a@p~ a`h`r hrh` hm`yn  @mlmyQn~ kON`tRv

cWn a`r\}Qkyt @mn~m @q~Xp`ln @p_r#;ytq mh` vQn`Xyk~ sQqEkL @mlmyQn~ kON`tRv @m| vn vQt XYW lAk`@v| @v@L[@p`L pmNk~ @n`v r`j& y`n~wYNy @mn~m a{QkrNy hrh`q hm` ymQn~ a#w. mWt @prq @g`~lWy mtQtmQn~ @v@L[@p`L wOL @mv#nQ kON`tR a#wQ vR avs~}` apt mwk~kr gw h#k. vQ@X~;@yn~m 1980 qXk@y~qW kQrQpQQtQ vl cr\@n`~bQl~ n&;~tQk apqYv& adAgOvWm sh 1990 qXk@y~ "pQs~sR gv" @r`~g k`rky m`AX a`h`rvl adAgOvWm @mn~m mWt vsr @qkkt @pr a#mrQk`@v| sw~v a`h`rvl @mlmyQn~ adAgOvWm a`qW avs~}` e~ s[h` uq`hrN @ls gw h#k.

@k@s~ @vww~ cWn@y~ Lqr# kQrQpQtQvl @mlmyQn~ nm#wQ vQ; rs`ynQk qYv& adAgO vWm nQs` kOd` qr#vn~ vQX`l vX@yn~ @r`~g`wOr vWm v`r\}`vWmw~ smg ey lAk`@v| @vL[@p`L wOL @vnw~ avs~}`vlt vd` blp$mk~ sQqEkL bv iw` @h`[Qn~ @p@nn~nt a#w. eyt pY{`n @h~wO @ls q#kQy h#k~@k~ jnm`{& vQsQn~ XYW lAk`vt aq`Lv em sQq~{Qy v`r\w`kQrW@m|qW @pn~vR ym| ym| sRvQ@X~;W lk;N @mn~m p`rQ@x`~gQk a{Qk`rQy ek~wr` @c`k~ltQ vr\gyk~ pQLQb[ sRvQ@X~;W a{QkrN kYQy`vlQyt pQvQsWm y.

ym| aykO @mm pYwQc`r "qnQs~ g#s~sRm|" pYwQc`r @ls q#kQy h#kQ awr wvw~ aykO ey k`r\yk;m sh vgkWm| shQw jnm`{&yk sh r`j& y`n~wYNyk pYwQPl @ls vth`gw h#kQy.

ev#nQ avs~}`vl vgkQvyRwO r`j& a`ywn (a{QkrNyq a#wOUv) sh jnm`{& k;NQkv kYQy`w~mk vW mhjny` q#nRvw~ kQrWm sh a@nkOw~ aq`L kYQy` m`r\g gwyRwO bvt kQsQqE vQv`qyk~ n#w. nmRw~ vgkQvyRwO yn vQ@X~;N pqy ayw~ vn~@n~ k;NQkv kYQy`w~mk vWm pmNk~q?

mWt @pr s[hn~ kL a`k`ryt @mv#n~nk~ sQqEvR pLmR avs~}`v @my @n`@v|. ev#nQ ww~w~vyk~ yt@w~ r`j& a`ywn @mn~m aq`L v`NQj a`ywn kYQy`kL yRw~@w~ k;NQkv a`ywnykt v`sQ shgw vn a`k`ryt @h`~ vgkW@mn~ nQqhs~ vWm s[h` @n`@v|.

