XWY lAk`v, in~qQy`v h` el~. tW. tW.
I. sr\vk`lWn wQY@k`~Ny
in~qQy`v XWY lAk`@v| uwOr# yRq bQm ad`l krvWm s[h` kOmn
a`k`rykQn~ @h`~ m#qQhw~vWmk~ sQqE kryQq? q#ntmw~ sQqEv a#wQ
sQqEvWm| @pL mgQn~ yRq bQ@m| @sbL`@g~ cQw~w @@{r\y ad`l krvWmt
psRbQmk~ s#ksW a#wQ q? e~ avsr@yn~ el~. tW. tW. I. yt v`sQq`yk
ww~w~vyk~ @g`dn#MW wQ@b|q? agm#wQ mn~@m`~hn~ sQA rjy bQ[v#@tQq?
wmQl~n`dR@v| el~. tW. tW. I. hQwv`qWn~ smg wmQl~n`dR @q~Xp`lny
vsr 55 k~ p#rNQ in~qWy a`N~dRkYm v&vs~}`v axQ@y`~gyt lk~ kryQq?
e@s~ @n`m#wQnm| wmQl~n`dR@v| blp$m mw iwQh`sy n#vw sQqE@v| yn
{r\mw`v mw 1987 sQqEvWmt sm`n sQq~{Qq`myk~ sQqEvQy h#kQq?
mhQn~q r`jpk; rjy in~qQy`nR a{Qr`j&yt @k@s~ pYwQc`r qk~vyQq?
e~ avsr@yn~ sQAhl @b_q~{ bl@v|g n#vw in~qQy`nR vQ@r`~{ykt rt @gnyyQq?
ihw prQqQ vR pYX~n qQn gNnk~ aykOt @m| sm|bn~{@yn~ iqQrQpw~
kL h#k. @mm lQpQy lQy#@vn avs~}`v vn vQt in~qQy`@v| mn~@m`~hn~@g~
sQt g`n~{Q pvRl hrh` wmQl~n`dR@v| blp$m os~@s~ XWY lAk`@v|
mhQn~q r`jpk; jn`{QpwQwOm` qk~v` kQsQvkO ILM @m`@h`@w~ kOmk~
sQqE@vyQq? kOmk~ kL yRwO q y#yQ nQX~cQw pQLQwOrk~ nQgmnyk~
qWmt @n`h#kQ vW sQtWmkQ. nmRw~ @mm lQpQy pL@k@rn avs~}`v vn
vQt pYX~ny sm|bn~{@yn~ ym| ekMw`vk~ @h`~ @n`e@s~ nm| r`j&w`n~wQYk
q#dQ kQYy`m`r\g pmNk~ @n`v @r`~ sAvQ{`n@y~ s#MvRNR kQYy`vn~ q
sQqEvQy h#k. ey e@s~ vRvw~ @mm lQpQy av{`nyt lk~kQrWmt bl`@p`@r`w~wO
vn~@n~ kQlQ@n`c|cQyt a`sn~n XWY lAk` hmRq`@v| gmn~ mg ad`l
kQrWm h` sm|bn~{ vQy h#kQ wmQl~n`dR (in~qWy) blp$mkt mRl qEn~
sQq~{Qq`my pQLQb[ vQgYhyk @yqWmy.
e~ anRv q#nt uq~gw vW a#wQ in~qE : XWY lAk` sb[w`vn~hQ
uNRsRm| v`w`vrNy hqQsQ@y~ a#wQvR ahBR sQq~{Qyk~ @n`@v|. ey m`s
kQhQpyk m$w iwQh`sykt sm|bn~{ sQqEvWm| @pLkt sm|bn~{y. ehQqW
pLmRv psRgQy m#yQ ms 21 v#nQq` jQnWv`hQ pQhQtQ e.j`. m`nv
hQmQkm| kvRn~sQl@y~ XWY lAk`vt hQmQ asRn ahQmQ vWm q#k~vQy
h#k. e~ wOLQn~ el~. tW. tW. I. t ym| vtQn`kmk~ q XWY lAk` rjyt
ym| av`sQq`yk j`w&n~wr vtpQt`vk~ q nQr\m`Ny vWy.
