @v@L[sl~ h` nQv`s p`U@vmQn~ p#vwQNQ. a`h`r
qYv& @v@L[`m @vnR@vn~ @vn~ vRNR @v@L[sl~ 2000 kQn~ iwQrQv wQbR@N~
200 k~ pmN sRU sAK&`vkQ. s`gw@yhQ @svN#lQ ngr v#sQyn~ mwt v#@tmQn~
wQbQNQ.
hQ@r`~;Qm` ngr sWm`@vhQ wvqErtw~ rF[W sQtQ uqvQy sQy sRpRr#qE
rFkQy`vl nQrw @n`vRh. k`n~w`@v`~, p`sl~ L@m`~, yRq hmRq`vlt
avX& krn~n` vR nQl a#[Em|, p`vhn~, k$m bWm, s#pyR kr\m`n~w
X`l`vl h` hmRq` @r`~hl~vl @s~vy kLh. pQrQmQ p`r\X~v@y~ a#w#m|mR
yRq upkrN nQpqvR mQtQsRbQ;Q kr\m`n~w X`l`@vhQ vQvQ{ aAXvl @s~vy
kLh. a#w#m|mR n#v| pQLQskr kQrW@mhQ nQrw vRh. a#w#m|mR p`r @w`tvl~
pQLQskr kQrW@m| nQrw vRh. pQrQmQ p`r\X~v@y~ @l`kO kOd` (vys 12
n~ ihL) s#m @qn`m p`@h~ yRq pRhRNRv lqh. (jp`n rjy vQsQn~ @my
anQv`r\y kr wQbRNQ.)
enmRw~, hQ@r`~;Qm`vt a@nkOw~ ngrvlt s`@p~k;v bln kl~hQ
yRq~{y nQym @ls p#mQN wQbR@N~ n#w. @m| vn vQt @t`~kQ@y~, kO@r\,
iv`kOnQ, @y`~@k`~h`m` yn ngr mwt bW:29 sRpr\ @p`tYs~ gOvn~ y`n`
mgQn~ sQy gNn~ @b`~m|b @hL` a#wQ nmRqE @mnRvrt wvm @hL` wQbR@N~
@b`~m|b 12 k~ pmNQ. enmRw~ qQv` r`wQY 20 v#nQ a#mrQk`nR gOvn~
@s~n`Akyt ayw~ gOvn~ y`n` @m| nRvrt udQn~ @ssR ngrvlt @b`~m|b
@hLnR vs~ pQy`sr k@L~y. @m| s$m avs~}`vkqWm gOvn~ anwOr# sAZ`
(syQrn~ nL` hV) kn~ bQhQrQ krvmQn~ nQkOw~ vR nmRqE It vd` @vns~
vR aw~q$kWmk~ @mnRvrv`sWhR @n`lqh.
vr\; 1945 a@g`~s~wO ms 06 v#nQ qQn uq`vQy. @l`v pLmR yR@r\nQym|
@b`~m|by jp`nyt @hLWmt x`rv wQbR@N~ kr\nl~ @p`l~ tQ@b|ts~
vQsQn~ pqvn lq e@n`~l`@g~ nm| vR bW:29 sRpr\ @p`tYs~ gOvn~
y`nyty. ilk~ky vR@y~ jp`n@y~ @h`n~;R qRp@whQ vR hQ@r`~;Qm`
ngryyQ.
hQ@r`~;Qm`vt sRpRr#qE prQqQ hQr# uq`vQy. eqQn yhpw~
k`lgONyk~ p#vwONQ. uq#sn prm`NR @b`~m|by rFgw~ bW:29 sRpr\ @p`tYs~
gOvn~ y`ny hQ@r`~;Qm` ngryt LM` vn vQt ovRn~ gOvn~ p#y ph
hm`rk~ pmN gOvn~ qErk~ @gv` qm` wQbRNQ.prm`NR @b`~m|by @hLWm
x`rv sQtQ @m|jr\ @t`m| fr\bQ gOvn~ C`y`r$p a#sRrQn~
nQymQw ilk~ky h[En`@gn sQy r`jk`rQy akOrtm itR k@L~y. evQt @v|l`v
(jp`n @v|l`@vn~) @p.v. 08.15 t pmN vQy. gw vR@y~ nQ@m|;ykQ e@n`~l`
@g~ nm| vR bW 29 sRpr\ @p`tYs~ gOvn~ y`n@y~ sQtQ k`r\yy mN~dly
kQsQ qQ@nk amwk @n`vn awQ bQhQsRNR qr\XnykQn~ sn~wY`syt pw~vRh.