@mm ww~w~vy @s_K& a`pq` avs~}`vk~ @ls pmNk~ vQgYhkr gw@h`w~ "qnQs~ g#s~sRm|" pYwQc`r pQLQb[ ym| nQqhst k`rN`vk~ @pn~vQy h#k. nmRw~ @mm ww~w~vy s#b#vQn~m qWr\Gk`lWnv aq`L kr\m`n~wvlt @mn~m @p`qE@v| j`wQk a`r\}Qkyt blp`n a`pq`vkQ. ev#nQ a`pq`vkqW ap ktyRwO kL yRw~@w~ avs~}`v pQymA kQrWm s[h` kOmk~ @h`~ kL yRwOy yn ar\}@yn~ @n`@v|. ehQqW j`w&n~wr v`NQj kOmn~wYNvlQn~ j`wQk a`r\}Qky a`rk;`kr g#nWm @mn~m qWr\Gk`lWnv @mv#nQ ww~w~vyn~t mRhRNqWm s[h` vn nQr\N`yk sh a`qr\Xy sm`jyt lb`qWm aw&vX& @v|. epmNk~ @n`v gn~n`vR kYQy` m`r\gvlQn~ aq`L p`r\X~v sQyl~lt s~v`x`vQk yRk~wQy itRvQy yRwOy. klblk`rW a{QkrN kYQy`vlQyk~ vRvq s~v`x`vQk yRk~wQyt h`nQ p#mQNQy h#k.

@mm avs~}`@v|qW vQvQ{ p`r\X~v kYQy`w~mk vR a`k`ryn~ s#lkQl~@ln~ vQms` b#lW@m|qW vQs[`gwyRwO g#tlE r`XQyk~ p#n nMW. pLmR@vn~m cWn@y~qW @mlmyQn~ nm#wQ kr\m`n~w rs`ynQk qYv& @pY`~tWn~ agy v#dQ@k`t @pn~vWm s[h` kQrQvlt ekwO @k`t a#wQ bv v`r\w` vQy. e~ anRv r`j& nQl{`rWn~, jnm`{& sh @p`qE jnw`v@g~ mn@s~ pLmR pYwQc`ry @ls v#dQ s#lkQlQ q#k~vWmk~ @h`~ xWwQyk~ a#wQvQy yRw~@w~ a`nyny kL kQrQpQtQ prQ@x`~jny pQLQb[y. nmRw~ iw` k;NQkv am`w&vr#n~ nQl{`rWn~ sh aq`L sm`gm| lAk`vt a`nyny kL kQrQpQtQvl @mlmyQn~ adAgO @n`vn bvt shwQk iqQrQpw~ kQrWmt kYQy` k@L~y. e@mn~m @s_K& am`w&`AX@y~ a`h`r p`ln aAX@y~ nQl{`rWn~ a{QkrNyt pvs` sQtQ@y~ aq`L kQrQpQtQ sm`gm| s~@vc|C`@vn~ j`w&n~wr shwQk lb`qW wm @v@L[n`m yt@w~ a`nyny kL kQrQpQtQvl @mlmyQn~ adAgO @n`vn bv shwQk kL yRwO bvy. s~@vc|C`@vn~ shwQk iqQrQpw~ kQrW@m|qW s`m|pl @w`~rn~@n~ kvRr#q yn~n pQLQb[ @mm nQl{`rWn~ kQsQvk~ pvs` sQtQ@y~ n#w.

nmRw~ e~ vn vQt @mlmyQn~ adAgO a`nyny kL kQrQpQtQ x`vQw kL` y#yQ s#kpQt pr\@y~;N v`r\w` iqQrQpw~ kQrWmt @pr m@hs~wY`w~ us`vQ@yn~ whnm| nQ@y`~gyk~ g#nWmt p`rQ@x`~gQk a{Qk`rQy kYQy`w~mk vQy. (@m| vn vQt em @c`k~ltQvl @mlmyQn~ adAgO bvt prQk;N v`r\w` l#bW a#w#yQ p#v#@s~).

