@j~. a`r\. @g~ p`t sRqE p`ty!
XYW lAk`@v| bQhQvR pYw`pvw~ jv sm|pn~n r`j& n`ykykO vR @mrt
pY}m vQ{`yk jn`{QpwQ @j~.a`r\. jyvr\{n mhw`@g~ 102 v#nQ jn~m
qQn smr#v @mm 17 v#nQq`t @yqW wQ@b|.
1943 vr\;@y~qW p#v#wQ m#wQvrNyt r`j& mn~wYN sx`@v| k#lNQy
a`sny nQ@y`~jny krmQn~ wrg kL a{QnWwQZ @j~.a`r\. jyvr\{n mhw`
@vnR@vn~ lAk` j`wQk mh` sAgmy pYsQq~{ krn lq @m| pYk`Xny apQ
@m@ls pL krnR@y~ ehQ a#wQ @ewQh`sQk vtQn`km q slkmQnQ. em
pYk`Xn@y~ mRl~ kvr@y~ @w~m` p`Ty @ls "s~vkWy k`lyw~ {nyw~ wr#N
@p_r#;yw~ mhjn @s~vy s[h` @yqvQy h#kQ pYZ` sm|pn~n@yk~" vX@ynQ.
r`j& mn~wYN sx`@v| k#lNQy a`sny
"s~vkWy k`lyw~ {nyw~ wr#N @p_r#;yw~ mhjn @s~vy s[h` @yqvQy
h#kQ pYZ` sm|pn~n@yk~"
k#lNQy @k`tQT`sy @vnR@vn~ @pnW sQtWm s[h` r`j& mn~wYN sx`vt
mn~wYWvrykO @w~rW@m| x`r{Rr yRwOkm| wv @n`@b`~ qQnkQn~ em @k`tQT`s@y~
Cn~qq`yk pQn~vwOn~ @vw eL@Bnv` a#w. sr\ dW. bW. jywQlk mhw`
wrgyk~ @n`m#wQv @mm @k`tQT`s@y~ mn~wYW {Rryt pw~v qs vskt a{Qk
k`lyk~ r`j& mn~wYN sx`@vhQ @s~vy k@L~y. p#rFNQ v&vs~}`yk
mn~wYN sx`vt mn~wWYn~ @w`~rn av{Q@yhQ pv` k#lNQy @k`tQT`s@yhQ
mn~wYW wrg a#wQ @n`vRh.
@n`@b`~q` in~qQy`vt pQtw~v yn qQn sn~{&`@vhQ s~vkWy
Cn~qq`ykyn~ amw` kw` kL sr\ dW. bW. jywQlk mhw` kW@y~
ugw~kmQn~q, crQw XOq~{Q@yn~q, qk~; vQc]Nx`v@yn~q @hbQ @knkO k#lNQ
@k`tQT`s@yhQ mn~wYW {Rry s[h` @w`~r`pw~ kr gw yRwO bvy. @m|
pNQvRd@yn~ apQ eb[E sRqEsRkm| a#wQ @knkO k#lNQ @k`tQT`s@y~
Cn~qq`yk xvwOn~t h[En~v`qWmt k#m#w~@wmR. ihw kW pYk`Xy krq~qW
sr\. dW. bW. jywQlk mhw`@g~ sQw~hQ vR@y~q ap vQsQn~ e@s~
h[En~v` @qn~t yn mhw`m vQy yRwOy.
rt v#sQyn~@g~ il~lWm prQqQ k#lNQ @k`tQT`s@y~ a`sny s[h`
iqQrQpw~ krvWmt sRqEs~s` k#lNQ @k`tQT`s@y~ a`sny s[h` iqQrQpw~
krvWmt sRqEs~s` h#tQyt lAk` j`wQk mh` sAgmy mgQn~ sm|mw krnR
l#b sQtQn a{WnWwQZ @j~.a`r\. jyvr\{n mhw` vn`hQ sQyn$ @k`~rL
v`sWn~t amRw~@wk~q @n`@v|. s~vkWy rtv#sQyn~ u@qs` @s~vy kQrWmt
r`j& mn~wYN sx`@vhQ @pnW sQtWm s[h` p`rm|prQk vX@yn~ @mn~m @p_q~glQk
vX@yn~q @j~. a`r\. jyvr\{n mhw`t a#wQ sRqEsRkm| h` ayQwQv`sQkm|
@b`@h`~yQ.
sQyl~ln~tm vd` v#qgw~ vR k`rNy nm| pYgwQXWlW @q~Xp`ln
aqhs~vlQn~q lAk`@v| nQqhs pQLQb[ uss~ a@p~k~;`vn~@gn~q @j~.a`r\.
