m`wrt a`@v|NQk @ewQh`sQk avRr#qE @prh#r

sQAhly`@g~ mh` sAs~k^wQk mAgl&y alEw~ avRr#qE sQrQw~ vQrQw~ h` a`{&`w~mQkv b#[W pvwQn~nkQ. sRr\y sAkY`n~wQy mWn r`XQ@yn~ @m|; r`XQyt pQvQsWmt sQAhlyt wvw~ @s`b` qh@m| sAsQq~{Qyk~ pmNk~ @n`vRh. ey alEw~ jWvQwyk alEw~ bl`@p`@r`w~wOvk nv sQwOm| p#wOm|vltq sm`rm|xyk~ vQy.

s^g~ @v|q yRg@y~ ptn~ sQqEkL sRr\y @q~v nms~k`ry nQs` a`yR, vr\N, s#p, bl pYZ` yn pAcvQ{ s#p sm|pw~ uq`vn bvt vQX~v`sy vQy. @prqQg mQnQs` sRr\y @qv| e@s~ nms~k`r krn vQt @mrt sQAhly` It nvmR ar#w~ ek~ krn~nt vQy. sQAhly` mh` sAs~k^wQykt @l~ n$km| kQyn~nt wrm| x`g&vn~w vR@y~ ev#nQ @q~ os~@s~ y.

wYQsQAhly pRr`vt alEw~ avRr#qE c`rQwY v`rQwY sQqE @vq~qWm pY`@q~XWy vX@yn~ It nv pYw&Ag ar#w~ g#n~vWm| ekwO @vmQn~ ey vcn`r\}@yn~m mh` sAs~k^wQk mAgl&yk~ bvtm pw~vn~nt vQy. sQAhly`@g~ hqvw g@m| pn~sl vQy. ohR@g~ h^q s`k~;Qy vR@y~ a`gmQk pRq sQrQw~ vw`vw~ y. gmyQ, pn~slyQ, v#vyQ, q`g#byQ sAkl~py @mhQ k#dpw y.

alEw~ avRr#qE uq`@v|qW a`gmQk c`rQwYvlt hQmQ vn~@n~ agYs~}`nykQ. a`gmQk vw`vw~vl @yqWmt sQAhly`t sAs~k^wQk @l~vlQn~m ur#myk~ hQmQ vW a#w. alEw~ avRr#qE c`rQwYvlQn~ "alEw~" bvk~ ohR s$m vQ@tkm a@p~k;` kLh.

alEw~ avRr#qE c`rQwY awr nv s[ b#lWm sRb Pl @gn @qn~nk~ bv sQAhly` awr vQX~v`syk~ pvwW. @my in~qQy`@vn~ a`gmny vRvk~ vRvq @mrttm a`@v|NQk vR @qyk~ @ls mRl~ b#s@gn wQ@b|. jnw`v awr bq`q`, @snsRr`q` qQnvl nv s[ @n`b#lQy yRwO bvt vQX~v`syk~ pvwW. nv s[ bl` psR qQn "nv cn~qY q`ny" nmQn~ q`nyk~ qWm sQAhly`@g~ q sQrQwk~ vQy. e@mn~m nv s[ bl` hkOr# h` @p`l~ anRxv @k`t swOtRvWmq @mrt avRr#qE sQrQw~ awr vQy.

@ewQh`sQk m`wr hQw~w#tQy r`jmh` vQh`rs~}`nyw~ It s#wpRm| ekhm`rk~ pmN nRqEr#v pQhQtQ "@l~nqRv" gmw~ sm|bn~{v pvw~vn "h[ q`ny" nm#wQ avRr#qE @prh#r em pY@q~Xytm a`@v|NQk vRvkQ.

"@my kvr k`lyk @mhQ a#wQvW q#yQ aq sQtQn v@y`~v^q~{yn~vw~ smw~ @n`@vwQ. v#v in~qsr hQmQp`Nn~@g~ k`l@y~ (1747-1782) @n`@v| nm| un~vhn~@s~@g~ XQ;& v#lQ@v|rQ@y~ sAGrk~KQw hQmQp`Nnn~@g~ k`l@y~ y#yQ sQwQy h#kQy."