hQr# qhsk~ ekvr ah@shQ p`y`, es#NQn~ nQvW gQy`@s~y. e~s`
qWp~wQmw~ eLQ qhr` @q@nw~ nQlAk`r krvn sRlEy.
prm`NR @b`~m|b@yn~ n#MONR e~ gQMOm| hV a#sRNR bv mwk
a#w~@wk~ m{&m hQ@r`~;Qm`@vhQ @n`vWy. enmRw~ hQ@r`~;Qm` ngr@yn~
s#wpRm| vQs~sk~ pmN qErQn~ vQsR a@ykOt nm| eyQn~ s#wpRm| phk~
pmN qErQn~ pQhQtQ iv`kOnQ nm| ngryt bW:29 sRpr\ @p`tYs~ gOvn~
y`n` mMQn~ @b`~m|b @hU$ qQn a#sRNR gQMOm| hVt vd` awQ bQhQsRNR
gQMOm| hVk~ eq` hQ@r`~;Qm` ngr m{&@yn~ a#sRNR bv mwk wQbRNQ.
ekvr htgw~ vQX`l gQnQ j`l`@v| pRUlw~, vt pYm`Nyw~, w`p@y~
q$dQ bvw~ pYm`N@yn~ @n`a#sR vQr$ vQy. prm`NR @b`~m|by pRpRr`
gQy sWm`@v| sQt qEr h` qQs`v anRv lq vQn`X@y~ pYm`Ny vQvQ{ vQy.
e@hw~ nQ@m|;ykQn~ m{&m hQ@r`~;Qm`@v| sQtQ ayw~, sQylEm mQnQs~
jWvQww~, sQylEm sw` sQv|p`vnRw~, sQylEm cAcl nQX~cl @q~pLw~,
ekm bQhQsRNR irNmkt mRhRN qEnQ. em pQpRr#mw~ smgm hwrk~ pmN
vpsrQyk pYm`Nyk~ nQ@m|;ykQn~ @sn~tQ@g~Yd| aAXk 10,00,000 pmN
n#MONR a{Qk w`p@yn~ yRw~ ekm gQnQ @b`~lykt hsRvW q$vW aUvW gQ@y~y.
@mm prm`NR @b`~m|b@yn~ pLmRv nQkOw~ vR@y~ w`py y. eyQn~
klEgl~vl vR myQk` nm| vR KNQjy pRpRr`, whdR h` uU k#t qQyvQNQ.
e~ s[h` ytw~ pQrQ@syQn~ @sn~tQ@g~Yd| aAXk 1300:1400 awr avm
u;~Nw~vyk~ avX& @v|. vr\g s#wpRm| qhyk~ pmN vpsrQyk wQbRNR lW
kNR aMOr# bvt pw~vQNQ. @k`n~kWYtQ rw~p#h# g#nRNQ. e~ qErQn~
sQtQyvRn~@g~ sm pQLQs~sW qQyvRNQ. sRqE p#h#wQ a#[EmQn~ s#rsW
sQtQ uqvQy@g~ sm wrmk~ qErt @h`~ a`rk;` vRNR awr @n`@ykOw~ vr\N
rt` shQw a#[Em|vlQn~ s#rsW sQtQ uqvQy@g~ sm e~ rt`vl pQhQtWm
anRv pQLQs~sW gQ@y~y.