jyvr\{n mhw` q#nt r`j& mn~wYN sx`@v| sQtQn @b`@h`~ mn~wYWvr#n~t
vd` pY@b`~{mw~ m@gk qEr gmn~ kr sQtQn~nkO vWmyQ. @g`vQ jny`@g~w~,
km|kr# jny`@g~w~ a`r\}Qk qQyRNRvw~, sm`j axQv^q~{Qyw~ s[h` @n`psRbt
uw~s`h@yn~ kYQy`kQrWmt jyvr\{n mhw`@g~ a#wQ blvw~ a`X`vm e~
mhw` r`j& mn~wYN sx`@v| k#lNQ @k`tQT`s@y~ nQ@y`~jQw {Rryt
pw~kr g#nWmt a#wQ vQ@X~;m sRqEsRkm @vyQ. e~ nQs`m e~ mhw` lAk`@v|
q#nt pYsQq~{ jWvQwyt b#s sQtQn ay@gn~ @m| vgkQvyRwO a`snyt
pw~kr gw yRwO ekm sRqEs~s` h#tQytq gNn~ gw h#kQ@v|.
psRgQy sQv|vs wOL jyvr\{n mhw`@g~ @q~Xp`ln ktyRwO g#n
pRvw~pw~vl pLvR @q~ pmNk~ kQyv` e~ mhw` g#n q#ng#n~mk~ a#wQ kr@gn
sQtQn ay@g~ h` @vnw~ ay@g~ q#ng#n~m s[h` apQ e~ mhw` pQLQb[
sRU crQw vQ@v|cnyk~ h` v#d ktyRwO pQLQb[ sRU vQs~wryk~ q krnR
k#m#w~@wmQ.
a{QnWwQZ @j~.a`r\. jyvr\{n mhw` vn`hQ wvm swQs~ (36) h#vQrQqQ
vy@shQ sQtQn wr#N@ykQ. @XY~;~T`{QkrN@y~ vQnQX~cyk`rykO vR
r`jnWwQZ I. db|lQyR. jyvr\{n mhw`@g~ v#dQmhl~ pRw~ @m| mhw`
lAk`@v| sRpYsQq~{ a{QnWwQZ pvRlkt ayw~ @k@nkQ. evkt lAk`@v| @q~Xp`ln
stn~vl ash`y vWry`v sQtQ v`qWxsQAh h#k~tr\ jyvr\{n a{WnWwQZ
mhw` @m| mhw`@g~ mhp~p`y. @X~Y;~T`{QkrN@y~ vQnQX~cyk`rykOv
sQtQy` vRq, @XY~;~T nWwQ@v|qQykO vRq r`jnWwQZ e~. s#n~tQvQ
jyvr\{n mhw` @m| mhw`@g~ sRU pQy`@N`~y. k~vQn~ts~ jyvr\{n h` @j~.a`r\.
jyvr\{n nmQn~ sQtQ sRpYsQq~{ a{QnWwQZvr#n~ @q@qn` q @m| mhw`@g~
sRU pQyvr#y.
m`w^ pk~;y g#n slkn vQt jyvr\{n mhw` k#lNQ @k`tQT`syt vd`w~
kQtQtR sm|bn~{yk~ a#wQ @k@nkQ. e~ mhw`@g~ m$NQ@y`~ vn`hQ k#lNQ
rjmh` vQh`rs~}`n@y~ axQnv kr\m`n~w s[h` lk~; sAK&`w {nyk~
vQyqm| kL @s~qvw~@w~ vQjyvr\{n Lm`w#nWn~@g~ v#dRmhl~ qQyNQyyQ.
jyvr\{n mhw` @k`LB r`jkWy ps@lhQ ugw~@w~y. ehQ uss~ @ls X`@swY`q~gYhNy
kL ohR e~ k`l@y~ sQtQ pYmRK XQ;&y` h#tQyt @w~rW pw~vR@y~y. ohR
iw` @h`[ k}Qky`t @qnR lbn w&`gyq qQn`gw~@w~y.
nWwQ vQq&`lyt b#[W a{QnWwQZ v^w~wWy s[h` i@gngw~ k`l@yhQ em
vQq&`l@y~ iw` @h`[ k}Qky`t @qnR lbn w&`gy h` nWwQy pQLQb[ pr\@y~;N
w&`gy q qQn`gw~@w~y. nWwQ vQq&`l@yn~ s`m`r\}y lb` pQt vW
a{QnWwQZykO @ls jyvr\{n mhw` ktyRwO krn~nt ptn~ gw~@w~ 1932
qWy. ew#n~ sQt a{QnWwQZykO @ls jyvr\{n mhw`@g~ n#MWm awQ XWGY
vQy. e~ k`l@yhQ jyvr\{n mhw` lAk`@v| sRpYsQq~{ ndR @b`@h`mykt
@pnW sQtQy` pmNk~ @n`v wr#N nWwQZyn~ aw@r\ iw`m v#dQ gNnk~ ndR
l#bRN nWwQZy`v q sQtQ@y~y. jyvr\{n mhw` wm jWvQwy m`w^ xSmQ@y~
h` s~vkWy rt v#sQyn~@g~ @s~vy s[h` @yqvWmt aqhs~ kr gw~@w~ @m|
k`l@y~qWy.