@k@s~ @vww~ em @c`k~ltQvl @mlmyQn~ adAgO @vnv` nm| e@s~ vn~@n~ em sm`gm hQw` mw` @mlmyQn~ @yqWm nQs` @n`v a`nyny kL kQrQpQtQvl e~v` adAgOv wQbR b#vQnQ. e~ anRv a#w~w vX@yn~m v#dQ brkQn~ nQqhs~ vQy yRw~@w~ em @c`k~ltQ s$qQm s[h` x`vQw kL kQrQpQtQvl @v@L[ n`my sh e~v` a`nyny kL sm`gm pQLQb[y. nmRw~ em @w`rwOr# mhjny`t q#n g#nWmt l#bR@N~ n#w. a@nk~ k`rNy @c`k~ltQvl em rs`yn qYv& adAgO bv p#v#sRnq v`r\w`vlt anRv em pYm`Ny @k`@wk~q#yQ mhjny`t q#ng#nWmt l#bR@N~ n#w. @mlmyQn~ s[h` vQvQ{ rtvl~ vQsQn~ a`rk;`k`rW mtQtmk~ nQym@k`t a#w. uq`hrN @ls yR@r`~p@y~ sh a#mrQk`@v| em pYm`Ny mQlQynykt @k`ts~ 2.5 kQ. XYW lAk`@v| ev#nQ uprQm nQr\N`ykyk~ nQym @k`t @n`m#wQ nm| q#nt pQLQgn~n` pYmQwWn~ pQLQb[ q#nRvw~vWmt mhjny`t ayQwQyk~ a#w.

g#tlEv a#w~@w~ @q~XWy kr\m`n~wykt aq`Lv bl{`rWn~ kYQy`w~mk vn @v|gyt sh a`k`ryt kQrQpQtQ a`nyny krn sm`gm|vlt aq`Lv kYQy`w~mk @n`vWmy. s~@vc|C`@vn~ prWk;N v`r\w` iqQrQpw~ @k`t nQqhs~ vRN` y#yQ s[hn~ sm`gm|vlt @v@L[n`mvlt aq`Lv @mlmyQn~ @k`pmN pYm`Nyk~ (iw` al~p vX@yn~ @h`~) wQbRN q yn~n @mm nQl{`rWn~ s[hn~ kL yRwOy. ovRn~ ey e@s~ @n`krn~@n~ a#yQ.

epmNk~ @n`v @l`~k@y~ p#rFNQm sh pYblm m`{& a`ywnyk~ XYW lAk`@v| pYmRKwm bQs~ktQ @v@L[n`myk~ yt@w~ vQ@q~XWy rtvl~ 40 kt apnyny krn "@lmn~ pf~" nm#wQ bQs~ktQ vr\gy j`w&n~wrv whnm| @k`t a#wQ bvt v`r\w` k@L~y. s~vQtQsr\ln~w@y~ e@s~ whnm| @k`t a#wQ bv ovRn~ p#v#sRvq em r@tQ kOmn a`ywn@yn~ e@s~ kL`q#yQ s[hn~ k@L~ n#w.

pRqEmy vn~@n~ em v`r\w`v pLvW vQn`dQ 30 k~ a#wOLw @l`~k@y~ @vb| advQ awQ vQX`l pYm`Nyk em v`r\w`v pLvWmy. @k@s~ @vww~ em v`r\w`v pLvR vQgs aq`L @q~XWy sm`gm| em bQs~ktQ vr\gy @v@L[@p`@Ln~ n#vw k#[vWmt kYQy` k@L~y. ey em sm`g@m| sm`j vgkWm itR kQrWmkQ. nmRw~ em sQq~{Q@y~qW jnm`{& avX& wrm| s`k~;Q @n`m#wQv vgkWm| rhQw a`k`ryt @q~XWy @v@L[ n`myk kWr\wQyt h`nQ kQrWmt ktyRwO kQrWm kng`tRvt kr#NkQ. g#tlEv a#w~@w~ em ktyRwO e~ a`k`r@yn~ sQqEvn~@n~ pYbl j`w&n~wr bQs~ktQ @v@L[n`myk~ XWY lAk`@v| bQs~ktQ @v@L[@p`L a`kYmNy kQrWmt s#r@sn @m`@h`wk vWmyQ. r@tQ j`wQk a`r\}Qky Xk~wQmw~ krn @q~XWy @v@L[ n`mykt e~ a`k`ryt agwQg`mWv slkn jnm`{& pY{`nwm @v@L[n`m @qkk~ yt@w~ XWY lAk`vt kQrQpQtQ a`nyny krn vQ@q~XWy sm`gmt @mlmyQn~ mgdQyt vgkQvyRwO cWn sm`g@mn~ @k`ts~ 42% ayw~vWm pQLQb[ pYX~n kQrWmk~ krn~@n~ n#w.

