mhnRvr @ewQh`sQk qLq`m`lQg`v mRlQn~m @g`dnMnR l#bR@v| pLmRvn vQml{r\msRrQy rjwOm`@g~ sm@y~qWy. (1592 : 1604) ewOm` iqQkL m`lQg`v psRk`lWnv p^wOgWYsQ a`kYmNQk@y`~ vQn`X kLh. psRv ehQ ntbRn~ mw nv bRqE m#[Erk~ @g`dng` a#wQ bv 1765 a[Qn lq m`lQg` sAkWr\N@y~ bQm| s#lsRmkQn~ an`vrNy @v|. q#nt qk~nt l#@bn @qmhl~ m`lQg`v @g`dngn lq~@q~ XYW vWrpr`kYm n@r\n~qYsQAh rjwOm` vQsQnQ.

db|lQv| sq~{`mAgl kr#N`rw~n vQsQn~ rcQw pRr`vQq&` iwQh`sy gYn~}@y~ m`lQg`v g#n @m@s~ s[hn~ @v|" "qhhw~vn sQyv@s~ rj kL vQml{r\msRrQy rjwOm` vQsQn~ m`lQg`v iqQkrn lq#yQ ey x`rv sQtQn xQk;RhR kQywQ. ewOm`@g~ pRwkO vR XYW n@r\n~qYsQAh rjwOm` wOn~ mhlQn~ s`q` wQbRNR @my @qmhl~ mn~qQryk~ bvt pYwQsAs~krNy kL bv mh`vAXy kQyyQ. mQn~psR alEw~v#dQy` kQrWm| ehQ s[hn~v n#ww~ kWr\wQ XYW r`jsQAh rjwOm` vQsQn~ ehQ nvkm| @kr#NR bv mRKprm|pr`gwy. pw~wQrQp~pRvw~ qQy aglw~ XYW vQkYm r`jsQAh rjwOm` vQsQn~ s`qn lqW". "qLq` m`lQgy pQhQtQ@y~ rjm`lQg@y~ qkONR @k`nt @klQn~y. iqQrQps n`} @q~v`lykOw~ in~ eh` pw~wQnQ @q~v`lyw~ wQbQNQ.

qLq` m`lQg`vt qkONQn~ v#v| kN~dQy mw rjwOm`@g~ bQsv@g~ ul~p#n~@gy @hvw~ n`n @k`tRv vQy. uwOr# p#w~@w~ rjv`sl aslm vR@y~ r`jsx` mn~qQryyQ" sQAhl kYmyt wnn lq g@d`l~ w`p~p@y~ kOhr s`q` wQbR@N~ phn~ pw~wO kQrWmtyQ. @m| w`p~pyt pQtRps e~ a`k`rytm w#nRNR wvw~ w`p~pykQ e~ m#q qQy agly. a#wOU vWmt wQbRNR pY{`n @q`rtRv mh v`hl~kd @ls h[En~vnR l#@b| y#yQ pRr`vQq&` nQbn~{nvlQ@y~ hwrv#nQ k`N~d@y~ @h`~k`r\tQ mhw` vQsQn~ s[hn~ kr a#wQ bv em gYn~}@y~ s[hn~ @v|.

vr\wm`n@y~ qLq` m`lQg`@v| mhmUv mwQn~ gmn~ gn~n` ayt XYW lAk`@v| pY}m agY`m`w&vry` vR dW. es~. @s~n`n`yk mhw`@g~ pQLQr#vw~, mq~qEm bN~d`r Lm` vWrvry`@g~ pYwQm`vw~ nQqhs~ stn @m@hy vR vWr k#p~p#tQ@p`l s~m`rky. v`rQy@p`l XYW sRmAgl hQmQp`Nn~@g~ pQLQr#vw~, in~ qkONR ps XYW qn~w {`wOn~ vhn~@s~ qBqQvQn~ v#dm vR @h~mm`l kOmrQy@g~ h` qn~w kOmr#@g~ pQLQr#vw~ n#rBQy h#kQy.

s[kd phN

mh v`hl~kd abQys qr\XnWy s[kd phN q#kQy h#kQy. @mm s[kd phN p#rFNQ s`m|pYq`y s[kd phn~vlt vd` @vns~y. anRr`{pRr yRg@y~ sw~v r$p wQbRNw~ evkt p#v#wQ hQn~qE blp$m| nQs` gv a`qQ swOn~ s[kd phNQn~ ivw~vW @nlEm|ml lQyv#l v#nQ s~v`x`vQk prQsryt ayw~ q$ @y`q`@gn s[kd phN k#tym| kr a#wQ bv @p@n~. s[kd phn h` pQyg#t @pL @qps kUglQn~ nQmvR alAk`r a#w~ r$p @qkk~ qk~nt l#bQNQ. @k`tQ wYs~wv`qWn~@g~ @b`~m|b pYh`ry nQs` awWw nQr\m`N vQn`X vR awr vr\wm`n XQl~pWn~@g~ qk;w`v anRv vQn`X vR @k`ts~ p#rFNQ a`k`rytm nQr\m`Ny kr wQbWm q#kQy h#k.

