@byQjQA olQm|pQk~ wrg`vlQ@y~ sm`rm|xk u@Ll @hvw~ nQl
a`rm|xy @mm ms 8 q`t (sQkOr`q`) @yqW wQbRNq, ehQ olQm|pQk~
k`n~w` p`pn~qE XSrw` wrg`vlQy aq a#r@Bn awr aq`L pQrQmQ
wrg`vlQy @ht (07 q`) a#rBWmt nQymQwy.
aq`L k`n~w` aAX@y~ avsn~ vty s[h` "I", "ef~" sh "jW" k`N~d
yt@w~ kN~d`ym| 12 k~q shx`gQ vn awr em pQrQmQ aAX@y~ avsn~ vty
"e~", "bW", "sW" sh "dW" vX@yn~ kN~d`ym| 16 k~ wrg vqQwQ.
k`n~w` "I" k`N~dyt cWny, s~vWdny, a`r\jn~tQn`v sh k#nd`vq,
"ef~" k`N~dyt qkONR @k`rQy`v, nyQjWrQy`v, jr\mnQy sh bYsWlyq,
"jW" k`N~dyt @n`~r\@v|, a#mrQk` ek~sw~ jnpqy sh nvsWln~wy a#wOLw~
kr a#w. em pQrQmQ aAX@y~ ayQvrQ @k`~s~tQ, a`r\jn~tQn`v,
os~tQYy`v sh sr\bQy`v "e~" k`N~d@yn~q, @nqr\ln~wy, nyQjWrQy`v,
jp`ny sh a#mrQk` ek~sw~ jnpqy "bW" k`N~d@yn~q, cWny, nvsWln~wy,
bYsWly sh @bl~jQym "sW" k`N~d@yn~q sh uwOr# @k`rQy`v, k#mr#n~,
@h`n~dQyRr`s~ sh iw`lQy "dW" k`N~d@yn~q wrg vqQnR a#w.
@byQAjQA olQm|pQk~ p`pn~qE XSrw`v, qQyw~ vWmw~ smg olQm|pQk~
p`pn~qE XSrw` wrg`vlQy arB` vsr 100 k~ spQrWm @h~wO@vn~ ey vQ@X~;
p`pn~qE avs~}`vk~ vX@yn~ iwQh`s gw @vyQ.
vsr 1908 ok~@w`~br\ ms 18 q` ln~dn~ olQm|pQk~ wrg`vlQy yt@w~
jgw~ p`pn~qE sm|@m|lny vQsQn~ sAvQ{`ny @k`t ln~dn@y~ @;pr\d|
bR;~ kYWd`AgN@y~ pYAX "bW" kN~d`ym sh @dn~m`r\ky awr p#v#wQ
wrgy olQm|pQk~ p`pn~qE XSrw` pLmR wrgy vX@yn~ iwQh`sgw vW a#w.
@mm wrg@y~qW pYAXy @g`~l 9:0 k~ vX@yn~ pr`jyt pw~vQy. ur#gO@v|hQ
p#v#wQ (1930) jgw~ p`pn~qE XSrw` pLmR wrg`vlQyt vsr 22 t @pr
olQm|pQk~ p`pn~qE wrg a`rm|x vWmq vQ@X~;w~vykQ.
vsr 1900 (p#rWsQy) sh 1904 (a#mrQk` ek~sw~ jnpqy) olQm|pQk~
wrg`vlQvlqW q p`pn~qE wrg pvw~v` a#wQ bvt iwQh`s gwvW a#w.
e@hw~ ey, "aw~hq` b#lWm" kYmy yt@w~ vW a#ww~, eytq vQ@X~;w~vyk~
@qmQn~ olQm|pQk~ kYWd` iwQh`s@y~ pLmR kN~d`ym| wrg`vlQy @ls
h[En~vnR lbyQ.
k`ly`@g~ a#v$@mn~ p`pn~qE kYWdk@y`~ bhRwryk~ v^w~wWmy kYWdk
ww~w~vyt pw~vWm @h~wO@vn~, olQm|pQk~ p`pn~qE XSrw`v vys avRr#qE
23 n~ phL kYWdkyn~ s[h` pmNk~ k#p kQrWmt iqQrQpw~ vR @y`~jn`vk~
1980 qW pmN iqQrQpw~ vRvq, ey sx` sm|mw vR@y~ 1992 b`s@l`~n`
wrg`vlQ@y~ sQty. psRv, aq`L @y`~jn`v wvqErtw~ sA@X`~{ny @k`t,
1996 a#tQln~t` wrg`vlQ@y~ sQt ek~ kN~d`ymkt @j&;~T kYWdkyn~ wQ@qnkO
adAgO kQrWmt avs~}`v @qn lqW.
aq`L k`n~w` XSrw`v vsr 1996 qW (a#tQln~t`) lq~qkQ. e@hw~,
em jgw~ XSrw`v eyt ps~ vsrkt @pr arB` a#w. aq`L k`n~w` pLmR rn~
pqk~km a#mrQk` ek~sw~ jnpqy vQsQn~q rQqW pqk~km cWny vQsQn~q
qQn` gn~n` lqW. e@hw~ @mvr avsn~ mh wrgy s[h` a#w#n~s~ wrg`vlQ@y~
XSrQyn~ vn a#mrQk`v axQbv` jr\mnQy sh bYsWly sRqEsRkm| lbnR
a#w#yQ q#dQ vQX~v`syk~ pvwQyQ.