ihw kW bQs~ktQvl @mlmyQn~ @n`m#wQ bvt prQk;N v`r\w` l#@bn vQt @v@L[ n`m@y~ kWr\wQ n`myt h`nQ sQqEvW avs`ny. eyt vgkQv yRw~@w~ kvRq? em ww~w~vy a`psR h#rvWm s[h` avX& sn~nQ@v|qn ktyRwO s[h` em @v@L[ n`myt vQX`l vQyqmk~ q#rWmt sQqEvnR a#w. nmRw~ ap r@tQ @q~XWy @vL[ n`mvlt slkn a`k`ry anRv pYc`rk vQyqm|vlQn~ 50% a`q`ym| bqE x`vQw@y~qW n#vw ekwO krnR lbyQ. e@hw~ kQQrQpQtQ a`nyny krn sm`gm|vlt ev#nQ a`q`ym| bqE nWwQvlQn~ rQAg` wm pYc`rk ktyRwO kQrWmt h#kQy`v l#bW a#w.

@m| k`rN`vlQn~ p#h#qQlQ vn~@n~ a`nyny kL a`h`ryk @s_K&yt ahQwkr ymk~ wQ@bnv` y#yQ @w`rwOrk~ l#bRN vQgs (@b`@h`~ vQt ev#nQ @w`rwOr# l#@bn~@n~ vsr gNn`vk~ e~v` @v@L[@p`L wOL a@lvQ vRv`t psRvy.) e~v` whnm| kQrWm s[h` kdQmRdQ@y~ kYQy`w~mk vWmt vd` qQyRNR pY@v|Xyk~ j`wQyk~ @ls apt wQbQy yRwO bvyQ. a#w~w vX@yn~m aq @g`~lWy a`h`r @v@L[@p`L qYv&my vX@yn~ @mn~m a@lvQkrN sAkl~pmy vX@yn~q p`lny krnR lbn~@n~ vQ@q~XWy bhRj`wQk sm`gm| vQsQnQ. a`h`r pQLQb[ a{Qr`j&v`qW sm`gm| qrn a`qQpw& iw` pYbl nv ytw~vQjQwv`qW up`Agyk~ @ls x`vQw @v|. aq ap v#nQ rtvl s`m`n& jnw`vt a`h`r spyn~@n~w~, @w`~r`@qn~@n~w~ s#wpRm| qhs~ gNnk~ a$w sQtQn @mm sm`gm| vQsQnQ. @s_K&yt ahQwkr qYv& prQ@x`~jny pQLQb[ nQr\n`yk spyn~@n~q @mm sm`gm| ayw~ rtvl a`ywn vQsQnQ. aq ovRn~ em nQr\n`yk @n`qQyRNR rtvl apnyn p`lny kQrWmt sh e~v`@y~ mQl mtQtm| phw @hLWm s[h` wWr#bqE @n`vn b`{k @ls @y`q` gnQwQ. ovRn~ vQsQn~m e~v` kdn avs~}`vl jnm`{& bly @y`q` e~v` ytpw~ kQrWmtq ovRn~ kYQy` krwQ. ndRw~ h`mRqEr#vn~@g~y, bdRw~ h`mRqEr#vn~@g~y.