ik~bQwQv nQkOw~ vR@y~ v` @wrpRm yQ. ey p#ykt s#wpRm| 50 k
pmN @v|g@yn~ hm` @g`s~ gh @k`L, @gvl~ @q`rvl~, kd s`p~pR, p`sl~,
@r`~hl~ h` kNR, kOUNR, w`p~p yn`qW sQyl~l ekvrm @p`Lvt smwl`
vQy. bQw~wQ, vhl yn`qQy irQw#lW sRnR vQsRNR vR awr, g@d`l~, uU
rWp~p, pr`l, b`l~k, pWlQ h` vWqEr# k#blQ yn`qQy ah@shQ e~ @m|
aw s#rQ sr` yLQqE @p`Lv mwt pwQw vW@mn~ mrNyt pw~vR ay @b`@h`~y.
sRvQsl~ @g`dn#MQlQ wOL sQtQ uqvQy ym| ayRrkQn~ mrNyt pw~ @n`vRN`
nm|, sRn~ bRn~ awr, sQrvW@mn~ mrNyt pw~vRh. mrNWy wOv`l @n`lq
@h`~ mrNy @n`v#L[ gw~ kQsQ@vk~ eq` m{&m hQ@r`~;Qm`@v| vr\g s#wpRm|
hwrk~ pmN vR pY@q~Xyk~ wOL @n`sQtQ@y~y.
pLmRv nQkOw~ vR w`p@yn~ mrNWy wOv`l lq uqvQy v` @wrpR@mn~
mrNyt pw~vRh.
@wvnRv nQkOw~ vR@y~ gQn~n y. @mmgQn~ vr\g s#wpRm| phk pmN
pY@q~X@y~ pRr` bRr bRr` n#MONR gQnQ j`l`v mRU mhw~ m{&m hQ@r`~;Qm`v
vs` gn~nt gw vR@y~ vQn`dQ kQhQpykQ.
ik~bQwQv hQ@r`~;Qm`vt a#q h#@Ln~nt vR@y~ am|l v#s~skQ. psRv
ihL ah@s~ qsw vQsQr wQbRNR aU h` mQXY vRNR v#hQ @p`q kU p#h#yk~
@gn kd` h#UNQ. s#bvQn~m ey pRqEm upqvn v#s~sk~m vQy. qsw p#wQr
p#vwQ aU mQXY vR sRLM h` mRsRv kU p#h#wQ vQX`l v#hQ bQ[E shQw
ey pRqEm upqvn v#s~sk~m vQy.
ik~bQwQv hQ@r`~;Qm`v pRr` hm` gQ@y~ cN~d m`r#wykQ. prm`NR @b`~m|by
pRpRr` gQy sWm`v @vw sQv| @qsQn~ hm` a` ey sQylEm sRn~bRn~
sRnR vQsRNR krmQn~ qsw hm` gQ@y~y.
@mm prm`NR @b`~m|by hQ@r`~;Qm` ngry mwt pwQw vW nQ@m|;ykQn~
78,150 k~ pmN @q@nk~ mrNyt pw~vRh. 37,425 k~ pmN @q@nkO mrNWy
wOv`l l#bRh. 13,3983 k~ pmN @q@nkO awOr#qn~ vRh. 90,000 k~ pmN
@g`dn#MQlQ sAK&`vk~ @p`Lvt smwl` vQy. (vr\wm`n@y~ hQ@r`~;Qm`@v|
pQhQt` a#wQ anRs~mrN @k_wOk`g`r@y~ lQpQ @l~Knvl sthn~vW
a#w~@w~ 138,890 k~ pmN @q@nkO@g~ jWvQw vQn`X vR bvyQ.)
hQ@r`~;Qm` ngry mwt @hLn lq @mm yR@r\nQym| @b`~m|b@y~
Xk~wQy oxo 11g5:13g5 awr sAK&`vk~ vQy.
e@n`~l`@g~ nm| vR bW:29 sRpr\ @p`tYs~ gOvn~ y`ny pqvn lq
gOvn~ nQymR @p`l~ tQ@btQs~ sQy qQn @p`@whQ @m@s~ lQy` w#bWy.
"apQ hQ@r`~;Qm`v @qs bln~nt a`psR h#r#@NmR. ngry bQy upqvn
sRU vL`kOUvlQn~ v#sW @g`sQnQ. ey @v|g@yn~ hw~wk~ @s~ ipQ@LmQn~
wQbRNQ. @m`@h`wkt nQX~Xb|qw`vk~ a#wQ vQy. in~psR s$m @qn`m kw`
krn~nt vRh.
