ob`m` q m#@k~n~ q ?
pQLQwOr wv qQn nvykQn~

@l`vm p`lny krn~@n~ a#mrQk` ek~sw~ jnpqy bvt @l`v pRr` @b`@h`~ @qn` vQX~v`s krwQ. e@hv| a#mrQk`v p`lny krn~n` vn a#mrQk`nR jn`{QpwQvry` @w`~r` g#nW@m| a#mrQk`nR jn`{QpwQvrNy lbn @n`v#m|br\ 04 v#nQq` p#v#w~@v|.

vQvQ{ vr\gvlt ayw~ mQlQyn wOn~sQyykt a{Qk jnw`vk~ v`sy krn a#mrQk`v vQX`lw~v@yn~ vr\g kQ@l`~mWtr\ mQlQyn 9.83 kQ. 1776 jRlQ 04 v#nQq` nQqhs pYk`Xyt pw~ kL a#mrQk` ek~sw~ jnpqy @m| vnvQt jn`{QpwQvr#n~ 43 @qnkO vQsQn~ p`lny krn lq awr @mvr pw~ kr gn~@n~ 44 v#nQ jn`{QpwQvry` y.

@m| s[h` rQpb|lQkn~ pk;@yn~ @j`n~ m#@k~n~ iqQrQpw~v sQtQn awr dQ@m`~kYtQk~ pk;@yn~ b#rk~ ob`m` iqQrQpw~v sQtW.

@l`v @b`@h`~ @qn` vQX~v`s krn~@n~ @mvr b#rk~ ob`m` jygnR a#wQ bvyQ. e@s~ vRv@h`w~ a#mrQk`nR iwQh`sy@y~ pY}m kU j`wQk jn`{QpwQvry` b#rk~ ob`m`y.

a#w#m| jnmw vQmsWm|vlQn~ @pnW yn~@n~ sQyyt hwk pmN pYm`NykQn~ ob`m` iqQrQ@yn~ sQtQn bvy.

@m| awr wvw~ jnmw vQmsRm| kWpyk~ @pn~nRm| krn~@n~ Cn~q stn krt kr stnk~ bvyQ.

e@hw~ jnmw vWmsWm|vl nQv#rFqQx`vy pQLQb[ brpwl pYX~n wQ@b|. ey a#mrQk`vt pmNk~ @n`v aptq @p`qEy.

2004 vs@r\ in~qQy`nR mh` m#wQvrN@y~qW sQylE jnmw vQmsWm|vlQn~ kQyvR@N~ x`rwWy jnw` pk;y vQXQ;~t jygYhNyk~ aw~ kr gn~n` bvyQ. e@hw~ Cn~q pYwQPl aq`l jnmw vQmsRm| pYwQPl udRytQ kOr# krmQn~ @k`n~gYs~ pk;yt awQ vQXQ;~t jygYhNyk~ @gn qEn~@n~y.

ap r@tQ pv` ev#nQ uq`hrN @b`@h`~y.

eb#vQn~ jnmw vQmsRm|vlQn~ kOmk~ p#vsRN q pYwQPl h`w~psQn~m @vns~vW@m| idkd @b`@h`~y.

r@tQ a`r\}Qk pYwQsAs~krN sm|bn~{@yn~ vd`w~ iqQrQ@yn~ sQtQn~@n~ b#rk~ ob`m`y.

ohR a`r\}Qky sm|bn~{@yn~ pvsn~@n~ m{&m p`n~wQkyn~@g~ a`r\}Qk pYX~nvlt vQs[Em| lb`@qn awrm @s_K& h` a{&`pn @k;~wYvl pYwQsAs~krN a#wQ krn bvw~ vQvQ{ rtvl~ smg a#wQ @v@L[ gQvQsRm| pQLQb[v yLQw~ e~ e~ rtvl~ smg s`kc|C` pvw~vn bvw~y.

a`r\}Qky sm|bn~{@yn~ m#@k~n~ pvsn~@n~ m{&m p`n~wQkyn~@g~ bqE kp` qmn awrm rj@y~ vQyqm| adR krn bvyQ.

sm`j a`rk;k ktyRwOvl pYwQsAs~krN sQqE krn bvq ohR s[hn~ kryQ.

a#mrQk`@v| wvw~ pY{`nwm m`w^k`vk~ vn ir`k@y~ a#mrQk`nR hmRq` pYX~nyt ob`m` pvsn~@n~ a#mrQk`nR hmRq` @k`ts~ vX@yn~ yLQ sQy rtt k#[vn bvyQ. e@hw~ m#@k~n~@g~ aqhs ir`ky s`m`n& ww~w~vyt pw~ vn wOr# a#mrQk`nR hmRq` ir`k@y~ r[v` wbn~nty.