e~v` e@s~ vn~@n~ ap v#nQ j`wWn~ wm a`h`r sRrk;Qww`v anwO@r\ @hLmQn~ @v@L[pl a`r\}Qky mw y#pWm mRl~@k`t@gn a` gm@n~ avs`n pYwQPly @lsy. iw` sr# psk~ sh @l`~k@y~ @h`[m vr\;`pwnyk~ shQw rtk~ vn ap rtt vr\;ykt r#. bQlQyn 35 k~ vtQn` kQrQpQtQ a`nyny kQrWmt sQqEvn~@n~ e~ ww~w~vy wOLy. vQ@q~XvQnQmy ipyWm s[h` vQ@q~XQkyn~ a`s`krN sQylE@q~ vv` pQtrt ptv` e~ mRqlQn~ aw&vX& a`h`r a`nyny kQrQmt sQqEvn~@n~ e~ ww~w~vy wOLy. e~w~ pQtrt ptvn eLvU, plwOr# sh vQsQwOr# ml~ yn apnyn wYQw~vy upyn mRql @mn~ qs gONyk mRqlk~ kQrQpQtQ a`nyny kQrWm s[h` v#y@vyQ. vs vQs shQw kQrQpQtQ sh aw&vX& a`h`r a`nyny kQrWmt sQqEvn~@n~ @mm l:j`shgw ww~w~vy nQs`y.

aq bthQr sm`gm| cWn@y~ sQqEvW a#wQ v#rFq~q qdmWm` krgnQmQn~ cWn @v@L[pl pmNk~ @n`v cWn@y~ @q~Xp`ln @g_rvyq bQ[ v#tQtvWmt uw~s`h gnQmQn~ a#w. nmRw~ sw& vX@yn~m @mm sm`gm| v`nQj gnR@qnRvlqW sq`c`r sWm`vn~ rkQn~@n~ n#w. ovRn~ @v@L[@p`L wOL wm`t l#@bn sQylE avs~}`vlQn~ uprQm pY@y`~jn gnQQwQ. vQ@q~XWy kQrQpQtQ @v@L[n`m rFk gnQmQn~ @q~XWy bQs~ktQ sh @c`k~ltQ @v@L[@p`Lt vQn kQrWmt ovRn~ smw~vn~@n~ @g`~lWy kQrQpQtQ @v@L[@p`@L~ g#tlEvk~ p#n n#MWW wQbQyqWy. avs`n@y~ @mm sm`gm| cWn@y~ kQrQpQtQ @v@L[@p`L q vtQtv` cWnyt nvsWln~w@y~ kQQrQpQtQ apnyny kQrWmtq idkd vQvr kr gw~wq ap pRqEm @n`vQy yRwOy. or#@v| anQk~pQt p#qWmt @mm sm`gm| awQqk;@y`~ @vwQ. a#w~w vX@yn~m ap r@tQ bQs~ktQ sh @c`k~ltQ @v@L[@p`L wOL sm|pRr\N@yn~m p`@h~ a`{Qpw& pwOr#v`@gn sQtQn~@n~ uss~ mtQt@m| @q~XWy @v@L[n`m kQhQpyk~ vQsQnQ. e~ nQs` vQ@q~XWy @v@L[ n`mvlt em @v@L[@p`L a`kYmNy kQrWmt @n`h#kQ vW a#w. @mlmyQn~ mgdQy hrh` em @v@L[@p`L v#tQtvWm s[h` ovRnt @p`tk~ p$qEnQ. em nQs` p#nn#gW a#wQ ww~w~vy sms~w rsk#vQlQ @k;~wYytm blp`n bv sQylEm @q~XWy @v@L[ n`m ayw~ sm`gm| vQsQn~ @w~r#m|gw yRwOv a#w. @m| a`k`ryt vQvQ{ rtvl mhjny`t vs kvn awr em rtvl j`wQk a`r\}Qkytq vQn ktQn bhRj`wQk sm`gm|vl kQYy`k`rQw~vy p`lny krn~@n~ @k@s~q. j`wQyk~ @ls ap @mlmyQn~ kON`tRv vQsQn~ sQqEkL vQn`Xy p`dmkt @gn an`gw@y~ ev#nQ ww~w~vykt s`r\}kv mRhRN@qmQn~ j`wQk a`r\}Qky a`rk;` krgw h#kQ ww~w~vyk~ nQr\m`Ny krgn~@n~ @k@s~q? @m| s[h` rjy kdQnmQn~ iw` wWrN`w~mk pQyvr kQQhQpyk~ w#bQy yRwOy. evQt mhjnw`v wm yRwOkm, pY{`n vX@yn~m j`wQk a`r\}Qky Xk~wQmw~ kQrWm s[h` @q~XWy @q~ mQlqW g#nW@m| yRwOkm @n`psRbtv itR krnR a#w.