"ar bln~n, ar bln~n, ar bln~n" tQ@btQs~@g~ @qvRrt wtQtR
krmQn~ e@s~ vQmwQ@yn~ hV nM` k$@v| sh`y gOvn~ nQymR kr\nl~ @r`~btQ
lEvQs~ y.
"@qvQy@n~..."
"apQ @m| k@L~ kOmk~q?"
psRqQn jp`n@y~ as`hQ nm| vR j`wQk pRvw~p@whQ pY{`n sQrs~wly
@m@s~ vWy.
"hQ@r`~;Qm`v gQnQ @b`~m|b pYh`r lbyQ"
prm`NR @b`~m|by hQ@r`~;Qm`vt @hLn lq pRvw a#mrQk`nR
jn`{QpwQvry` vR t^^mn~ q$n gn~n` lq~@q~ sQy yR@r`~pWy nQl
sAc`ry nQm` krmQn~ @prL` ogs~t` nm| vR @n_k`@vn~ a#mrQk`v bl`
ymQn~ sQtQn awrwOry. ohR @n_k`@v| k`r\yy mN~ly amw` @m@s~ kW@v|y.
"@my iwQh`s@y~ @X~Y;~T sQqEvWmk~."
vr\; 1945 a@g`~s~wO ms 07 v#nQ qQn @p.v. 01.00 t pmN a#mrQk`nR
jn`{QpwQy` vR t^^mn~ a#mrQk`nR hV nm| vR j`wQk gOvn~ vQqElQ
n`lQk`v os~@s~ j`wQy amw` I@y~ qQn jp`n@y~ @v|l`@vn~ @p.v.
8.15 t pmN hQ@r`~;Qm` ngry mwt prm`NR @b`~m|by @hLn lq pRvw
nQl vX@yn~ q$nRm| qEn~@n~y.
@m| vn vQt jp`n a{Qr`j&y vQn`X mRK@y~ axQys sQtQ@y~y. hQ@r`~hQ@w`~
a{Qr`j&y` ytw~vWmt sQy k#m#w~w pL kr sQtQ@y~y. enmRw~ jp`n@y~
sQtQ wQYvQ{ hmRq`@v| ugY yRqv`qWn~@g~ a#w#m| wWrN h` kQYy`
kl`pyn~ It i[Er`m pth#nQ vQy.
vr\; 1945 a@g`~s~wO ms 08 v#nQ qQn a#mrQk`nR jn`{QpwQvry`
vR t^^mn~ p~lE@t`~nQym| @b`~m|by jp`n@y~ kQyR;R qRp@whQ vR @k`kOr`
ngryt @hLWmt nQl avsry lb` qEn~@n~y.
vr\; 1945 a@g`~s~wO ms 09 v#nQ qQn uq`vQy. p~lE@t`~nQym| @b`~m|by
@hLWmt x`rv wQbR@N~ @m|jr\ c`r\l~s~ s~vnQ vQsQn~ pqvn lq @b`k~s~
k` nm|vR bW 29 sRpr\ @p`~tYs~ gOvn~ y`nyt ilk~ky vR@y~ jp`n@y~
kQyR;R qRp@whQ vR @k`kOr` ngryyQ.
@mqQn kQyR;R qRp@whQ k`lgON ww~w~vy yhpw~v p#vwONQ. e@hw~
prm`NR @b`~m|by rFgw~ @b`k~s~ k` nm| vR bW:29 sRpr\ @p`tYs~
gOvn~ y`ny pqvn lq c`r\l~s~ s~vnQ ht @k`kOr` ngry @s`y` g#nWmt
aphsR @n`vWy. enmRw~ mRU ngrym mWqEm| vL`kO@ln~ v#sW wQbRNR b#vQn~
vQkl~pyk~ @ls @w`~r` nm| kr wQbRNR n`gs`kQ ngry @w`~r` g#nWmt
ohRt sQqEvQy.
p~lE@t`~nQym| @b`~m|by @hLWmt x`rv sQtQ nQl{`rQy` gOvn~
C`y`r$p a#sRrQn~ nQymQw ilk~ky @gn sQy r`jk`rQy akOrtm k@L~y.
evQt @v|l`v (jp`n @v|l`@vn~) @p.v. 3.00 t pmN vQy. gwvR@y~ nQ@m|;ykQ.