jyvr\{n mhw` lAk` j`wQk mh` sAgmyt b#[W 1940 qW ehQ sm @l~km|
pqvQyt pw~vQy. em avRr#q~@q~m m`r\wO m`s@yhQ jyvr\{n mhw` lAk`@v|
nQ@y`~jQwykO h#tQyt r`m|g`r\ ngr@yhQ pvw~vn lq in~qWy j`wQk mh`
sAgm@y~ mh` sx` v`rytq gQ@y~y. @m| gmn jyvr\{n mhw` wOL vQX`l
@vnsk~ a#wQ kQrW@mhQ @h~wOvk~ vQy. mhw~m` g`n~{Q, pN~dQw jhhr\l`l~@n~r#,
sRb`s~ cn~qY@b`~;~, rvWn~qYn`w~ w`@g`~r\ a`qW x`rwWy vWr@y`~
@m| gm@n~qW jyvr\{n mhw`t mRNg#sRNh. pN~dQw @n~r# mhw`@g~
a`gn~wOky` h#tQyt alhb`q~ nRvr e~ mhw`@g~ nQv@shQ n#vwW sQtQ
k`l@y~qW jyvr\{n mhw`t in~qQy` j`wQk mh` sAgm@y~ ax&n~wr v#dpQLQ@vL
q#n g#nWmt q idkd a#wQkrn lqW. @m| gm@n~qW qBqQv @b_q~{
sQq~{s~}`n v#[ pRq` g#nWmtq gQy jyvr\{n mhw` sQy rt h#rW a`@v|
aq in~qQy`nR @q~Xp`ln n`ykw~v@y~ vQ@X~;`Agyk~ vR mhjn @s~vy
pQLQb[ nQym h#MWm| a#wQkr@gny.
lAk` j`wQk mh` sAgm@y~ s`Avw~srQk mh` sx` v`r s~v@q~XWy
pYqr\Xn`qQy q a#wQv q#n~ pvw~vnR lbn~@n~ gm|vly. 1940 qW
mWrQgmq, 1941 qW qEm|ml@qnQ@y~q, 1942 qW k#lNQ@y~q pvw~vnR l#bR
lAk` j`wQk mh` sAgm@y~ sAvw~srQk mh` sx` v`rvlt rFs~vR shsY
sAK&`w mh` jnk`ym em mh` sAgm@y~ axQnv v&`p`r @kwrm| qErt s`r\}k
@v|@gn yw~q yn bvt pYbl s`{kyk~y. qs avRr#q~qk~m apY`NQkv p#v#wQ
j`wQk sAgmy n#vww~ pY`Nvw~ vn~nt sQAhl mQnQs~sR s~vkWy jn~m
xSmQy nQqhs~ kr g#nW@m| sQwQvQlQ a#wQkr gn~ntw~ @mw#n~ sQt ptn~
gw~h.
lAk` j`wQk mh` sAgm@y~ v#dpQLQ@vL anRv @k`LB n`grQk sx`@v|
up@q~Xk pqvQ s[h` iqQrQpw~ vW@mn~ jyvr\{n mhw` wvw~ em pk~;@y~
nv@qnkO smg q#nt em sx`@v| up@q~Xk pqvQ l#b sQtW. @mhQqW jyvr\{n
mhw` nQwrm n`grQk km|kr# jny`@g~ XOx sQq~{Qy s[h` kYQy` kL`
pmNk~ @n`v r@tQ an`gw XOxsQq~{Qy s[h` @yqvWmt avX& pLpRr#q~q
lb`gw~@w~y. wvq jyvr\{n mhw` j`wQk mh` sAgm@y~m k`r\yyk~ h#tQyt
sQyn$ @k`~r@L~ udRpQl nm| g@mhQ gY`m sAvr\{n m{&s~}`nyk~
pQhQtRv` s~vkWy wnQ vQyqmQn~ avRr#qE @qkk~m ey pvw~v`@gn yn lq~@q~y.
