@l`~k sAvQ{`n

s`gwy pQtRq#kWm u@qs`
a`h`r h` k^;Qk`r\mQk sAvQ{`ny

@l`~k yRq~{ @qkkQn~ ar`jQk @vmQn~ p#v#wQ @l`~ky yLQ nM` sQtRvWm pQNQs ek~sw~ j`wWn~@g~ sAvQ{`ny bQhQ vR bv ap mWt ihw lQpQykqW s`kc|C` k@LmR. e@s~ bQhQvR ek~sw~ j`wWn~@g~ sAvQ{`nyt anRbq~{Qw a`ywnyk~ vX@yn~ a`h`r h` k^;Qk`r\mQk sAvQ{`ny h[En~v` qQy h#kQy.

yRq~{y nQrwOr#vm mQnQs~ vr\gy`@g~ p#v#w~m h` mQnQs`@g~ a{&`w~my @k@rhQ ahQwkr @ls blp`yQ. @qv#nQ @l`~k yRq~{@y~ avs`nyw~ smgm @l`v pRr` a#wQvR vQvQ{ ar\bRqyn~ awr a`h`r hQMyw~ ugY @ls blp$@v|y. @mm a`h`r hQMy mRl~@k`t@gn @l`v pRr` a#wQvR mn~q @p`~;Ny h` s`gQn~@n~ a[Er# @svN#lQ yRq~{yt mRl~ vR r`j&yn~ @n`v qQLQ[E b@v| pw~@l~m sQtQ r`j&yn~ vs` gw~@w~y.

@my vh` pQtRq#kWmt avX& vQy. e~ anRv @l`v rtvl~ 44 k nQ@y`~jQwyn~ 1943 qW rFs~vW a#wQvW wQ@bn ww~w~vyt vQs[Em| @svWm s[h` s`kc|C`k~ p#v#w~vWy. ehQqW @l`~k a`h`r h` k^;Qk`r\mQk sAvQ{`nyk~ @k@rhQ rFs~v sQtQ nQ@y`~jQw pQrQs@g~ av{`ny @y`mRvQy. e~ anRv 1945 vs@r\ ok~@w`~br\ ms 16 v#nQ qQn k~vQ@bk~ ngr@y~ p#v#wQ smRUvkqW nQl vX@yn~ a`h`r h` k^;Qk`r\mQk sAvQ{`ny s~}`pQw vQy.

armRNR

@l`v sms~w m`nv sAhwQ@y~ jWvn ww~w~vy nAv`lWm u@qs` s`gQn~n h` mn~q@p`~;Ny pQtR q#kWm pY{`n armRN bvt pw~ kr gnQmQn~ @l`~k a`h`r h` k^;Qk`r\mQk sAvQ{`ny kYQy`w~mk @v|. em armRN s`k~;`w~ kr g#nWm pQNQs phw s[hn~ armRNR itR kr g#nWm @k@rhQ sAvQ{`ny kYQy`krW @v|..

: @l`~k pYj`v@g~ jWvn mtQtm uss~ kQrWm s[h` @p`~;N ww~w~vy qQyRNR kQrWmt kYQy`kQrWm.

: a`h`r vr\g nQ;~p`qny h` @bq`h#rWm v#dQqQyRNR kQrWm

: g#mQ jWvQwy nAv`lWm u@qs` gY`m sAvr\{ny a#wQ kQrWm

: ps a`rk~;` kQrWm h` jl sm|pw~ qQyRNR kQrWm

: k^;Q @r`~g mr\qny kQrWm

: w`k~;N@y~ qQyRNRvw~ smg bQhQvn nvWn k^;Q upkrN x`vQwy g#n up@qs~ qWm

: @p`~;Ny, a`h`r h` k^;Qkr\my sm|bn~{ @w`rwOr# ek~rFs~kQrWm, vQX~@l~;Ny nQr\vcny kQrWm h` e~v` s`m`jQkyn~ awr @bq`h#rWm

: qQyRNR kYm x`vQw krmQn~ s~v`x`vQk sm|pw~ sArk~;Ny h` k^;Qk`r\mQk nQ;~p`qny nAv`lWmt kYQy` kQrWm.

: a`h`r h` k^;Qk`r\mQk qYv& pQLQ@yL kQrWm vQkQNWm sh @bq`h#rWm v#dQqQyRNR kQrWm

: mRlQk k^;Qk`r\mQk qYv& s[h` j`w&n~wr pYwQpw~wQ pQLQ@yL kQrWm h` It sh`y vWm

: j`wQk h` j`w&n~wr vX@yn~ k^;Qk`r\mQk Ny s#pyWm v#dQqQyRNR krlWm

: a`h`r gbd` kQrW@m|qW em a`h`r vr\g vQn`X vWm vLk~v` g#nWm s[h` x`vQw kL yRwO upkYm pQLQb[v avX& up@qs~ h` a`{`r lb`qWm.