e~ a`k`rm wvw~ s`{kyk~ vn~@n~ @p`~k~ smRqY sn~{Qy a`XQYw @n`g#BRr#
mRhR@q~qW wmQl~n`dR {Wvryn~ ht XWY lAk` n`vQk hmRq`v @vwQn~
el~l@vn blp$m| h` @vdQ pYh`r pQLQb[ wmQl~n`dRvt rQqEm| @qn
k}`vyQ. ey 1974 qW kc|cwQvR qRpw pQLQb[ wmn~t a#wQ ayQwQy
in~qQy`v vQsQn~ XWY lAk`vt p#vrWm h` sm|bn~{y. @k@s~ @vww~
wmQl~n`dR v`r\w`vn~t anRv XWY lAk`@v| yRq~{y a#rBQq` sQt @m|
vn @wk~ wmQl~n`dR {Wvryn~ 100 kt a`sn~n pQrQsk~ XWY lAk` n`vQk
hmRq` @vdQ pYh`r mgQn~ mQy @g`s~ a#wQ bv p#v@s~. @mm ww~w~vy
u@y`~gW krgnQmQn~ psRgQy m`s kQhQpy pRr`m upkYmQk @ls el~. tW.
tW. I. y vQsQn~ wmQl~n`dR {Wvryn~t pYh`r el~l kr ey n`vQk
hmRq`v mw w#bWy. ehQ pYwQPly vR@y~ wmQl~n`dR@v| el~. tW. tW.
I. hQwv`qW pQrQs~ @@qnQkv XWY lAk`vt e@rhQv vQ@r`~{w` q#k~vWmy.
jRlQ m`s@y~qW sQqEvR @mv#nQ ek~ pY{`n sQqEvWmkqW wmQl~n`dR {Wvryn~
pQrQsk~ mQygQy awr ey el~. tW. tW. I. vQsQn~ sQqEkr a#wQ bv
psRv in~qWy rjy q pQLQgwQ.
vn~nQ @m@hyR@m| nQrw 57 h` 58 @s~n`Ak kQlQ@n`c|cQyt
a`sn~nvw~m XWY lAk`v wOLqW It @q~Xp`ln mRhRNRvrk~ l#bQNQ. ey
e@s~ sQqE@vq~qW psRgQy s#p~. 9 q` XWY lAk` rjy nQ@v|qnyk~
nQkOw~ krmQn~ vn~nQ@y~ sQtQn sQylEm r`j& @n`vn sAvQ{`n pY@q~X@yn~
ivw~ vn @lst q#n~vWy. yRq bQ@m| avX&w`vn~t h` vr\{nyn~t anRv
rjy e@s~ pYk`X krq~qW @m| wOL mh` m`nR;Wy @€qv`ckykt XWY lAk`
rjy mg @hLQkrmQn~ sQtQn bvt XWY l`AkWy @mn~m j`w&n~wr m`nv
hQmQkm| sAvQ{`n kQYy`k`rW @ls pYc`ry krvWy. It smg`mWv s#p~.
10 v#nQ qQnm e.j`. mh @l~km| b$n~ kW mRn~ nQv|@y`~k~hQ sQt
pYk`Xyk~ krmQn~ wmn~ XWY lAk`@v| vr\{ny pQLQb[ q#dQ av{`nykQn~
sQtQn bv p#v#sWy.
@m| anRv ihw s`r`AX@yn~ q#k~vR kr#NR smg wvw~ kr#NR gNn`vk
sm|pYyRk~wy vQsQn~ vn~nQ@y~ psRbsQmQn~ sQtQn el~. tW. tW. I. y
rFk g#nW@m| wmQl~n`dR v&`p`ry a#r@Bn bv kr#NR hrQh#tQ vQmsW@m|qW
@pnW yyQ.