(hQw~w#tQ@y~ r`jmh` vQh`ry sh sM prpRr r`jkWy pN~dQw @g`dgm cRl`lAk`r n`hQmQ)

"h[ q`ny" nm#wQ avRr#qE @prh#r sQyvs~ @qkhm`rktw~ vd` p#rNQ c`rQwY @prh#rk~ @ls mQn~ sQwQy h#kQy.

@l~nqRv g@mhQ iwQh`sy jnpYv`q@y~ s[hn~ vW a#w~@w~ ey kOm`rq`s (kQY.v. 512-552) nm#wQ m`wr pY@q~Xy a`XQYwv jWvw~ vR rj smy qk~v` iwQh`sykt ur#mkm| kQyn~nk~ @lsy. rjR@g~ mh @l~km| (mh @l~n`) vR awWw a`rm|xky` pqQAcQv sQt a#w~@w~ vr\wm`n @l~nqRv pY@q~X@y~y. ey ak~kr 18 k~ wrm| vR @g`dbQmkQ. e~ vt` a#w~@w~ nQl~vl` mQtQy`vw~ kOBRr# y`yyQ. ohR@g~ pRwOn~ wQ@qn` q em pY@q~X@y~m pqQAcQ vRh. @l`kO@g~ @gqr vw~w, mq~qEm@g~ @gqr vw~w, kOd`@g @gqr vw~w ynR@vn~ vr\wm`n@y~ pv` h#[Qn~@vn~@n~ ovRn~ wQ@qn` nQv`s iqQ@k`t pqQAcQv sQtQ s~}`nyQ. mq~qEmy` @hvw~ pvR@lhQ @qv#n~n` @h~v`ykO @ls rjR@g~ yRq hmRq`vt ek~vWm nQs` ohR "@h~v`mq~qEm" @ls h[En~v` a#w.

em prpR@rn~ p#vw en ay pmNk~ wvmw~ jWvw~ vn "@l~nqRv" pY@q~X@yn~ pmNk~ "h[ q`ny" @prh#r c`rQwYy sAvQ{`ny vWm sRvQ@X~;W sQq~{QykQ. ey awWw@y~ sQt "@l~nqRv" g@mhQ mRwOn~ mQw~wn~@gn~ lq mh`r\G q`y`qyk~ @k`t ovRhR slkwQ.

@l~nqRv gm|v#s~sn~ s[ bln~@n~ cn~qY vr\;y s[h` @n`@v|. sRr\y vr\;y s[h` y. ey "nvcn~qY xw~@w~" @ls h[En~vyQ. alEw~ avRr#q~q nQm`vW p#mQ@Nn m`@s~ @p`~y @hvw~ am`vk @p`@h`y psRvW qQn @qkkQn~ pmN psRv @p@nn pLmR s[ ovRhR c`rQwY pQNQs blwQ. ekl s[ bl` ey an&yn~t h#MvWmt "hR" hVk~ n#MS nmRqE em kYmy vr\wm`n@y~ x`vQwyt @n`gnW.

vr\;yk~ p`s` pY{`n sAvQ{`yk {Rry xrgn~@n~ ek ek @gvl v#dQhQtQ kQYy`XSr a@ykQ. ohR h[ q`nyt avX& vQyhQyqm| s[h` mRql~ ekwO kryQ. e~ "@l~nqRv" g@m| @gvlQn~ pmNQ. q`nyt avX& qYv& ekwO kQrWmt q mRlQkw~vy gn~@n~q ohR y.

q`ny s[h` avX& kLmn` ekwO@k`t vr\;yk~ p`s` @w`~r` gn~n` nQvskqW hQw~w#tQy r`jmh` vQh`rs~}`n@y~ xQk~;Rn~ vhn~@s~ u@qs` q`ny s[h` avX& bw~, m`U, pQnQ uy`pQh` lkl$s~wQ krwQ. psRv sQyl~ln~ ek~vW e~v` kqvl~ @ls b#[ s`{Rk`r @qmQn~ p` gmnQn~m vQh`rs~}`ny @vw rF@gn ywQ. "h[ q`ny" @prh#r iqQrQ@yn~ qvRl~ sQAg`rm| n`q kQrWmq sQqE krwQ.