: s`{`rN @ls @l`~k@y~ s$m r`j&yk~ aw@r\m a`h`r @bq`h#rWm vQ{Qmw~ krlWm.

ihw armRNR spRr`g#nWm sQqEkL awr v`r@y~ vQvQ{ rtvlt a#wQ vn v&snyn~ hmR@v| @l`~k a`h`r h` k^;Qk`r\mQk sAvQ{`ny hqQsQ a`{`r @y`~jn` kYm kYQy`w~mk krnR lbyQ. enm| @l`v wOL a#wQvn s~v`x`vQk vQpw~, r`j&yn~ awr a#wQvn yRq g#tRm| v#nQ hqQsQ ww~w~vyn~y. ev#nQ avs~}`vn~ kQhQpykqW @l`~k a`h`r h` k^;Qk`r\mQk sAvQ{`ny kYQy`kr a#wQ a`k`ry vQms` blmR.

: @q~XgONQk vQpr\y`s nQs` imhw~ pWd`vt pw~v sQQtQn ugn~d`@v|, iwQ@y`~pQy`@v| h` t#n~s`nQy`@v| mnR;& jWvQw @b|r` g#nWmt kYQy`kQrWm.

: a`sQy`v, apYQk`v h` lwQn~ a#mrQk`@v| mn~q@p`~;Ny h` s`gw qEr# kQrWm s[h` hqQsQ a`{`r @y`~jn` kYm kYQy`w~mk kQrWm

: s`gwy v#nQ a@h~nQ avs~}` pQLQb[v anwOr# h#MvWm h` e~ s[h` r`j&yn~@g~ av{`ny @y`mR kQrWm

s`m`jQkw~vy h` prQp`ln v&Rhy

1945 vr\;@y~ @mm sAvQ{`nyt aw~sn~ kL rtvl~ @mhQ a`rm|xk s`m`jQk@y`~ @vwQ. vr\wm`ny vnvQt sAvQ{`n@y~ s`m`jQkw~vy rtvl~ 193 kQn~ smn~vQw @v|. s`m`jQkyn~ 2·3 k Cn~q@yn~ nv s`m`jQkyn~ b[v` gw h#kQ @v|. @l`~k a`h`r h` k^;Qk`r\mQk sAvQ{`n@y~ prQp`lny v&Rhy phw prQqQ s#k@s~.

1.smRUv : s$m @qvr\;ykt vrk~m sAvQ{`n@y~ smRUv rFs~@v|. smRUv s$m s`m`jQk r`j&yk~ vQsQn~m pw~ krnR l#bR nQ@y`~jQwykO@gn~ smn~vQw vn~@n~y. @l`~k a`h`r sh k^;Qk`r\mQk sAvQ{`n@y~ mRlQk pYwQpw~wQ wWrNy kQrW@m| vgkWm p#v@rn~@n~ smRUvty. wvq a`h`r nQ;~p`qny sh k^;Qk`r\mQk ktyRwO vr\{ny kQrWm s[h` avX& pYwQpw~wQ @s`y` bl` s`m`jQk ktyRwO vr\{ny kQrWm s[h` s`m`jQk r`j&yn~t avX& nQr\@q~X kQrWmw~ krnR lbn~@n~ smRUv mgQnQ. smRUv wOL kYQy`w~mk vW@m|qW a#wQ vn ym| ym| g#tlEvlqW sQylR@qn` ekM n#wQ kr#NR pQLQb[ wWrN g#nW@m|qW ey smRU@v| 2·3 k Cn~q@yn~ sm|mw vQy yRwOy.

2. kvRn~sQly : smRUv mgQn~ pw~krnR lbn s`m`jQkyn~ vQsQhwr @qnkO@gn~ kvRn~sQly smn~vQw vn~@n~y. a`h`r h` k^;Qk`r\mQk sAvQ{`n@y~ v#dktyRwO kYQy`w~mk krnR lbn~@n~ kvRn~sQlyyQ. kvRn~sQlyt pw~vn s`m`jQkykO@g~ nQl k`ly avRr#qE wOnkQ.