pLmR@vn~m a`nynQk sQylEm a`h`r qYv&vl gON`w~mk x`vyn~t aq`L pRUl~ nQr\N`yk mhjnw`vt pYsQq~{ kL yRwO awr e~v` s#mvQtm s$m @w`gyk~ s[h`m kYQy`w~mk kQrWm s[h` avX& nWwQmy pqnm sh prQp`ln y`n~wYNy Xk~wQmw~ kL yRwOy. e~ s[h` avX& pr\@y~;N`g`r phsRkm| @n`pm`v s~}`pQw kL yRwOy. ev#nQ srl k`rN` s[h` pQtrt pQhQt p#wWmt sQqEvWm pQLQb[ rtk~ @ls ap l:j`vt pw~ vQy yRwOy.

It amwrv a`h`r a`rk;`v pQLQb[ vQq~vw~ sh mhjn kwQw`vn~ @mn~m pr\@y~;N qQrQmw~ kQrWm s[h` vQX~v vQq&`l sh @s_K& am`w&`AX e~k`bq~{v y`n~wYNyk~ sks~@k`t e~ s[h` avX& armRql~ @n`msRr#v lb` qQy yRwOy. e~ sQyl~l a`h`r a`rk;`v shwQk kQrWm s[h`y.

nmRw~ s#b$@lst a`h`r a`rk;`v shwQk vn~@n~ a`h`r sRrk;Qww`v whvRr# vW a#wQ vQty. enm| apt avX& a`h`r rt wOLm nQpqv` g#nWm s[h` avX& up`ym`r\gQk qQX`vt rt @m@hyvWm wOLQnQ. ehQqW pLmRv sA@k~wyk~ @ls j`wQk a`r\}Qkyt vQX`l brk~ vW a#wQ kQrQpQtQ a`nyny a@@{r\yvw~ kQrWm s[h` pQyvr gw yRwOy. e~ s[h` a`nynQk kQrQpQtQ s[h` @ss~ bq~qk~ p#nvQy yRwO awr em armRql~ @q~XWy kQrQ nQ;~p`qny ihL n#AvWm s[h` avX& up`ym`r\gQk @k;~wYvl @yqvQy yRwOy. e@mn~m jnm`{& x`vQw krmQn~ kQrQpQQtQ pYc`rNy kQrWm whnm| krmQn~ klkt @pr gn~n` lq am`w& mN~dl wWn~qEv n#vw kYQy`w~mk kL yRwOy.

wvq a`r\}Qk a`pq` kLmn`krN y`n~wYNyk~ sks~ @k`t @mlmyQn~ sQq~{Qy v#nQ sQq~{Qyk~ a#wQvR avs~}`vk @q~XWy @vL[ n`m @b|r` g#nWm sh j`wQk a`r\}Qky a`rk;` kr g#nWm s[h` avX& pQyvr k;NQkv qQyw~kL h#kQ ww~w~vyn~ nQr\m`Ny kL yRwOy. @mlmyQn~ sQq~{Q@yn~ @q~XWy a`r\}Qkyt sQqEvn h`nQyt s`{`rNy itRkL h#k~@k~ ev#nQ s`{`rN pQyvr kQhQpyk~ @h`~ g#nWmt rjy nQr\xWw vn~@n~ nm| pmNQ.