aBr`v (bQm|@gy)

qQy agl mwQn~ v#tW a#wQ a`r#k~kO p`l@mn~ gmn~ @k`t aBr`v iqQrQpQt glQn~ @nlR mkr @w`rN abQys s[gl @vw p#mQNQy h#k. ehQ sQt gmn~ kL yRw~@w~ aBr`v ytQnQ. ehQ qk~nt l#@bn sQwOvm| m$w x`g@y~ sQwOvm| kL e~v`y. aBr`@vn~ iqQrQyt yn vQt hmRvn~@n~ @h~vQsQ mN~dpyyQ. @w~v`v p#v#w~@vn vQt ehQ @h~vQsQ v`qny krn ayRr#q q#kgw h#k. @h~vQsQ mN~dpy shQw qQg~@gy gl~kNR vQs~skQn~ smn~vQwy. qQg X`l`vk~ @ls a#wQ nQs` qQg~@gy ynR@vn~ x`vQw @k@r\.

v#dsQtQn m`lQg`v

@h~vQsQ mN~dpy iqQrQpQt a#wQ @qmhl~ mn~qQry v#d sQtQn m`lQg`vyQ. v#dsQtQn m`lQgy phw m`ly h` udm`ly vX@yn~ @k`ts~ @qkkQn~ yRk~wy. phw m`l@y~ q iqQrQpQt s[kd phnkQ. @my s[gl nmQn~ q h#[Qn~@v|. phw m`l@y~ p`;`Nmy mkr @w`rNk~q mnhr k#tymQn~ yRw~ rQqW @q`rk~ q qk~nt l#@b|. @m| rQqW @q`r @qps kdRvk~ awQn~gw~ @q~v r$p @qkk~ sQwOvm| @k`t a#w. @qps sQAh r$p @qkk~ h` a#w~ql @j`~dR @qkk~ m#qQyn @mm v`hl a#w~ql vhl~kd ynR@vn~ x`vQw @v|. rQqW @q`rQn~ a#wOU vR vQt hmRvn~@n~ qQg~@gyyQ. ehQ @k_wOk x`N~d w#n~pw~ kL al~m`rQ @qkk~ qk~nt a#w. a#wOLw gl~ mkr @w`rNkQn~ @vn~vR k`mrykQ. ey armRql nmQn~ h[En~vn gbd` k`mryyQ. qQg~@g~ sh armRql yn mRU @k`tstm mh armRql y#yQ kQynR l#@b|. mh armRqlQn~ udRm`lyt pQyg#t @pLk~ a#w. in~ a#wOU vQy h#k~@k~ @w~v`v x`r mh` sAGy`tw~ m`lQg`@v| @s~vkyn~tw~ vQ@X~; amRw~wn~tw~ pmNQ.

h[En~kOdm (h[En~kOnm)

phwm`l@y~ a#wQ pQyg#t@pLQn~ pQvQ@sn~@n udm`l@y~ h[En~kOdmtyQ. mWt amwrv h[En~kOdmt ihw m`l@y~ pQrQw~ mN~dp@yn~ a#wOU vQy h#kQ @q`rk~ q @gpUm| br`q@yn~ a#wOUvQy h#kQ @q`r @qkk~q gn~{kOtQyt mRhRNl` wvw~ @q`rk~ q vX@yn~ @q`r swrk~ @v|. h[En~kOdm a#wOLw bQw~wQ h` sQvQlQm alAk`r sQwOvm| vlQn~ srs` a#w. n@r\n~qYsQAh rjwOm`@g~ k`l@y~qW j`wk kw` 32 sQwOvm| @k`t a#wQ bv mh` vAX@y~ q#k~@v|. h[En~kOdmt vm| psQn~ @gpUm| br`qy pQhQt` a#w. ehQ kvQk`r mdR@v| x`N~d w#n~pw~ @k@r\. v#dsQtQn m`lQg`vt qkONQn~ kw~wQyn~ br`qy a#w. @h~mkq pyQAd kr @gnvQw~ wbnR@y~ q q`ny h` gQln~ps sRq`nm| krnR@y~ q kw~wQyn~ br`q@y~y. gn~{kOtQyt pQtRpsQn~ sU br`qy pQQhQt` a#w. @my sU mN~dpy @lsq h[En~vyQ. @mm br`qyt kQsQvkOt a#wOU vWmt id @n`@qn awr qLq` vhn~@s~ v#[pRq` g#nWmt rjwOm` p#mQNQ vQt awQ@r\k sUpQLQ w#bWmt x`vQw k@L~ @mm br`qyyQ.