3. a{&] jnr`l~ : smRUv vQsQn~m a{&] jnr`l~ vry`q pw~krnR l#@b|. @l`~k a`h`r h` k;Qk`r\mQk sAvQ{`n@y~ v#dktyRwO @m@hyvW@m| bly @m`hR mw p#v@r\. e~ s[h` ohRt sh`y vWmt wvw~ anRkmQtR 5 k~ pw~ kr a#w. e~v` nm| k^;Qkr\my, a`r\}Qk h` @s_K&y, {Wvr, vn sm|pw~, @p`~;Ny h` gY`mWy sRbs`{n ynR@vnQ. @mm sAvQ{`n@y~ pY}m a{&] jnr`l~vry` sr\ @j`~n~ @b`~yQd| or\ (Wrs nqyb Iqh` {rr: @v|. ohR 1945 : 1948 qk~v` @mm wnwOr @h`bvnR l#bWy. @l`~k a`h`r h` k^;Qk`r\mQk sAvQ{`n@y~ vr\wm`n a{&] jnr`l~ {Rry @h`bvnR@y~ j#k~s~ d@y`f~ (n~jRm#Q ^sqm@: @v|. @m`hR 1994 sQt @m| qk~v` em wnwOr @m@hyvnR lbyQ.

@l`~k a`h`r h` k^;Qk`r\mQk sAvQ{`n@y~ pLmR s#sQy 1945 vs@r\qW p#v#w~vQNQ. 1981 qW rtvl~ 150 kt v#dQ pQrQsk@g~ shx`gQw~v@yn~ p#v#wQ rFs~vWmkqW @l`~k a`h`r qQny ok~@w`~br\ 16 v#nQ qQn nm| krn lqW. e~ anRv pLmR @l`~k a`h`r qQny smrnR l#bR@y~ 1981 ok~@w`~br\ 16 v#nQq`y.

@l`~k a`h`r h` k^;Qk`r\mQk sAvQ{`ny h` XYW lAk`v

a`h`r h` k^;Qk`r\mQk ktyRwO @vnR@vn~ 1950 vs@r\ sQt @l`~k a`h`r h` k^;Qk`r\mQk sAvQ{`ny XYW lAk`vt a`{`r spynR lbyQ. e~v` kQhQpyk~ pQLQb[v slk` b#lEv@h`w~,

: vQ@X~;Z up@qs~ lb`@qmQn~ k^;Qk`r\mQk pYwQsAs~krN s[h` ktyRwO kQrWm

: v`rQm`r\g pYwQsAs~krNy s[h` XYmq`nvlt @n`mQl@y~ a`h`r spy`qWm

: nQyM@yn~ an`} vRvn~t kQrQpQQtQ, wQrQMO pQtQ a`qW shn`{`r lb`qWm.

: vn sArk~;N @qp`r\w@m|n~wO@v| p`rQsrQk kLmn`krNy

: vnjWvW sArk~;Ny

: XYW lAk`@v| k^;Qk`r\mQk sAvQ{`nvl sr\}kw~vyt a`{`r qWm

: nv bWj vr\g h[En~v` qWm

: k^;Q rs`ynQk h` @p`@h`r vr\g h[En~v` qWm

: nv k^;Q q#nRm pQLQb[ @p`w~pw~ lb`qWm

: sRn`mQ v&sny avs~}`@v|qW avX& a`h`r p`n vr\g lb`qWm  yn`qQy gw h#kQy.

@l`~k a`h`r h` k^;Qkr\m sAvQ{`ny bQhQvW @m| @g@vn~@n~ hy v#nQ qXkyyQ. @l`~k {nvw~ rtvl~ a`h`r awQrQk~w swOn~ s[h` x`vQw` kQrWmw~, qEgWb@v| an~wytm gQlQhW sQtQn rtvl~ s`gQn~@gn~ @p@LmQn~ mn~q@p`~;N@yn~ pWd` vQ[QmQn~ sQtQn yRgyk e~ pQLQb[v @l`~k a`h`r h` k^;Qk`r\mQk sAvQ{`n@y~ ewrm| sRbv`qW q#k~mk~ @n`m#w. @l`v ek~ @k`tsk~ a{Q@p`~;Ny lbq~qW wvw~ @k`tsk~ mn~q@p`~;N@yn~ @p@LyQ. @my smbrv pvw~v`@gn y$mt h#kQ nm| ey @l`~k a`h`r h` k^;Qk`r\mQk sAvQ{`ny pQhQtRvW@m| pY{`n armRN s`k~;`w~vnv` pmNk~ @n`v @s`~m`lQy`v, iwQ@y`~pQy`v v#nQ rtvl pvwQn mn~q @p`~;N ww~w~vy v#L#k~vWm s[h` ey pQtRblyk~ vnR a#w. @mhQ mRls~}`ny iw`lQ@y~ agnRvr vn @r`~m@y~ pQhQt` a#w.