psRgQy ok~. 14 v#nQq` r`wQY@y~ p#v#w~vRNR kr#N`nQ{Q@g~ sr\vp`k;Qk
smRUv p#y 3 k~ pRr` qQgO vQy. avs`n@y~ mRlQk @y`~jn` 6 k~
smgQn~ sms~w smRU @y`~jn`v eLQq#k~vQNQ. ey wrmk~ uq~@v|gkr h`
m$wk`lWnv pY`n~w rjyk~ m{&m rjyt e@rhQv q#l~vR pYbl rwO eLQyk~
b[E vQy. pk; rFs~vW@mn~ psR kr#N`nQ{Q m`{&yt kQy` sQtQ@y~ q#nt
XWY lAk` hmRq`v vn~nQ@y~ sQqEkrn a`kYmNQk yRq~{y (^#@#bQsd#
I~eek#: nvw` stn~ vQr`myk~ a#wQkQrWm, XWY lAk`vt lb` @qn
in~qWy yRq a`{`r n#v#w~vWm smg in~qWy {Wvryn~t XWY lAk` n`vQk
hmRq`v el~l krn pYh`r n#v#w~vWm yn kr#NR itRkQrWmt in~qWy m{&m
rjy a@p`@h`sw~ vRv@h`w~ wmn~ m{&m rjyt lb`@qn sh@y`~gy
aw~hQtRvn bvyQ. e~ anRv @mm avX&w` itRkQrWm s[h` qQn 14 k
k`lsWm`vk~ q nQym krn lqW. vQ@X~;@yn~m @mm k`lsWm`v pQLQb[
pYX~n@y~qW q pk; nQ@y`~jQwyn~ awr vQvQ{ aqhs~ is~mwO vR awr dW.
em|. @k~. n`yk r`m|q`s~ @m| sm|bn~{@yn~ ym| m{&s~} s~}`vryk~
qrmQn~ m{&m rjyt avm wrmQn~ qQn 14 k vw~ k`ly lb`qQy yRwO y#yQ
@y`~jn` k@L~y. smhrvQt r`m|q`s~@g~ pRwYy` vn in~qWy m{&m rj@y~
@s_K& a#m#wQ am|bRm`nQ (~pimp~bs: r`m|q`s~t q il~l` as~vWmt
sQqEvWm hmR@v| pQy` @m@ls v#dQ k`lyk~ @m| s[h` @y`~jn` krn~nt
a#w. wmQl~n`dR@v| sr\vp`k;Qk smRUvk~ @ls ey h#[Qn~vRv q It
shx`gQ vR@y~ ihw sWmQw @q~Xp`ln pk; sAK&`vkQ.
kr#N`nQ{Q @mvr @mn~m iwQh`s@y~ s$m kl~hQm el~. tW. tW. I. y
sm|bn~{@yn~ @qbQdQ pQLQ@vwk~ anRgmny kL a@ykQ. jnpQYy hQn~qE
pRvw~pw XWY lAk`@v| pYX~ny sm|bn~{@yn~ kr#N`nQ{Q@g~ s~}`vryt @qn
n`m vQ@X~;Ny vn~@n~ ^qmik# Wr##nsbt yn~ny. el~. tW. tW. I. y
sh kr#N`nQ{Q@g~ iwQh`s sb[w`v vQmsW@m|qW 1983 kU jRlQyt
pYwQc`ryk~ @ls ohR sQy pY`n~w sx` mn~wWY {Rr@yn~ il~l` as~vQy.
emgQn~ awOr# m#wQvrNyk~ wOLQn~ pY`n~wy wOL el~. tW. tW. I. bl@v|gyk~
vr\{ny kQrQm armRN vQy. in~ anwOr#v 1984 qW ohR o$W{ (@t@s`~)
nmQn~ sAvQ{`nyk~ pQhQtRvWy. (o~p#k $#k~p Wmccqre#rQ {rt~bs|~esqb:
emgQn~ pYX~ny pRr` el~. tW. tW. I. hQwv`qW kN~d`ym| sAvQ{`ngw
kQrWm sQqE @krQNQ. nmRw~ 1991 rjQv| G`wn@yn~ psRv kr#N`nQ{Q wm
el~. tW. tW. I. hQwv`qW s~}`vry aphsR@vn~ @mn~ sMv`gwQ. e@hw~
1995 rQvQrFs jygYhNyt smg`mWv kr#N`nQ{Q qQn kQhQpyk~m kU p#h#wQ
kmQsyk~ a#[ sQtQ@y~y. It @pr 1990 m`r\wO m`s@y~qW as`r\}k s`m
s`kc|C` kQYy`vlQ@yn~ psRv wmQl~n`dRvt @g`dbt em ayQ. pW. @k~.