hQw~w#tQy r`jmh` vQh`rs~}`n@y~ qW em h[ q`ny s`AGQk @k`t pRj` @k@r\. @mm c`rQwYmy pQAkm s[h` @l~nqRv g@mhQ sQylE Z`wWn~ p#mQNWmq wvw~ sRvQ@X~;W lk~;NykQ.

h[ q`ny avsn~ vW@mn~ psRv vRvq em q`ny gm|v#sQyn~ vQsQn~ i[El~ krn~@n~ n#w. anwOr#v sn~{&` k`l@y~qW q`ny pQLQ@yl kL nQv@shQqW {r\m @q~Xn`vk~ @k`t n#vw vrk~ mLgQy Z`wWn~t, @qvQyn~t pQA anR@m`~qn~ kryQ. psRv q`ny s[h` rF@gn en lq iwQrQ qYv& @vn~@q~sQ @k`t emgQn~ ekwO vn mRql~ ILM avRr#q~@q~ h[ q`ny s[h` wb` g#nWmq @mhQqW sQqE @k@r\.

e@mn~m avRr#qE phkt pmN vrk~ "@l~nqRv" gmt pQvQ@sn m`r\g@yhQ rH wQs~p#yk~ pRr` xQk~;Rn~ vhn~@s~ v#dmv` pQrQw~ sj~k{`yn`vk~ sQqE @k@ryQ. ekl wOn~@v|l~ pQrQw~q sj~k{`yn` @k`t a`XQr\v`q lb` g#nQNQ.

@m| gmt @s`b`vQk vQpw~, @b`~vn @r`~g a`qQy sQqE @n`vn bvt q jnw`v wOL q#dQ vQX~v`syk~ pvwW. It mRl~vW a#w~@w~ s[ q`n@y~ a`nQXAsyQ.

XYW lAk`@v| @prh#r awr avRr#q~@qhQ @n`ngwy @v|l`@vhQ @ewQh`sQk @prh#r c`rQwYyk~ pvwQn~@n~ m`wr @v|rgm|pQt rjmh` vQh`rs~}`ny @k~n~qY@k`t gnQmQnQ. ehQ iwQh`syq sQyvs~ @qkktw~ vd` a$wt qQvyn~nkQ.

sQAhlyt p#mQN mRhRqEbd pY@q~X al~l`gw~ ln~@q~sWhR sQAhl @b_q~{yn~t sQy a`gmQk nQqhstq, @b_q~{ @prh#r p#v#w~vWmtq b`{` kLh. e~v` nvw` q#mRh. @m| nQs` @b_q~{@y`~ q#dQ pWd`vlt pw~vW sQtQyh.

ln~@q~sQ yRgy avsn~ vw~m @mrtt p#mQNQ XSr r`j&w`n~wQYkykO vR XYWmw~ @j`~n~ @d`yQlQ m#wQwOm` sQAhl jn vQZ`nyt sQwOm| p#wOm|vlt gr# krmQn~ iAgYWsQ a{Qr`jy @g`dn#MWmt ktyRwO kL a@yk~ vQy. @h@wm m`wr qQs`@v| rj@y~ e~jn~wvry` @hvw~ qQs`pwQ @ls (1804 @pb. 2 - 1806 @pb.) pw~vWy. ekl m`wr @v|rgm|pQt vQh`r`{QpwQv v#dvQsR kWr\wQmw~ ugwkO vR awQpRj& kr@w`t {r\m`r`m hQmQyn~@g~ a#sRr l#bW@mn~ sQAhl, p`lQ, sAs~k^w a`qW @prqQg x`;` @mn~m @b_q~{ qr\Xnyq h#q#r#@v|y.