q#nt a`N~dRv x`r@gn wQ@bn @mm gY`m sAvr\{n m{&s~}`ny jyvr\{n
mhw`@g~ a`{`r a#wQ nRl~ k#tWm h` @rqQvQvWm a`qW vs~wY kr\m`n~wy
h` lNR a#BrWm, pls~ w#nWm, p`pQsQ w#nWm a`qW @k`hR kr\m`n~wyq
yn`qW s~v@q~XWy kr\m`n~w v&`p`r mRls~}`nyk~ @vnv` a#w.
s~vkWy ayQwQv`sQkm| a`rk~;` kr g#nWm s[h`w~ s~vkWy qEk~ g#nvQlQ
sAsQ[Ev` g#nWm s[h`w~ km|kr#vn~t a#wQ pYbl a`yR{yk~ nm| ek~sw~
km|kr# sm`gm| pQhQtRv` g#nWmy. jyvr\{n mhw` @n`@yk~ vQ{Q@y~
sm`gm| pQhQtRv` g#nWmt km|kr#vn~t upk`r vW@mnRw~ km|kr#vn~
nQwrm e~ mhw`@g~ upk`ry @s`y` y$@mnRw~ @pnW yn~@n~ e~ mhw`
km|kr#vn~@g~ nQym mQwYykOv sQtQn bvyQ.
jyvr\{n mhw` @q~Xp`ln ktyRwO @k@r\ qk~vn blvw~ unn~qEv e~
mhw` vQsQn~ av@X~; ktyRwO @k@r\ q#k~vQy yRwO unn~qEv adRvWmt q
@h~wO vW n#w. bQygm up`sQk`r`my pQhQtRvWmt upk`rW vR@y~ jyvr\{n
mhw`y. wvmw~ vQh`rmh` @q~vQ up`sQk`r`m p`lk sx`@v| @l~km| {Rry
usRln~nW e~ mhw`@g~ x`r\y`vy. us`vQy mgQn~ ang`rQk {r\mp`l
bRql@y~ p`lk x`rk`r {Rryt pw~krnR l#bW@mn~ psR m$wqW jyvr\{n
mhw` pQt vd`w~ vgkQvyRwO vRw~ x`r{Rr vRw~ k`r\y@y`~ p#v#r#N`h.
in~qQy` mh`@b`~{Q sm`g@m| h` @vnw~ vQ@q~XWy rtvl X`snQk
ktyRwOq lAk` mh`@b`~{Q sm`g@m| @b`@h`~ ktyRwO q @k@rn~@n~ @m|
bRql@y~ vQyqmQnQ.
@mhQ vQs~wr vR @ls jyvr\{n mhw` r@tQ @q~Xp`ln axQv^q~{Qy
s[h`w~ X`snQk axQv^q~{Qy h` sm`j@y~ axQv^q~{Qy s[h`w~ @v@h@sn
awrm @p`w~pw~ kQyvWmt h` lQvWmt q s~vkWy k`l@yn~ @k`tsk~
gwkryQ. m$wqW jyvr\{n mhw` vQsQn~ lQy` pYsQq~{ krn lq "@b_q~{
lQpQ" nm#wQ m`h#MQ @p`wkQ.
sr\. dW. bW. jywQlk mhw` kW @lsm jyvr\{n mhw` ug@wkQ. yhpw~
crQwyk~ a#wQ k`r\yXSr wr#N@ykQ. e~ mhw` mhjn @s~v@yn~ {ny @h`~
kWr\wQ pYXAs` l#bWm bl`@p`@r`w~wO @n`@vyQ. e~ mhw` s~vkWy m`w^
xSmQ@y~ nQqhs s[h`w~ qQLQ[Ekm, idkdm| n#wQkm sRqEsR a`h`rp`n @n`m#wQkm
@ld @r`~gvlQn~ @pLWm yn`qQ@yn~ @m| rt v#sQ jnw`v nQqhs~ kr g#nWm
s[h`w~ nQs~srN`{&`X@yn~ @s~vy kQrWmt iqQrQpw~ vW sQtQn u@q&`gQmw~
@q~XhQ@@w;Q@ykQ.
q#nt k#lNQy @k`tQT`s@y~ mn~wYW {Rry s[h` iqQrQpw~ vW sQtQn
e~ mhw` sr\ dW. bW. jywQlk mhw`@gn~ pRrp~p`dR vR em pqvQyt @w`~r`
pw~ g#nWm XYW kl&`NQ jnpqv`sW Cn~qq`yk pQn~vwOn~@gn~ pL`w rt
h` j`wQy @vnR@vn~ sQqE vQy yRwO ash`y yRwOkmy.
@j~.a`r\. jyvr\{n mhw`@g~ p`t sRqEp`ty wmRn~n`n~@s~@g~ Cn~q
pwYQk`v sRqEp`t @ptQtQyt qmnR m#nvQ.