ef~. @sbU nQl vX@yn~ pQLQg#nWm wmQl~n`dR mh a#m#wQvry`t x`r
ktyRw~wk~ vRvw~ kr#N`nQ{Q mh a#m#wQvry` em nQl ktyRw~w
pYwQk;~p k@L~y. @k@s~ @vww~ 1991 qW blyt p#mQNQ a#m#wQ cn~qY@s~kr\@g~
sRUwr rj@y~ pLmR nQl r`jk`rQy vR@y~ el~. tW. tW. I. hQwv`qW kr#N`nQ{Q@g~
pY`n~w sx`v vQsRr#v` h#rWmy.
n#vww~ kr#N`nQ{Q pRr\N vX@yn~ skWYyvn~@n~ 2000 vs@r\
alQmAkd sQq~{Qyw~ smgy. evrq ohR vyQ@k`~ r`m|q`s~ h` n#qEm`rn~
smg ek~v v:p`yQ a`N~dR@v| XWY lAk`nR pYwQpw~wQy wmn~t av#sQ
prQqQ @m@hyvWy. e~ anRv evr XWY lAk`@v| yRqmy avX&w`vn~ kQsQvk~
itRkr qWmt v:p`yQ a`N~dRvt idk~ @n`vWy. nmRw~ em vs@r\ jRnQ 3
v#nQq` kr#N`nQ{Q wm 77 v#nQ upn~ qQny smrmQn~ nQkOw~ kl
upn~qQn pNQvQdy in~qQy`v mhw~ r`j&w`n~wQYk g#tlEvkt pmRNRvWy.
ehQ pYwQPly vR@y~ e~ vn vQtw~ in~qQy`v XWY lAk`v @vw anRmw kr
wQbR @d`lr\ mQlQyn 100 k Ny a`{`ry in~qWy vQ@q~X a#m#wQ
js~v`n~w~ sQA hqQsQ@y~m @k`Lmt p#mQN pYq`ny kQrWmy. @m| anRv
psRgQy ok~. 21 v#nQq` kr#N`nQ{Q@g~ mRlQkw~v@yn~ pY`n~wy pRr`
sQqE kL mQnQs~ qm|v#l~ vQ@r`~{w`v q kr#N`nQ{Q@g~ el~. tW. tW.
I. sh@y`~gW p#rNQ sm|pYq`@y~ nv sAs~krNykQ.
vrk~ 2000 vs@r\qW alQmAkd sQq~{Qy avs~}`@v|qW vyQ@k`~ "m@g~
a#gyWm nm| 1971 qW bthQr @bAg`l jnw`v g`n~{Q a`N~dRvt @gn qEn~
pWdny vn mAglQ @q~Xy pkQs~w`n@yn~ nQqhs~ kr qEn~n` @s~
wmQl~n`dR jnw`v nQsQ a`k`r@yn~ m{&m rjyt pWdnyk~ el~l krn~@n~
nm| @k`LB a`N~dRvw~ @qmL ILm nQqhs~ kr gw h#k" ynR@vn~ p#v#sWy.
psRgQy ok~@w`~m|br\ 18 v#nQq` m`{&@v|qWn~ pQrQsk~ kr#N`nQ{Q@gn~
@m@s~ vQmsWy. "@k@s~q s~@@vrW rtk ktyRwO @vnR@vn~ in~qQy`v m#qQhw~
@vn~@n~. It kr#N`nQ{Q@g~ pQLQwOr vR@y~ avX& avs~}`@v|qW bAglQ@q~X
pYX~nyt in~qQy`v m#qQhw~ vR@N~ n#q~q
"?
wmQl~n`dR@v| @mm aqhst sm`n wvw~ in~qWy mwyk~ vn~@n~
in~qQy`v s`r\}k pWdnyk~ el~l kl@h`w~ XWY lAk` rjy el~. tW. tW.