ir`nyt a`r\}Qk sm|b`{k pnvmQn~ ir`ny pYj`wn~wYv`qyt k#[v` gw yRwO bv m#@kn~ pvsq~qW ob`m`@g~ aqhs @k`n~@q~sQ vQrhQwv ir`n n`ykyn~ smM s`kc|C` pvw~vn~nty.

a#mrQk`@v| pY{`nwm pYX~nyk~ vn nWwQ vQ@r`~{W sAkYmNQkyn~ pQLQb[ pYX~nyt m#@k~n~@g~ aqhs q#nt a#mrQk`@v| sQtQn anvsr sAkYmNQkyn~ sQyl~ltm nWwQmy vX@yn~ pRrv#sQx`vy lb`gw h#kQ kYm@v|qyk~ sks~kr alEwQn~ nWwQvQ@r`~{W sAkYmNQkyn~t a#mrQk`vt a#wOLw~ vQy @n`h#kQ @ls @q~XsWm` a`rk;`v q#dQ kQrWmy.

ob`m` pvsn~@n~ nWwQvQ@r`~{W sAkYmNQkyn~ @s~vyt gn~n` h`m|pRwOn~t e@rhQv vQX`l qd aykL yRwO bvy. nWwQvQ@r`~{W @ls a#mrQk`vt p#mQNQ @b`@h`~@qn` wOL ob`m` jnpQYy crQwyk~v sQtQq~qW ob`m`@g~ @m| pQLQb[ aqhs ek p#w~wkn~ pRqEm shgwy. e@hw~ wvmw~ a#mrQk`nR pRrv#sQ x`vy n#wQ nWwQvQ@r`~{W sAkYmNQkyn~t vd` s`m`n& a#mrQk`nR jnw`v@g~ em sAkYmNQkyn~t e@rhQ sQwQvQlQvl v`sQy wm` @vwt hrv` g#nWm ob`m`@g~ a@p~k;`v vQy h#kQy.

gb|s`v pQLQb[ m#@k~n~ vQ@r`~{y pLkrq~qW ob`m` pvsn~@n~ ey k`n~w`v@g~ k#m#w~w prQqQ sQqE vQy yRwO bvyQ.

@ssR kr#NR pQLQb[v q vQmsQl~@ln~ b#lR kl m#@k~n~@g~ @b`@h`~ pYwQpw~wQ vd` y}`r\}v`qW vRvq ob`m`@g~ pYwQpw~wQ vd`w~ jnpQYy rFl~lt vd` smWp bvyQ. mhjnw`v vd` pQYy krn~@n~ eyQn~ kvrktq#yQ @mvr jn`{QpwQvrN@y~qW q#k gw h#kQ vnR a#w.

ob`m` a#mrQk`@v| jn`{QpwQvry` vRv@h`w~ ey kOmn a`k`rykt @mrtt blp`n~@n~ q#yQ vQms` b#lQy yRwOy.

vQ@X~;@yn~m el~. tW. tW. I. pYX~ny pQLQb[v ohR@g~ q#k~m kvr`k`r@v|q#yQ q#n~mm kQv @n`h#k. bhRwry vQsQn~ sRUwryt krn pYX~nyk~ @ls @my qkQn~nt ohRt a#wQ avk`Xy v#dQy. @h~wOv ohR a#mrQk`nR kU j`wQkykO vWmy. e@s~ vRv@h`w~ el~. tW. tW. I. yt ey hQwkr ww~w~vykQ. e@hw~ @j`~n~ m#@k~n~ wYs~wv`qyt e@rhQ yRq~{yt kvqw~ pk;p`wWv ktyRwO kL a@ykQ.

up jn`{QpwQ {Rryn~ s[h` pY{`n pk; nm| kr a#wQ @q@qn` pQLQb[v q @mhQqW slk` b#lQy yRwOy.

dQ@m`k~tQYk~ p`k;Qk up jn`{QpwQ {Rr a@p~k;k @j`~byQdn~ p^}Rl aw~q#kWm| a#wQ pRq~gl@ykQ. ohR@g~ aw~q#kWm| ym| @lskQn~ aw~q#kWm| adR ob`m` jn`{QpwQ {Rryt pw~ vRv@h`w~ ob`m` ht @b@hvQn~ pY@y`~jnvw~ vnR a#w.

rQpb|lQkn~ pk; up jn`{QpwQ {Rr a@p~k;Qk`v vn s`r` @p`~lQn~ ht @j`~byQQQdn~t wrm| aw~q#kWm| adR vRvq k`n~w`vk vWm h` hQlrQ@gn~ gQlQhRNR k`n~w` Cn~q rQpb|lQkn~ pk;y @vw a#q g#nWmt @h~wOp`qk @n`@v| y#yQ kQv @n`h#k.