jnpYv`qgw @w`rwOr#vlt anRv sQy gOr#vrykO vR kr@w`t {m|m`r`m n`hQmQyn~@g~ il~lWmkt anRv @j`~n~ @d`yQlQ iAgYQsQ a`N~dRk`rwOm` vQsQn~ @b_q~{yn~t @prhr p#v#w~vWmt avsr lb`qW a#w. mQn~ swOtt pw~ em pY@q~X@y~ @b_q~{@y`~ qQs`pwQ nQl nQvs (vr\wm`n yRq hmRq` k[vRr) @vw @prhr rFskQn~ p#mQNQyh. em @snM nQs` pY@q~Xy @n`sn~sRn~ vW rN~dR sr#vl~q ht g#nQNQ. @mm sQqEvWmw~ smg sRqE qQs`pwQwOm` km|p`vt pw~vQy.

ev#nQ klb#g$nQ a#wQ @n`vn~nt nm| ek~ @prhrk~ pmNk~ pY@q~X@y~ p#vwWm sRqEsR yyQ qQs`pwQwOm` sQwO@v|y. @h@wm e~ @vnR@vn~ kQYy`m`r\gyk~ gw~@w~y. pY@q~Xyt @k`dQyk~ wn` jnw`v rFs~ @k`t @k`dQy lb` gn~n` ayt @prhr sAvQ{`n kQrWmt bly p#vrWmt ktyRwO k@L~y. qQs`pwQwm` vr\wm`n @k`tR @q`rkd mwt (bwrFyQy) n#M em @k`dQy ud qm` a#w. psRv em @k`dQy lb`@gn a#w~@w~ m`wr uyn~vw~w h` e~ avt jnw`v vQsQnQ.

qQvQykO vQsQn~ v[ErkO@g~ @gl sp` k$mk~ em @k`dQ@yn~ nQr$pNy @k@r\. qQvQy`@gn~ iAgYWsQn~q, v[Er`@gn~ ln~@q~sQn~q ar\}vw~ @k`t a#wQ bv kQy#@v|. ir h[Qn~ sA@k~wvw~ @k`t a#w~@w~ irh[ pvwQn wOr` em @prhr p#v#w~vQy yRwO bvkQ.

jnpYv`qyt anRv @d`yQlQ vQsQn~ avsr qW a#w~@w~ s`m|pYq`yQk @prhr @hvw~ avRr#qE @prhr pvw~v` @gn y$mty. in~ kQy#@vn~@n~ em avRr#qE @prhr sQqEvWmt @pr p#v#w~vR bvkQ.

em avRr#qE @prhr a`rm|x @k@rn~@n~ @v|rgm|pQt rjmh` vQh`rs~}`n@y~ sQty. avRr#qE qQnt @pr qQn enm| a@pY~l~ ms 13 v#nQq` pn~s@l~ p#v#w~@vn pQrQw~ sj~k{`ynykQ. psRqQn @n`ngw @v|l`@vhQ uq#sn @mm "avRr#qE @prhr" vW}Q sAc`ry @k@r\. udrt phwrt sbrgmR n#tRm| q @mhQ q#kgw h#kQyQ. {`wO krVRv v#dmvWm, gm v@tQ pQrQw~ sj~k{`yn` krmQn~ a`XWr\v`q kQrWm, @ewQh`sQk @prhr @k`dQy @gn y#m, nQl@m| @knkO gmn~ kQrWm @mhQ vQ@X~; lk~;N vn~@n~ y. uyn~vw~w, @v|rgm|pQt, vl~pl, pQlqRv, alEw~ m`vw, qQs`v@g vw~w, @k`p~pr`vw~w a`qW @v|rgm|pQt pn~s@l~ q`yk gm|vl @mm avRr#qE @prhr vW}Q sAc`ry @k@r\.