@b`k~s~ k` nm| vR bW:29 sRpr\ @p`tYs~ gOvn~ y`n@y~ sQtQ k`r\yy
mN~dly kQsQ qQ@nk amwk @n`vn awQ bQhQsRNR qr\XnykQn~ sn~wY`Xyt
pw~ vRh.
n`gs`kQ ngry mwt @hLn lq p~lE@t`~nQym| @b`~m|by iw` qQyRNR
h` blvw~ ekk~ vRvq, eyQn~ sQqEvR mQnQs~ jWvQw h`nQy hQ@r`~;Qm`
ngryt @hLn lq yR@r\nQym| @b`~m|by h` ss[n kl~hQ ewrm|m
vQn`Xk`rW @n`vWy. enmRw~ emgQn~ mQnQs~ jWvQw 40,000 k pmN sAK&`vk~
vQn`Xyt pw~vQy.
n`gs`kQ ngry mwt @hLn lq p~lE@t`~nQym| @b`~m|b@y~ Xk~wQy
oxo @t`n~ 20:24 w~ awr sAK&`vk~ vQy.
@k@s~ nmRqE yRq~{y wvqErtw~ iqQrQyt @gn y$m jpn~ j`wQy h`
jp`n @q~Xy (skOr` ml~ pQ@pn @q~Xy) mQhQwl@yn~ mk` q$mWmt
sQywQn~m p`r k#pWmk~ y#yQ kQy` a#s~ pn`pQtm qkQn~nt l#bRNQ.
hQ@r`~;Qm` ngry, @t`~kQ@y`~ ngry h#r#NR vQt jp`n@y~ iw` v#qgw~
ngryk~ vQy. mk~nQs`qyw~ e~ ehQ pY{`n yRq m{&s~}`nyk~ (yRq
xtyQn~ 200,000 k~ pmN sAK&`vkQn~ yRw~) h` @v@L[ vr`yk~ pQQhQt`
wQbRNR b#vQnQ.
n`gs`kQ ngryq yRqmy awQn~ iw` v#qgw~ ngryk~ vQy. mk~nQs`qyw~
e~ ehQ avQ a`yR{ km|hlk~ h` xSgw avQ a`yR{ gbd`vk~ pQhQt`
wQbRNR b#vQnQ.
vr\; 1945 s#p~w#m|br\ ms 02 v#nQ qQn @t`~kQ@y`~ @b`k~@khQ
n#AgOrm|l` wQbRNR @t`n~ 12,000 k~ pmN brFwQ es~. es~. mQ@s`~rQ
nm| vR yRq @n_k`v wOLqW jp`n vQ@q~X ktyRwO am`w&vry` vR
syQ:mQtQ;R m@m`~r# vQsQn~ jp`ny sQy ytw~vW@m| lQykQyvQlQvlt
nQw&`nRkSlv aw~sn~ w#bWy.
e~ smgm jp`n@y~ r`j& p`lny jnr`l~ dg~ls~ m#k~a`wr\@g~
mRlQkw~v@yn~ yRq hmRq` mN~dlyk~ vQsQn~ a`rm|x krn lqQ.
vr\; 1949 ok~@w`~br\ ms 06 v#nQ qQn hQ@r`~;Qm` ngr@y~qW
pLmRv#nQ s`my s[h` vR hQ@r`~;Qm` sm|@m|lny pvw~vn lqQ. ehQqW
eyt shx`gQvR ek~ k`n~w`vk~ n#gW sQt mh hVQn~ @m@s~ kWy.
prm`NR avQ whnm| krmR.
ov|. ov| prm`NR avQ whnm| krmR. @ss~@s`~q ek~v mh hVQn~ kWy.