s`r` @p`~lQn~@g~ v#dQmhl~ pRwO tY#k~ @p`~lQn~ ir`k@y~ hmRq` @m@hyRm|vl nQrwv sQtWmq @mhQqW pYbl s`{kyk~ vnR a#w.

r@tQ a`rk;`v sm|bn~{@yn~ gw~ kl bhRwr a#mrQk`nRvn~@g~ aqhs e~ s[h` sRqEsRm pRq~gly` m#@k~n~ bvyQ. a`rk;`v sm|bn~{@yn~ vr\wm`n@y~ bl@y~ sQtQn @j`~r\j~ bR;~ @gn yn q#dQ s~}`vry e@lsm pvw~v` @gn y$mt m#@k~n~t h#kQ bvyQ.

2001 nQv|@y`~r\k~ @l`~k @v@L[ m{&s~}`nyt el~l vR pYh`r@yn~ psR kQsQ qQ@nk a#mrQk`vt pYh`r el~l vR@y~ n#w. e~ @k@s~ @vww~ q#nt a#mrQk`vt a#wQ pY{`nwm pYX~ny vn a`r\}Qk pYX~nyt vQs[Em| lb`qW a#mrQk`v s#b$ @lst @vns~ kL h#k~@k~ ob`m`t bvtq bhRwr a#mrQk`nRvn~ vQX~v`s krwQ.

@m| sQyl~l awrm wvmw~ @mvr Cn~qy @qn~@n~ k`htq#yQ wWrNyk~ @gn n#wQ Cn~q q`ykyn~ q @b`@h`~y.

@m| sQyl~l mw lbn 04 v#nQq` a#mrQk`nRvn~ iqQrQ vsr hwr s[h` wm n`yky` kvRq#yQ wWrNy krnR a#w.

eq` @mq`wOr

a#mrQk`nR jn`{QpwQvr#

1 @j`~rj~ @v`;Qn~tn~ 1789:1797,

2. @j`~n~ a#dm|s~ 1797:1801,

3. @w`~ms~ @jfr\sn~ 1801:1809,

4. @j~m|s~ m#dQsn~ 1809: 1817,

5. @j~m|s~ @m`n~@r`~ 1817:1825

6. @j`~n~ k~vQn~sQ a#dm|s~ 1825:1829,

7. a#n~d^ j#k~sn~1829:1837,

8. m`tQn~ v$n~ bR@r\n~ 1837:1841,

9. vQlQym| @hn~rQ h#rQsn~1841,

10. @j`~n~ tyQlr\ 1841:1845,

11. @j~m|s~ @k~. @p`l~k~ 1845:1849,

12. s#crQ @tQlr\ 1849:1850,

13. mQl`r\d| fQl~@m`~r\ 1850:1853,

14. f~rHn~k~lWf~ pQyr\s~ 1853:1857,

15. @j~m|s~ bRcnn~ 1857:1861,

16. e~bYhm| lQn~kn~ 1861:1865,

17. a#n~d^ @j`n~sn~ 1865:1869,

18. al~ss~ es~. gY`n~tQ 1869:1877,

19. rqr\fd| bW. @h~s~ 1877:1881,

20. @j~m|s~ e~. g`fWl~d| 1881,

21. @vs~tr\ e~ a`wr\ 1881:1885,

22. @gY`vr\ k~@l~v|l$n~d| 1885:1889,

23. @bn~jmQn~ h#rQsn~ 1889:1893,

24. @gY`vr\ k~@l~v|l$n~d| 1893:1897,

25. vQlQym| m#k~kQn~lQ 1897:1901,

26. wQy@d`~r\ r#s~@vl~tQ 1901:1909,

27 vQlQym| @h`v`r\d|

28. vRd|@r`~ vQl~sn~ 1913:1921,

29. @v`rn~ jW. h`r\dQn~ 1921:1923

30. k#l~vQn~ kOl~: 1923:1929

31. hr\btQ hRvr\ 1929:1933

32. f~rFn~k~lWn~ r$s~@vl~tQ 1933:1945

33. h#rW t^^mn~ 1945:1953

34. lQn~dn~ bW. @j`n~sn~ 1953:1961

35. @j`~n~ ef~. @kndQ 1961:1963

36. lQn~dn~ bW. @j`n~sn~ 1963:1969

37. rQcd| nQk~sn~ 1969:1974

38. @jrl~d| @f`~d| 1974:1977

39. jQm| k`tr\ 1977:1981

40. @r`nl~d| @r\gn~ 1981:1989

41. @j`~r\j~ bR;~ 1989:1993

42. bQl~ k~lQn~tn~ 1993:2001

43. @j`~rj~ db|lQv|. bR;~ 2001:2008