I. y smg s`kc|C` m`r\gyt @y`mRkr gw h#kQ bvyQ.
ok~@w`~m|br\ m`sy pRr`m @cn~n`yQ hQ rF[W sQtQmQn~
wmQl~n`dRv wOL el~. tW. tW. I. pk;gY`hW v&`p`rykt mRl~vW sQtQn
tW. en~. e~. mn~wWYvr#n~ @gn en pY{`n wr\kykQ @my. e~ anRv XWY
lAk` hmRq`v el~. tW. tW. I. yt pWdnyk~ el~l kr a#w. el~. tW.
tW. I. y mw a#wQ em pWdny el~. tW. tW. I. @q~Xp`ln aAXy vn tW.
en~. e~. vQsQn~ wmQl~n`dRvt @gn @g`s~ a#w. wmQl~n`dRv aq`L
pWdny qQl~lQy mw pwQw krnR a#w. emgQn~ n#vww~ qQl~lQy ey XWY
lAk`v rjy mw wbnR a#w. @mm vQ;m ckYy 1987 vdm`rc|cQ @m@hyRm
avs~}`@v|qW awQ s`r\}k vQy. nmRw~ ehQ avsn~ pYwQPly xSm rAgyk~
b[E vQy. @mvr tW. en~. e~. mn~wWYvr#n~t @cn~n`yQ hQ sQt ey @pr
prQqQ kL h#kQ @v|q yn~n iqQrQ qQn kQhQpy wOL @pn~nRm| krnR
a#w.
@mhQqW wmQl~n`dR@v| blp$m mw in~qWy m{&m rjy XWY lAk`vt wr\jny
krnv` yn jnpQYy aqhs aykOt phsR@vn~m iqQrQpw~ kL h#k. e@hw~ ey
s`{`rN nm| k`X~mWr@y~ sQqEvn @q~ sm|bn~{@yn~ p`kQs~w`n@y~
kQYy`kl`py s`{`rN bv in~qQy`v pQLQw yRwOv a#w. e@s~ @n`vnw`k~,
p`kQs~w`ny in~qQy`@v| mRs~lQm| wYs~w`vqy @p`~;Ny krnv` y#yQ yn
vsr 60 k~ p#rNQ in~qQy`nR @c`~qn`vm vcn @vns~ kr XWY lAk`@v|
wYs~wv`qy @p`~;Ny kQrWmt in~qQy`v ktyRwO krnv` ynR@vn~ XWY
l`AkQyn~ pYk`X kQrWm yRk~wQ yRk~wy. @mm y}`r\}yt anRv ok~. 13
v#nQ qQn in~qWy vQ@q~X am`w& pYn`b| mRKr\jQ p#v#sR
"XWY lAk`@v| @qmL jnw`v@g~ ayQwWn~t gr# kL yRwO awrm yRq g#tRm|
vlQn~ ovRn~ a`rk;` kL yRwOyQ. a`h`r sh @vnw~ aw&`vX& qYv& ovRn~
@vw l#bWmt id s#lsQy yRwOyQ. mRKr\jQ @m@s~q kWy. "in~qQy`v swO
sQylEm bly @y`q` vn~nQ@y~ avw#n~ vR jnw`v@g~ m`nR;Wy avX&w` vd`
@h`[ ww~w~vykt @gn e~mt ap ktyRwO krnv`" yn pYk`Xy aw`r\wQk bv
@pnW yyQ.
a@nk~ awt 1995 "rQvQrFs" 1997 "sw~jy" sh "jyvQr#"
kQYy`n~vQw wOLqW q uwO@r\ sQvQl~ jnw`v avw#n~ vW pWd`vt pw~
vRvQt in~qWy m{&m a`N~dRv pmNk~ @n`v wmQl~n`dRv q ks`y bQv| @g`Uvn~
@ls h#sQrQNQ." It @h~wO vR@y~ 1991 rjQv| G`wn@yn~ psR 2000 vsr
vn wOr#m wmQl~n`dR@v| el~. tW. tW. I. hQwv`qWn~ akQYyvW sQtWmy.