@prhr avsn~ krn~@n~ yLQ @v|rgm|pQt pn~slt p#mQN bRq~{ pRj`v a`qQy pRj` @k`t krVRv b`rqW@mnQ.

sQAhl avRr#q~qt gm| rt bl` p#mQ@Nn sQylE @qn`m @m| s[h` shx`gQ vWmq vQ@X~;w~vykQ. @mm @prh@rhQ rF@gn yn @ewQh`sQk @k`dQ@y~ x`rk`rw~vy @m| vn vQt usRlnR lbn~@n~ ekl @k`dQy lb`gw~ prpR@r\ aykO vn m`wr n`grQk mn~wYWvrykOq vn cwOr kr#N`rw~n mhw` a#wOU prpRr vQsQnQ.

avRr#q~q hRqE uw~svXYWyk~ gnR @vnRvt It a`gmQk n#BRr#w`vk~ ek~ kQrWmt m`wr @v|rgm|pQt avRr#qE @prhrQn~ awWw@y~ sQt uw~sRk vW a#wQ @syk~ qk~nt a#w.

hk~mn, @p`w~@w~@vl jQnr`j vQh`rs~}`ny @vw "qn~ @prhrk~" alEw~ avRr#q~q nQmQwQ kr@gn p#v#w~vWm psRgQy sQyv@shQ a`rm|x vRvk~ @s~ s#l@k~. 1952 vs@r\ qW pmN mRl~m @prhr p#v#w~vR bvt vr\wm`n v@y`~v^q~{ v#dQhQtQyn~t mwk@y~ a#w.

XYW lAk` r`mz~z nQk`@y~ mh` n`ykv v#d vQsR ag~gmh` pN~dQw awQpRj& @p`w~@w~@vl XYW pz~z`s`r m`hQmQ@y`~ @m| s[h` avv`q anRX`sn` lb`@qmQn~ "qn~ @prhr" arm|x kQrW@m| pR@r`~g`mQy` vW a#w

e@hw~ It @pr em @prhr p#vwQ @h`~ @n`p#vwQ bvk~ an`vrNy @n`@v|.

@p`w~@w~@vl jQnr`j pQrQ@vn~ vQh`rs~}`n@y~ q`yk gmk~ vn nQhQUv pY@q~X@y~ sQt @mm qn~ @prhr rF@gn enR l#bQNQ. avRr#qE qQnvl @k`yQ k`tw~ ktyRwO bhRly. e@mn~m vQh`rs~}`n@y~ qW n#k#w~ c`rQwY sQqE kQrWmtq avX& y. avRr#qE qn~ @prhr p#v#w~vW@m| mRlQk prm`r\} @pLg#@sn~@n~ ev#nQ @q~ os~@s~ y.

prN avRr#qE q`m @prqQn @hvw~ avRr#qE c`rQwY @yqW a#wQ n#k#w~ qQnt qQn @qkkt @pr qQn svs @mm "qn~ @prhr" pvw~vnR lbyQ. nQhQUv g@mn~ ekwO krnR lbn h`l~, eLvU, wOnph, lENR, krpQAc, plwOr#, rsk#vQlQ, p#NQ a`qQy bt@p`wO @ptQtQvlt pRrv` hQs mw wb`@gn @prhrkQn~ @p`w~@w~@vl jQnr`j pQrQ@vn~ vQh`rs~}`ny @vw jnw`v @prhrQn~ ywQ.

@br, qvRl~, @h~vQsQ, wm|m#tQtm, udrt phwrt, sbrgmR n#tRm|, vdQgptRn, @n`n~cQ ak~k` @k`~lm, a`VQ @k`~lm a`qW aAgyn~@gn~ "qn~ @prhr" smlAk^w @krQNQ.

em @n`pQsn lq q`ny pQLQg#n~vW@mn~ psRv @prh@r\ p#mQNQ sQylE @qn` @b`~{Q pRj`vkt shx`gQ @vwQ. anwOr#v {r\m X`l`vt rFs~@vn em pQrQst {r\m @q~Xn`vk~ pvw~v` pQA anR@m`~qn~ kQrWm sQqE krn~@n~ h`mRqEr#vn~ vQsQnQ. anwOr#v "qn~ @prhr" ktyRwO nQm @vyQ.