ey e@s~ nm| aq sQqEvn~@n~ vn~nQ k#l@y~ XWY lAk` hmRq`v iqQrQ@yhQ
asrNv sQtQn pYx`krn~@g~ anskt @k`~tQ 110 k jnw`vk@g~ a`N~dRvk~
s^jRvm ytw~ vWmk~ @n`@v|q?
mWt m`s kQhQpykt @pr rjWv| g`n~{Q G`wnyt v#rFqQkr#vkO @ls
jWvQw`n~wy qk~v` sQr qVRvm| vQ[Qn nlQnQ b#lWmt gQy g`n~{Q pvR@l~
pYQyAk`t in~psR in~qQy`nR @q~Xp`ln sm`j@yn~ vQ[Wmt sQqEvR
nQn~q` aph`s @h~wO@vn~ g`n~{Q pvR@l~ jnpYQyw`v XYWGY@yn~ phL
v#tQnQ. vQpk~;@y~ pY{`nwm @c`~qn`v vR@y~ @mm pvR@l~ s`m`jQkyn~
@qbQdQ bvkQn~ kYQy` krn bvkQ. @k@s~ @vww~ g`n~{Q pvRltw~ @k`AgYs~
pk~;ytw~ "XYW lAk`@v| pYX~nyt s`mk`mW @q~Xp`ln vQs[Emk~ @s`y`
gn~n" n#w@h`w~ "XYW lAk`@v| vr\{ny pQLQb[ apQ q#dQ av{`nykQn~
sQtQnv`" ynR sq` nQm kr a#wQ v`k& KN~d pRnr\ uc|c`rNy kQrWmkt
vd` @qyk~ hQwt ekMv kQrWmt @h`~ kWmt @n`h#k. in~ eh` @qyk~ kL@h`w~
in~qQy`nR sms~w vQpk~;ym e~k`bq~{v g`n~{Q pvRlt pYh`r el~l
krnR a#w. vQ@X~;@yn~m @mm avs~}`@v|qW in~qQy`v XYW lAk`vt sQqE
krnR lbn kOmn @h`~ blp$mk s^jR v`sQy el~. tW. tW. I. y swO vn
bv ovRhR @h`[Qn~ qnQwQ. e~ anRv ev#nQ pYwQPlyk~ el~. tW. tW.
I. yt @nL` qEn~ kl wm pvRlw~, wm pk;ytw~ "rQ@qn~n v#@qn" bv
g`n~{Q pvRl qnW. @mm lQpQy pLvn avs~}`v vnvQt pYX~n@y~ s~vr$py
ym| @vnskt lk~v wQbQy h#k. e@hw~ s#b#vQn~m g`n~{Q pvRlw~ @k`AgYs~
pk~;yw~ XYW lAk`@v| pYX~ny hmR@v| iw`mw~ asrNy. smhrvQt r`hRl~
g`n~{Q@g~ iqQrQ @q~Xp`ln gmntq ey wWrN`w~mk @ls blp`nR a#w.
mn~q @k`AgYs~ pk~;y h#r in~qQy`@v| sQylEm j`wQk sh pY`}mQk @q~Xp`ln
pk; r`hRl~ @q~Xp`ln srN`gwykO vnR q#kWmt s#qW p#h#qW sQtQwQ.
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iqQrQpw~ kQrWm sm|bn~{@yn~ qEk~vnR a#w.
vw~mn~ ww~w~vy hmR@v| in~qQy`vt a#w~@w~ XYW lAk`v sm|bn~{@yn~
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lAk`@v| rjy sm|bn~{@yn~ pYk`X kL~ q ihw pYk`Xymy.
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vn~nQ @m@hyR@m| nQrw 57, 58 h` 59 @s~n`Akvl @sbUn~t q anvX&
pWdnyk~ @gn qQy h#k. n#w@h`w~ e~ wOLm in~qQy`v el~. tW. tW. I.
yt sh@y`~gy qk~v` a#w.
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a@p~ sRq`nm vQy yRw~@w~ ev#nQ ww~w~vyn~t mRhRNqWmt psRbQmk~
sks~ kQrWmy.
